International Doctorate in Entrepreneurship and Management DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Degree of Doctor of philosophy †Ph d ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATIVE
1. Entrepreneurship as Entrepreneurial Behavior 9 2. Problem Statement 11 2. 1. Entrepreneurial and Innovative Behavior in SMES and their Contribution to
2. 1. Contingency relationships between corporate entrepreneurship and performance 23 2. 2. The role of environmental hostility 25
1. Entrepreneurship as Entrepreneurial Behavior This dissertation is the result of a research effort that focuses on subjects related to a
entrepreneurship. It is acknowledged widely that entrepreneurship is one of the most important forces that shape the changes in the
economic landscape (Reynolds et al. 2005), moreover, entrepreneurship contributes to economic performance by introducing innovation, enhancing rivalry and creating
competition (Wong et al. 2005). ) Hence, the important contribution of entrepreneurship to national growth has been documented by several authors in the literature (Levenburg
and Schwartz, 2008; Tang et al. 2008; Uhlaner and Thurik, 2007; Urban, 2008. But what is entrepreneurship?
There is no single definition of entrepreneurship. According to Chow (2006), most often entrepreneurship is interpreted as business ownership or
self employment, but that is not an accurate definition. Furthermore, entrepreneurship often appears under different denominations, which explains why it is defined in
different ways (Cuervo et al. 2007). ) However, there seems to be a consensus that the essence of entrepreneurship is the willingness to pursue opportunity.
Thus â€oeentrepreneurship is a process by which individuals-either on their own or inside organizations-pursue opportunities†(Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990 p. 23.
Opportunity is defined as a future situation according to desires and goals of individuals or organizations.
Entrepreneurship can be seen as â€oeentrepreneurial functionâ€, which involves more than the creation of a new business.
Entrepreneurship implies the pursuit of opportunity evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities and the set of individuals who discover
two streams of research have denominated the entrepreneurship literature. The first has largely focused on the individual entrepreneur as the unit of analysis, especially on
Corporate Entrepreneurship †CE (Zahra and Covin, 1995. â€oean individual†s psychological profile does not make a person an entrepreneur.
domain of corporate entrepreneurship, which receives a substantial amount of theoretical and empirical attention, Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO.
Drawing on prior strategy-making process and entrepreneurship research, measurement scales of EO have been developed and widely used,
-level construct in strategic management and entrepreneurship studies (p. 1078 Although the theoretical foundation of the relationship between EO and performance
As already stressed, there are many evidences that entrepreneurship is of great value for economic growth, productivity, innovation and employment.
entrepreneurship has gained additional attention in the current economic crisis, as it is widely viewed as a key aspect of economic
entrepreneurship is believed to offer ways to help to meet new economic, social and environmental challenges
In this sense, successful entrepreneurship both in SMES and in large firms depends heavily on innovation and R&d.
marketing, international business and corporate entrepreneurship In the field of entrepreneurship, Alvarez and Busenitz (2001) present RBV through the
entrepreneurial process of cognition, discovery, understanding market opportunities and coordinated knowledge. Namely, they examined the role of entrepreneurial
entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial opportunities exist primarily because different agents have different beliefs about the relative value of resources
2. 1. Contingency relationships between corporate entrepreneurship and performance It is not difficult to find the relationship between CE and contingent perspective models
Entrepreneurship scholars have developed numerous typologies to describe alternate perspective of entrepreneurship. These classification systems typically depict
differences in entrepreneurship as the result of various combinations of individuals organizational or environmental factors that influence how and why entrepreneurship
occurs as it does (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996 p. 135. Moreover, there is a consensus that
the discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities results from prior knowledge about markets and customers combined with the prior information on
At the firm-level, numerous entrepreneurship researchers have emphasized the importance of viewing the entrepreneurial behavior-performance relationship in a
entrepreneurship literature, in referring to the causes of entrepreneurship, often mentions factors such as managerial styles, social or motivational factors, and
entrepreneurship as firm behavior, Covin and Slevin (1991) discussed the relationship of strategy, structure, and environment to the EO dimensions of innovativeness
entrepreneurship and performance Table 2. Key variables exploring the CE-performance relationship in a contingent
In the international entrepreneurship context, the firm†s effort to learn from its foreign presence, â€oeinternational learning effort†(Sapienza et al.
and networking is recognized increasingly as a major theme in entrepreneurship (Jack et al.,, 2010. â€oethe boom in network research is part of a general shift, beginning in the
entrepreneurship movement (Ripollã s and Blesa, 2006. Network organizations provide many of the preconditions that are necessary for corporate entrepreneurs to thrive:
social network from the corporate entrepreneurship perspective Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons Main idea Study
entrepreneurship, and so on. †Borgatti and Foster (2003 p 1005 5 â€oean important source of new ideas and lucrative
Drawing on prior strategy-making processes and entrepreneurship research, measurement scales of EO have been developed and widely used, and their
attention and represents one of the areas of entrepreneurship research, where a cumulative body of knowledge is developing (Basso et al.
Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Strategic Management Journal, Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Management Studies, etc
entrepreneurship phenomenon (Miller and Friesen, 1982; Miller 1983) and the partial reuse of a questionnaire developed by
used in entrepreneurship and strategy Covin 1991 Covin and Slevin 1991 Covin et al 2006 In subsequent articles, Covin and Slevin use the term â€oeeo†with
entrepreneurship as firm behaviour (1991), recaps the previous elements and introduces a detailed description of entrepreneurial
concept of EO and entrepreneurship, comparably with the distinction established between content and process in the
the strategic management and entrepreneurship literature over the years (Basso et al 2009; Rauch et al. 2009).
entrepreneurship is defined as entrepreneurial philosophy that permeates an entire organization†s outlook and operations,
intangible asset in corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial values enhance the creation of new businesses within the existing businesses and the renewal or revival of
entrepreneurship. The EO concept, already investigated in the previous essay, receives substantial attention where cumulative knowledge is developing (Basso et al.
) EO still makes a contribution to the strategy and entrepreneurship field; one example is the recent number of publications involving this topic (e g.,
of entrepreneurship emerged, and the role of networks in the entrepreneurial process has 71 been studied widely in recent decades (Jack, 2010;
between sets of antecedents, entrepreneurship and performance In an attempt to improve the knowledge regarding the long-term effect of corporate
entrepreneurship, Zahra and Covin (1995) collected data from three different samples over a seven-year period to assess the longitudinal impact of EO on growth revenue
entrepreneurship topics and have a direct influence on potentially successful firms Particularly in the Spanish context, they make it easier for public-support agencies to
most popular topics in business management and international entrepreneurship (IE literatures (e g.,, Cassiman and Golovko, 2011;
The sample used in this essay was taken from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) by considering the adult population survey for the years 2007 and
in the field of entrepreneurship. Moreover, it has important implications for the literature, management and public policy.
aspects in entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial, and innovative behavior. Moreover, we noted that our research is inserted in a corporate entrepreneurship context.
The entrepreneurial orientation, as well as the innovativeness of small and medium-sized firms and their influence on the performance of them, is the main topic in this
By bringing together and integrating different elements of entrepreneurship, strategic management and business performance, this dissertation has important implications for
This doctoral dissertation contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship and strategy management by investigating the impact of a firm†s resources and capabilities such as
they represent more than just entrepreneurship topics and have direct influence on potentially successful firms. Particularly in the Spanish context, they make it easier for
In general, the present results are encouraging to entrepreneurship scholars. Thus another observation to future research is that examining the EO-performance
connecting the literature on entrepreneurship and the concept of agency problem by Jensen (1986 Future research will hopefully test this EO-EH-performance relationship using novel
entrepreneurship research, and future studies should continue testing the longitudinal EO approach that provides dynamism to the analysis. Future research should also
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Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35,293-317 156 157 APPENDIX Appendix 1. Confirmatory factor analysis †EO
conditions for firm growth and entrepreneurship Innovative firms operating in emerging growth markets benefit from first-mover advantages and growth potential
because there was a lack of entrepreneurship. Furthermore, large corporations got involved in several nanotechnologies, stimulating the mass to follow this
entrepreneurship. Is assumption is bases on the relatively high rates of IPOS and new venture
Culture of entrepreneurship Strong collaborative culture Public policy /funding /taxation No clear role public policy in promoting the
Big role for entrepreneurship, spin-offs and spin-offs Financing for all stages of development Source: TNO compilation
entrepreneurship and business creation. As a result of the implementation of the new Walloon industrial policy, there is now a specific promotion of investment package for attracting new
entrepreneurship should be promoted to a higher scale. The chemical-plastics industry traditionally spends a large share of in-house R&d paid with own funding, but the endevours
promote entrepreneurship and new business development (through incubators), assist in technology transfer, and spin-off companies which are established in the university industrial
entrepreneurship of returning students, young Phds and post-docs, with more than 100 SMES created by around 250 young talents), the Hunan Xinjinrong Technical Incubator and the Oak
which general tax measures and stimulation of entrepreneurship play a crucial role, and Europe seems to focus more on the stimulation of basic research and R&d collaboration
and entrepreneurship in general can be stimulated with incubator firms, business angels, seed-and venture capital. Some clusters also provide
entrepreneurship (Den Hertog et al. 2001). ) In the European clusters investigated, the market structures often lacked large players that could have the power to develop a KET into
Europe seems relatively weak in promoting entrepreneurship compared to for instance the USA and Canada where culture, market openness
entrepreneurship clearly seems to thrive more in those countries where these policy measures are paired with an entrepreneurial culture.
