entrepreneurship and social enterprise. It draws on inputs from hundreds of organisations to document the many methods currently being used around the
social enterprises, mutuals, co-ops, charities, companies as well as loose associations. But the many examples set out below also show a field that is
sector, providers in social enterprises, advocates in social movements, and entrepreneurs in business. This is one of many reasons why it†s misleading to
firm, social enterprise or charity, that will carry the innovation forward In the public sector this means identifying budgets, teams and other
include setting up social enterprises, and lowering hand straps in the Metros for shorter passengers
Brookings and the American Enterprise Institute. The most visible tend to focus on policy innovation. In the past, they acted as intermediaries
Minister†s Enterprise Fund, or the UK€ s Invest to Save Budget. These are open to applications from existing public agencies, sometimes
enterprises created 98) Paying for time. Taking innovative front line workers out of service roles and putting them into incubators or prestigious time-limited roles
For social enterprises, the business model represents a strategy for sustainability. It needs to be simple, persuasive and
as well as leisure trusts and social enterprises running public leisure facilities. There are now 109 such leisure mutuals
enterprises, and is similar to charitable status. CIC status enables social ventures to access equity investment while maintaining the social goals
of the enterprise as paramount. They do this by having a lock on assets and a cap on dividends,
which partially insulates the enterprise from the private market†s imperative for profit maximisation and capital
when the enterprise goes through difficult times 119) Boards are one of the key design features of any organisation.
primary driver of the enterprise. This may not always be possible. Raising capital may involve some compromise with the providers of capital, but the
mission, enterprises can raise social equity, limit the quantity of common shares, and seek subordinated loans from sources ready to share early risk
enterprises, and supporting spin outs from the public sector. It can be used for various kinds of social enterprises as well as for-profits.
The forms used will include: quasi-equity †which can be based royalty, or profit based;
enterprise has proved itself, and risks are reduced. They sometimes have an advantage over venture capital funding in that they can tap investors
experiment with alternative service models provided by social enterprises and grant based organisations, often working closely with them on
Small social enterprises and other NGOS generally find organisational growth difficult: it requires changes to leadership, culture
medium social enterprises, such as flexibility, drive, and dynamism 203) The consortium model. In Italy, small and medium firms have
enterprise activities. However, REDF and others have retreated from the original claim that SROI could create single number measures,
indicators (ranging up to 400) showing how enterprises affect society Italy has a similar bilancio sociale
experience of working in small social enterprises. These could play a critical role in training up a future cadre of social innovators
enterprises to improve local health outcomes within the first 12 months of the project The Saheli Women†s Centre in Balsall Heath, Birmingham.
enterprises, and the research community under one roof to promote user-centred innovation A day in the life.
enterprise with a mission to catalyse social innovation in its home base of Toronto, and around the globe.
a business park for social enterprises and cooperatives. The park will include start-ups, regional and governmental organisations, and
such as climate change and welfare by linking small-scale social enterprises and projects to big institutions, laws,
a wide-ranging portfolio, covering regulation, enterprise and business support, higher education, innovation, and science. Another example is
enterprises 288) Specialist innovation agencies such as the NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement in the UK,
or Singapore†s Enterprise Challenge. Some funds are increasingly branching into service CONNECTING PEOPLE, IDEAS AND RESOURCES 133
enterprise; provide a space to test out new ideas rapidly in practice, with quick assessments; allow fast learning across a community of innovators
Canadian enterprises. It was created in 2000 on the site of the old Toronto General Hospital.
private market, it includes social enterprises engaging in the market, as well as some of the activities of private companies that have primarily social goals. 2
and social enterprises attract all sorts of voluntary support. But for both private and social enterprises the
primary discipline is the market. Similarly, some charities and other grant -based organisations run their own shops and other market enterprises
and many contract services to the state. Yet organisations like Oxfam and Age Concern are shaped still primarily by the grant economy in how they
third sector †namely NGOS and social enterprises. The definition here includes both the public economy †whose values and goals have much in common with those of the third sector
-Danone and their collaboration in a social enterprise producing yoghurt for low income households in Bangladesh
Enterprise Challenge in Singapore, and the $700 million US education innovation fund. In the UK, the NHS has established a £220 million
The Greater london Enterprise Board financed its operational expenditures for many years through the sale of industrial property it
362) Social enterprise investment funds, such as the Social Enterprise Investment Fund launched by the UK€ s Department of health with
around £100 million, using a mix of loan and equity finance 363) Endowment finance such as the National Endowment for Science
Fund, and Enterprise Boards 376) Public Finance Initiatives, also referred to as †public-private
Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) for social enterprises, or property tax holidays for early-stage social enterprise and charities
378) Experimental zones are geographic areas which are used as a test bed for new ideas that can then be introduced nationwide.
