Synopsis: Entrepreneurship: Services:

management by small business to develop new products and services Journal of Small Business Management 29 (2), 31†41

A competitive Europe will require Internet connectivity and services beyond the capabilities offered by current technologies.

trustworthy ICT, Future Internet research and experimentation, services and cloud computing, networked media and Internet of things.

-definition TV services are expected to dominate this growth. Cisco state that the average monthly traffic in 2014 will be equivalent to 32 million people continu

•Commercial services †as mentioned above the Internet is now a conduit for a

wide variety of commercial services. These business services rely on platforms which can support a wide variety of business transactions and business processes

•Societal expectations †in moving from an obscure technology to a fundamental part of human communication, societal expectations have grown.

•Cloud computing, Internet of services and advanced software engineering •Internet-connected objects •Trustworthy ICT

⠀ Services ⠀ Content •Applications FIA Budapest will be the seventh FIA since the kickoff in Bled and in that time a

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services...177 Wouter Joosen, Javier Lopez, Fabio Martinelli, and Fabio Massacci

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services...193 Roberto Carbone, Marius Minea, Sebastian Alexander Moâ dersheim

Services Introduction to Part VI...323 SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet...327 Joe Butler, Juan Lambea, Michael Nolan, Wolfgang Theilmann

Francesco Torelli, Ramin Yahyapour, Annamaria Chiasera, and Marco Pistore Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet...

339 Eduardo Santos, Fabiola Pereira, Joaëoeo Henrique Pereira, Luiz Claâ'udio Theodoro, Pedro Rosa, and Sergio Takeo Kofuji

Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services...351 John Domingue, Carlos Pedrinaci, Maria Maleshkova, Barry Norton, and

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet...419 Kim Khoa Nguyen, Mohamed Cheriet, Mathieu Lemay, Bill St. Arnaud

multimedia communications, taking advantage of advanced software services, buying and selling, keeping in touch with family and friends, to name a few.

services, which the current Internet may not be able to support to a sufficient level On one hand, the increased reliability, availability and interoperability requirements

of the new networked services, and on the other hand the extremely high volumes of multimedia content challenge the today†s Internet.

magnitude of more Internet services, the likely increase in the interconnection of smart objects and items (Internet of things) and its integration with enterprise applications

the Internet†s core and the services that use it We are faced with an Internet that is good at delivering packets, but shows a level

applications, services, networks storage, content, resources and smart objects •Fusion of diverse design requirements,

-tectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities, by fully

and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with and validated on large-scale testbeds

-vices they can be used in other tasks or services. As an implementation challenge for controlling and harmonising these entire resource management requirements, the

taking advantage of advanced software services, buying and selling, keeping in touch with family and friends, to name a few.

higher hopes and expectations for new applications and services, which the current Internet may not be able to support to a sufficient level.

-quired by new networked services, and this trend will escalate in the future. There -fore, the requirement of increased robustness, survivability, and collaborative proper

qualitative requirements concerning, for example, highly critical services such as e -health applications, clouds of services and clouds of sensors, new social network

applications like collaborative 3d immersive environments, new commercial and transactional applications, new location-based services and so on

In other words, the question is to determine if the architecture and its properties might become the limiting factor of Internet growth and of the deployment of new

-works and shared infrastructure perspective, the services and application perspective as well as the media and content perspective.

and the term â€oeservice†to refer to any action performed on data or other services and

2 The definition of service does not include the services offered by humans using the Internet

-agement functionality, e g. systems, networks, services, etc For each of the above functionalities, the FIARCH group has tried to identify and ana

and systems infrastructure and essential services in many critical environments such as healthcare, transportation, compliance with legal regulations, etc

-port multiple types of services, iv) to accommodate a variety of physical networks, v to allow distributed management,

-plications, and services, nomadicity, and mobility (while providing means to main -tain continuity of application communication exchanges when needed.

of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities, by fully integrating

-ployment and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with and validated on large-scale testbeds

services, the interconnection of smart objects from the Internet of things, and the integration of increasingly demanding enterprise and societal applications

and design of all levels of interfaces for Services and for networks†and services†resources.

lifecycle of applications, services, networks and infrastructures that are primarily constructed by recombining existing elements in new and creative ways

services as experimented with and validated on large-scale testbeds 3 2 Designs for In-Network Clouds

Services more intelligent, with embedded management functionality. At a logical level, the VMKSO planes gather observations, constraints and assertions,

new management services, protocols, as well as resource-facing and end-user facing services. It includes the enablers that allow code to be executed on the network enti

-ties. The safe and controlled deployment of new code enables new services to be activated on-demand.