A focus on entrepreneurship is linked often to a focus on commercialising innovations. An invention is not an innovation unless adopted and diffused.
was observed to be used to stimulate entrepreneurship through good funding infrastructures and availability of incubators and business parks
including a culture of entrepreneurship and risk taking, can be important activities, as well as a favourable financial environment, including tax
Klein Woolthuis, R. J. A. 2010), Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the Dutch Construction industry Sustainability 2, 505†523
including networking and collaboration skills, corporate entrepreneurship, the ability to license technologies, and carrying out R&d.
79 R. A. Burgleman, Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management: insights from a process study, Manage.
Innovation is confined not to the area of entrepreneurship. Also other agents such as government agencies or non profit institutions can †innovateâ€
innovation and entrepreneurship, operating in a market environment By definition, innovation processes address novel products or processes that require new ca
The link between entrepreneurship and innovation has been established strongly since Joseph Schumpeter. Since then innovation is considered as an essential characteristic of
entrepreneurship. The link is emphasized by any textbook on entrepreneurship, even introductory ones, such as for example Zimmerer and Scarborough in its fifth edition (2008:
â€oeentrepreneurs also create innovations to solve problems they observe, often problems they face themselves†The fundamental issue is the management of innovation processes,
a national or regional government wants to design a policy to support entrepreneurship in general of innovation in particular, it has to focus on the businesses
There is a high correlation but not full coincidence between entrepreneurship and innovation 261 The degree of innovation is monitored by policy makers.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Rapport voor Bel en Vlaanderen 6. Wickham, Philip A. 2006. Strategic Entrepreneurship, Pearson, Fourth Edition
7. Zimmerer, Thomas W. and Scarborough, Norman M. Essentials of Entrepreneurship and S Business management.
Pearson, Fifth Edition, 2008
SOUTH EAST REGION EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN SPOTLIGHT ON THE SOUTH EAST DECEMBER 2011 2 Table of contents
Stimulating Entrepreneurship and new business start-ups The analysis demonstrates that the South East has the potential to increase the level of
entrepreneurship and sustainable new business start-ups. EI will intensify its focus and undertake the following actions
focus on entrepreneurship and management training, one stop shop/online knowledge base awareness raising and micro-finance B2.
1 Including entrepreneurship, indigenous investment and foreign direct investment SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN †FORFà S
Small firms and entrepreneurship There are 20,947 micro enterprises with less than 10 employees in the South East region and
The GEM entrepreneurship survey found that the level of early stage entrepreneurship within the South East (in 2008) was compared relatively high to other regions in Ireland.
Overall, EI would view the level of entrepreneurship in the region as generally low. The level of HPSUS emerging from the South East is about half of
8 The rate of early stage entrepreneurships is the highest in the South East across the regions, 10.7
percent, reflecting the highest rate of new firm entrepreneurship (6. 1 percent) combined with strong
among men, 15.5 percent (GEM Entrepreneurship in Ireland, 2008 20 EI also launched a new format for the Enterprise Platform Programme in early 2012, to
 Entrepreneurship potential in the region rates comparatively well with other regions according to GEM research.
expansion) and indigenous, through new start-ups/entrepreneurship  The Enterprise development agencies also continue to work with existing firms through
Carlow IT also has an EPP as a hub for entrepreneurship and training activities in the region
entrepreneurship training activities such as the Enterprise Platform Programme that operate out of the hot-desk space at the incubation centre.