and private enterprises, and vice versa 402) Collaborative structures for more innovative service design and delivery †such as Denmark†s School, Social services and Policy
and enterprises works best, or how to stage funding to maximum effect We anticipate rapid evolution in this space as philanthropists develop more
some are social enterprises, and some are charities themselves. They provide legal and business advice, offer free
known charities or social enterprises; attracting talent (particularly younger people who want to believe that their employer has a social conscience
The most significant development has been in the growth of social enterprises These are businesses which earn a profit
The main challenge for social enterprises is to maintain their commercial position in the market
In some cases, clusters of social enterprises have developed a network for collaboration and joint services which has enabled them to access services
Increasingly though, there are examples of social enterprises establishing themselves in the mainstream Inspirational examples and more information on successful business models
are critical for the growth and sustainability of the social enterprise sector There need to be diversified more capital markets, packages of support
442) Social enterprises operate in the market to achieve social goals There is currently no universally accepted definition of social enterprise
This is because social enterprises can take numerous forms, are engaged in multiple spheres of activity,
and because legal structures vary from country to country. For example, in Italy, social enterprises are constrained by a non-distribution clause †that is,
all income has to be reinvested in the enterprise. In the UK, the Community Interest Company (CIC) was created as a new legal form in 2004 to reduce the
tensions between finance and mission. CIC status makes the social mission dominant, and limits the returns on capital.
Social enterprises can generate income in a myriad ways. Some may generate their income through direct provision of a service
443) Social enterprise mutuals as providers of joint services for their members, such as the service consortia in the, Third Italy, or Work
452) Partnerships between social enterprises and corporations with not-for-distributed profits such as BASF-GAIN initiative for Vitamin a in
Africa, the Danone-Grameen yoghurt enterprise in Bangladesh and the BASF †Grameen venture, also in Bangladesh,
One of the big challenges for social enterprise is growth. Partly, this is because they face limited access to risk and growth capital,
enterprises grow, they often face difficulties in balancing conflicting pressures Much has been written about social returns on investment, triple bottom
enterprise Social finance Increasingly, there are a range of financial instruments and packages which take into account the particular needs of social enterprises and businesses
with social goals. A number of these, like public share issues, funding through cooperative subscription and crowdfunding are discussed in section 4 on
458) Social enterprise funds including the new venture capital fund, set up by Triodos Bank, which invests in high impact and commercially
sustainable social enterprises. Their aim is to help grow a dozen or so social enterprises in the UK
459) Social venture funds that use equity-like investments for start-up and early-stage social ventures where loan financing is unsuitable
enterprises to a stage where traditional investors can make investments This can include, for example, providing interim finance directors or
capital to established social enterprises with the ambition and potential both to scale up their businesses and maximise their social impact
charities and social enterprises in sites in central London (see also method 487 467) R&d mentored funding prior to start-up lending, such as
to the specific needs of social enterprises and businesses with social and environmental goals 468) Ethical banks including Triodos Bank and the Cooperative bank
of the proposal and the prospects of the enterprise. If the judgement is positive, the committee then promises to guarantee a bank loan
to the enterprise, backed by a small capital reserve and the personal guarantees of each member of the consortium.