involved in the promotion and encouragement of enterprise and entrepreneurship in the South East region:
Research Centres and the WIT Centre for Entrepreneurship The Forum meets every quarter and one of its key achievements has been the establishment
stimulate entrepreneurship and business growth, that includes a variety of events that are coordinated throughout the South East region
Stimulating Entrepreneurship and new business start-ups The analysis demonstrates that the South East has the potential to increase the level of
entrepreneurship and sustainable new business start-ups. EI will intensify its focus and undertake the following actions
Initiatives will focus on entrepreneurship and management training, one stop shop/online knowledge base, awareness raising and micro
69 Including entrepreneurship, indigenous investment and foreign direct investment 76 -A particular focus is required in relation to regional product and brand
ï§Entrepreneurship ï§Rising unemployment and reskilling ï§The †new†unemployed ï§Innovation ï§Supports for SMES
Entrepreneurship Our analysis has been based on an assessment of competitiveness factors which are critical influencers of businesses†location decisions.
interest in entrepreneurship has increased significantly and EI/CEB/FÃ S workshops are well attended. The agencies are considering how best to harness these available skilled
Entrepreneurship /Intrapreneurship Customer Demand & Feedback New Market Formation Competence Building Skills and Education Provision of
Spirit of Enterprise, Southeast) or entrepreneurship (Young Entrepreneurship Programme, Kerry), to drive an increase in innovation (Regional Innovation
Cluster, Southwest), or to drive'smart'energy usage (Dundalk 2020 21 Particularly in relation to a number of agencies including Shannon Development, Western
%Entrepreneurship (Early Stage as a %of the Population 10%8%8 %FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
ï§Consider the benefit of extending/replicating the Young Entrepreneurship programme Tralee Institute) in other institutes/colleges in County Cork, harnessing the commitment
ï§Taking into account the business environment requirements for entrepreneurship undertake an assessment of existing infrastructures (both physical and soft) and identify
ï§Although the performance of the region in terms of entrepreneurship has been comparatively low, regionally based initiatives such as the Spirit of Enterprise
involved in the promotion and encouragement of enterprise and entrepreneurship in the Southeast region. The Forum recognises that a critical element to the success of the South
Research Centres and the WIT Centre for Entrepreneurship. The Forum meets every quarter FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
entrepreneurship and business growth, that includes a variety of events that are coordinated throughout the Southeast region
Fitzsimons & O†Gorman (2008) Entrepreneurship in Ireland (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor †Report for Ireland
Entrepreneurship 22ï Quality of life 24ï and R&d 25ï and Education 27ï Infrastructures 28ï Priority Actions 32ï
Entrepreneurship 33ï Development 34ï Infrastructures 34ï 36 FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA: REALISING POTENTIAL: SOUTHEAST
stimulating entrepreneurship and enabling companies to grow and serve global markets from an Irish base
that stimulates entrepreneurship, enables companies to grow and evolve, and attracts and retains foreign investment.
region in support of increased levels of entrepreneurship, for example the collaborative regional Spirit of Enterprise initiative7.
entrepreneurship and enabling companies based in the region to grow and target international markets. The sectors considered for the Southeast are10
Stimulating Entrepreneurship Whereas mobile investment tends to be attracted to the larger urban areas, there is potential within the region to create competitive environments to attract a concentration of new
entrepreneurship as a realistic option. The region needs to ensure that it facilitates ease of
involved in the promotion and encouragement of enterprise and entrepreneurship in the South -East region.
and the WIT Centre for Entrepreneurship. The Forum meets every quarter and one of its key
a week of intensive advice, inspiration and training to stimulate entrepreneurship and business growth, that includes a variety of events that are coordinated throughout the Southeast region
The GEM entrepreneurship report contains some positive indicators for the Southeast Region Of particular note is that the region generates the highest rate of early stage
entrepreneurship of all the regions in Ireland23. It is estimated that the rate of new firm formation is second only to Dublin.
harnessing the entrepreneurship capabilities within this cohort to stimulate new business start-ups is required The region has a range of support structures and
services in place for entrepreneurship and business development, including EI, CEBS, SEBIC, SEEPP Local Development Partnerships and the HEIS24.
introduced a coherent approach to enterprise and entrepreneurship development within the region that can be built upon
Entrepreneurship /Intrapreneurship Customer Demand & Feedback New Market Formation Competence Building Skills and Education Provision of
will also rely on the region†s ability to stimulate entrepreneurship and promote entrepreneurial thinking. The capacity to innovate is at the heart of that ability and the
Stimulating Entrepreneurship The relatively high level of early stage entrepreneurial activity in the Southeast offers
internationally competitive businesses and facilitating entrepreneurship throughout the country. They have offices and representatives established in a range of locations throughout
Stimulate and support entrepreneurship ï¿Stimulate investment in R&d and innovation †through financial supports, Intellectual
Initiatives in support of entrepreneurship and early stage start-up companies, including provision of incubation facilities
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