473) Bank-based funding for social enterprises and not-for-profit organisations including Banca Prossima in Italy
market place for social enterprises and lenders that takes a small margin on the financial transaction
providing publicity to social enterprises. Countries like Cyprus have used the model of a †Good Food Guide†to upgrade the quality of the island†s
resources for social enterprise. As yet, very few resources have been devoted to labour market development. However, developing skills within the field of
social enterprise is critical to the growth and development of the sector 483) Specialist academies linked to social economy initiatives, such
which promotes social entrepreneurship and social enterprise across the UK (see also method 466 3 SUPPORT IN THE MARKET ECONOMY 193
Currently a number of social enterprises trade shares through matched bargains between registered buyers and registered
investigate the viability of a social stock exchange for social enterprises in the UK 492) Social indices such as the FTSE4GOOD Index Series, which measures
1. For more information on social enterprises and social entrepreneurship see, Nicholls, A Ed.)(2006) †Social Entrepreneurship:
Defourny, J. and Nyssens, M. 2008) Social Enterprise in Europe: Recent Trends and Developments. †Social Enterprise Journal. †Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2008
and Defourny, J. and Nyssens, M. 2008) †Conceptions of social enterprise in Europe and the
United states: convergences and divergences. †Paper presented at the 8th ISTR International Conference and 2nd EMES-ISTR European Conference, Barcelona, July 9-12,2008;
C. and Defourny, J. Eds)( 2001) †The Emergence of Social Enterprise. †London and New york
National Health Service Social Enterprise Investment Fund 158 NHS Innovation Hubs 135 NHS Institute for Innovation and
Prime Minister†s The Enterprise Challenge (TEC) 150 Private Equity Foundation 175 Pro-Ams 139
Social Enterprise 2; 60; 66; 78; 86; 98 99; 103; 130-132; 142; 158; 162;
economy, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. It draws on inputs from hundreds of organisations around the world to document the many
research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots communities tï¿5ifï¿XBZÏ¿UIFTFÏ¿PSHBOJTBUJPOTÏ¿
this category is Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs (http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting
They have several funding programmes such as the Knight Enterprise Fund (which provides early-stage venture funding for media innovation) and the Knight Prototype Fund
/93. http://www. revolution-computing. com/revolution-r-enterprise 94. http://floksociety. org /95. http://publiclab. org
upsurge of social enterprise and innovation: mutual self-help, microcredit, build -ing societies, cooperatives, trade unions, reading clubs, and philanthropic business
centers for understanding social enterprise and innovation and for doing it. Under Michael Young, widely seen from the 1960s to the 1990s as one of the world†s most
-ities and social enterprises, the founders who were just right for the organization during its early years are unlikely to have the right mix of skills and attitudes for a
-son, in business the early phases of fast-growing enterprises often involve ruthless turnover of managers and executives.
Daniel Bell the world†s â€oemost successful entrepreneur of social enterprises, †and in his work and
his writings he anticipated today†s interest in social enterprise and the broader question of how
-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software
contribute to a shared enterprise In this introductory chapter we will give a high-level overview of the conceptual foundations, assumptions, and
In the presence of roughly 20 million small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) in the EU25, which make up more
5) Now Networked Enterprise and RFID Unit, Directorate General information Society and Media 6) Inspired by work of Thomas Kurz, Salzburg University of Applied sciences
matches the economic structure of the USA where there is a predominant number of large enterprises at the center of
between enterprises and people Autopoiesis and Dynamic Conservatism Maturana and Varela (ï oe973) invented the concept of autopoiesis as a model that generalises the structure and function
The digital ecosystem inï uences the structure of the enterprises and of their social and business networks
one of the most promising strategies to reduce the digital divide between SMES and large enterprises.
centre of a peer knowledge production process allows small enterprises to overcome the activation threshold needed
â€oetechnological Innovation in Organisations and Their Ecosystemsâ€, in Transforming Enterprise The Economic and Social Implications of Information technology, Edited by William H. Dutton, Boston:
according to the World bank Enterprise Survey research What do the indicators cover Using a case scenario,
enterprises in the manufacturing sector as observed through the paying taxes indicators. This reduces the bias in the indicators toward economies
small enterprises, which may lack the resources to stay in business while awaiting the outcome of a long
-ia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots communities •The way these organizations are supporting DSI (e g. such as undertaking research,
-demia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots commu -nities •the way these actors are supporting DSI (e g. such as undertaking research,
-ganisation (e g. government and public sector, business, academia and research, social enterprise, charity or foundation, or grassroots organisation or community network.
Social enterprises, char -ities and foundations Stimulate multi-disciplinary research and in -novation Connecting top-down and bottom-up move
Charity, Social Enterprise or Foundation 68 Business 52 Grassroots Organisation or Community Group 41 Academia and Research 37
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Some of the most well-known DSI services have been developed and delivered by not-for-profits, such as
on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.
DG Regio and Social Entrepreneurship in DG Enterprise In addition to that, a selection of initiatives from the European States will be covered.
Education and Culture, Information Society and Media, and Enterprise and Industry during 2007 and 2008, suggests that indirectly, Social
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open knowledge DSI activities:
Citizens Foundation as a startup enterprise, and in many senses the design and functionality of their websites, products and services might
Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to use some of the Your Priority services.
Academia and research organisations, non profit and social enterprise organisations Aim: Participation and democracy, smart public services
Social enterprise, foundation Aim: Education and Skills, Science, Culture and Arts, Energy and Environment Technology Trends:
Social Enterprise Aim: Create a †transparency economy†by opening up the supply chain for
History and mission Fairphone was founded as a social enterprise in 2010. The organisation can†t be described as an ordinary smartphone manufacturer.
â€oeas a social enterprise we work like other businesses, but we are differ -ent, Our goal is social change rather than profit. ††Fairphone founder
start of the enterprise. There are five action areas defined and through active advisory groups all the relevant input from the community is
Since Fairphone decided to establish as a social enterprise and design, create and produce its smart phone,
servers inside a company†s firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000 /year/20 seats. These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github†s
†big-money option. †This plan enables clients to download a version of Github to live locally on their servers,
Enterprise clients include Lockheed martin, Microsoft, Livingso -cial, VMWARE and Walmart Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job
Charities, foundation and social enterprise Aim: Platform for crowdfunding for projects generate a collective return
Social enterprises, charities andâ foundations; grassroots communities Aim: Work and employment, other Technology Trends: Open Knowledge
Type of Organisation Landshare is based a community social enterprise History and mission Landshare sets out †to bring together people who have a passion for
Private business, social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open hardwareâ Â
Not for profit, foundations and social enterprise Aim: Participation and democracy Neighbourhood regeneration Technology Trends:
mysociety Ltd. †s social enterprise model, means that the organisation are not solely thinking about the needs of funders-but
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open data, Open Knowledgeâ Â
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Sharing economy, Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open Knowledge, Open Data
social enterprises, charities andâ foundationsâ Aims: Education and skills Tech Trends: Open Knowledge No. of units sold
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Key Aims: Participation and democracy; Other Technology Trends: Open data*;
-ia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots communities •The way these organizations are supporting DSI (e g. such as undertaking research,
-demia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots commu -nities •the way these actors are supporting DSI (e g. such as undertaking research,
-ganisation (e g. government and public sector, business, academia and research, social enterprise, charity or foundation, or grassroots organisation or community network.
Social enterprises, char -ities and foundations Stimulate multi-disciplinary research and in -novation Connecting top-down and bottom-up move
Charity, Social Enterprise or Foundation 68 Business 52 Grassroots Organisation or Community Group 41 Academia and Research 37
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Some of the most well-known DSI services have been developed and delivered by not-for-profits, such as
on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.
DG Regio and Social Entrepreneurship in DG Enterprise In addition to that, a selection of initiatives from the European States will be covered.
Education and Culture, Information Society and Media, and Enterprise and Industry during 2007 and 2008, suggests that indirectly, Social
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open knowledge DSI activities:
Citizens Foundation as a startup enterprise, and in many senses the design and functionality of their websites, products and services might
Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to use some of the Your Priority services.
Academia and research organisations, non profit and social enterprise organisations Aim: Participation and democracy, smart public services
Social enterprise, foundation Aim: Education and Skills, Science, Culture and Arts, Energy and Environment Technology Trends:
Social Enterprise Aim: Create a †transparency economy†by opening up the supply chain for
History and mission Fairphone was founded as a social enterprise in 2010. The organisation can†t be described as an ordinary smartphone manufacturer.
â€oeas a social enterprise we work like other businesses, but we are differ -ent, Our goal is social change rather than profit. ††Fairphone founder
start of the enterprise. There are five action areas defined and through active advisory groups all the relevant input from the community is
Since Fairphone decided to establish as a social enterprise and design, create and produce its smart phone,
servers inside a company†s firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000 /year/20 seats. These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github†s
†big-money option. †This plan enables clients to download a version of Github to live locally on their servers,
Enterprise clients include Lockheed martin, Microsoft, Livingso -cial, VMWARE and Walmart Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job
Charities, foundation and social enterprise Aim: Platform for crowdfunding for projects generate a collective return
Social enterprises, charities andâ foundations; grassroots communities Aim: Work and employment, other Technology Trends: Open Knowledge
Type of Organisation Landshare is based a community social enterprise History and mission Landshare sets out †to bring together people who have a passion for
Private business, social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open hardwareâ Â
Not for profit, foundations and social enterprise Aim: Participation and democracy Neighbourhood regeneration Technology Trends:
mysociety Ltd. †s social enterprise model, means that the organisation are not solely thinking about the needs of funders-but
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open data, Open Knowledgeâ Â
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Sharing economy, Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open Knowledge, Open Data
social enterprises, charities andâ foundationsâ Aims: Education and skills Tech Trends: Open Knowledge No. of units sold
Social enterprises, charities and foundations Key Aims: Participation and democracy; Other Technology Trends: Open data*;
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES. The booklet overviews emerging business opportunities eco-innovation has to offer to companies that re
Medium-Sized Enterprises: Industrial training handbook Figure 5: â€oequick wins†in reducing waste and emissions in SMES
Enterprises is an industrial training handbook. It explains basic concepts like resource efficiency and life cycle thinking
RREUSE€¢is a European umbrella for social enterprises with activities in reuse, repair and recycling
Enterprise Europe Network shares new technologies for partnering and †¢licensing portal. enterprise-europe-network. ec. europa. eu
EUREKA is a European network that supports businesses carrying †¢out R&d www. eurekanetwork. org/supporting
Enterprises: Industrial training handbook p. 22: NISP Â Source: www. nispnetwork. com/media-centre/case-studies
enterprises (SMES) and calls for increased efforts to improve their access to finance in the framework of European financing programs to ensure that they can trade
Enterprise Europe Network with the assistance of the European Consumer Centres Network (ECC-Net) as regards issues relating to consumers, and
should aim to reduce costs for enterprises •Material rules should be easy to understand and provide
certainty bring higher costs to enterprises in terms of legal advice and litigation •Conflicts will emerge between the Sales Law and the
provide the necessary talents for e-businesses (jobs and enterprise creation 7 of 16 3. 3. Push for more use of digital processes in regional, national and EU government
enterprises to use technology to the fullest. Alarmingly one-third of companies surveyed for this report admit
hamstring European enterprises in their attempts to put ICT to productive use Europe†s weaknesses are most acute among small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMES. SMES fare poorly compared with large firms in access to capital
to enterprises Progress in each of the above areas will create a more conducive environment for innovation in Europe.
Erkki Liikanen, EU commissioner for enterprise and the information society T he empirical studies suggest that ICT has
director of government practice for Nokia Enterprise Solutions, â€oethe technology is available today to create
ingredient lacking is imagination at the enterprise level†That European business suffers from an entrepreneurial deficit and ingrained risk aversion
not enough to deploy new enterprise software or a What proportion of your ICT projects meet their business objectives
commissioner for enterprise and the information society, believes that it is critical for member governments to review their product-market regimes
to innovation and enterprise. Germany, for example boasts some of Europe†s more prolific R&d programmes with close ties to business (see below
integration at the enterprise level, but more importantly it will maximise end-users†access to the
2. Stimulating innovation and enterprise Policymakers are aware that restraints on entrepreneurship sap innovation and constrain
policy toward private enterprise, financing con -ditions, the tax regime, the macroeconomic environment and labour
General Enterprise Van Ark, Bart, 2003, â€oethe Productivity Problem of the Dutch Economy: Implications for Economic and Social policies and
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