This approach has the following advantages •Service deployment takes place automatically and allows a significant number of

new services to be offered on demand •It offers new, flexible ways to configure network entities that are not based on

•Services that are used not can be disabled automatically. These services can be enabled again on-demand,

in case they are needed •It eases the deployment of network-wide protocol stacks and management services

•It enables secure but controlled execution environments •It allows an infrastructure that is aware of the impact on the existing services of a

new deployment •It allows optimal resource utilization for the new services and the system

22 A. Galis et al 2. 2 Orchestration Plane Overview The purpose of the Orchestration Plane is to coordinate the actions of multiple auto

and services that it is managing, and makes appropriate decisions for the resources and services that it gov

-erns, either by itself (if its governance mode is individual) or in collaboration with other AMS (if its governance mode is distributed or collaborative),

•Virtual resources and services are used •Service Lifecycle management is introduced •The traditional management plane is augmented with a narrow knowledge plane

and other key framework services are pack -aged in a distributed component that simplifies and directs the application of those

framework services to the system The Distributed Orchestration Component (DOC) provides a set of framework net

-work services. Framework services provide a common infrastructure that enables all components in the system under the scope of the Orchestration Plane to have

plug and play and unplug and play behaviour. Applications compliant with these framework services share common security, metadata, administration, and manage

-ment services. The DOC enables the following functions across the orchestration plane: federation, negotiation, distribution and governance.

The federation functional -ity of the OP is represented by the composition/decomposition of networks & services

under different domains. Since each domain may have different SLAS, security and Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 23

services. The negotiation functionality of the OP enables separate domains to reach composition/decomposition agreements and to form SLAS for deployable services

The distribution functionality of the OP provides communication and control services that enable management tasks to be split into parts that run on multiple AMSS within

the same domain. The distribution function controls the deployment of AMSS and their components. The governance functionality of the OP monitors the consistency of

virtualisation to provide virtual services and resources. System virtualisation separates an operating system from its underlying hardware resources;

The KP provides information and context services as follows •information-life cycle management, which includes storage, aggregation, transfor

-cations and services in the future Internet Context Information Services. The Context Information Service Platform (CISP within the KP, has the role of managing the context information,

including its distri -bution to context clients/consumers. Context clients are context-aware services, either

user-facing services or network management services, which make use of or/and adapt themselves to context information.

Network services are described as the ser -vices provided by a number of functional entities (FES),

and one of the objectives of 26 A. Galis et al this description is to investigate how the different FES can be made context-aware, i e

-agement functions & services •System functions: Minimise life-cycle network operations†costs and minimise energy footprint

and services, to be combined. In order to support this, each AMS uses the models and ontologies to provide a standard set of capabili

appropriate decisions for the resources and management services that it governs, ei -ther by itself (if its governance mode is individual) or in collaboration with other

that enables large-scale autonomic services deployment on virtual networks •MBT (Model-Based Translator) platform, part of the KP, which takes configura

networks and services. Lattice has a minimal runtime footprint and is not intru -sive, so as not to adversely affect the performance of the system itself or any run

-Network Cloud) that enables the composition of fast and guaranteed services in an efficient manner,

and the execution of these services in an adaptive way taking into 32 A. Galis et al

then form the basis for new types of applications and services in the future Internet Acknowledgments. This work was undertaken partially in the context of the FP7-EU

architectures have been designed originally for voice services and later extended to support packet switched services only in a very centralized manner, the management

of this ever growing traffic demand is quite hard task to deal with. The challenge is

or open to pay for the Wireless internet services meaning that voice communication will remain the dominant mobile application also

number of people potentially using mobile Internet services will likely saturate after 2015 in industrialized countries, the mobile Internet subscription growth potential will

The most prominent effect of services and application evolution is the increase of video traffic:

services like television/radio broadcasting and Vod, 66%of mobile traffic will be video by 2014 2. A significant amount of this data volume will be produced by

-tainment services seems to become dominant in terms of bandwidth usage, special optimization mechanisms focusing on content delivery will also appear in the near

choose from a growing scale of services to communicate (e g.,, e-mail, Instant Mes -saging, blogging, micro-blogging, Voip and video transmissions, etc..

mobile networks, devices, applications and services, and significant device increase potential resulted by the tremendous number of novel subscriptions for Machine-to

, towards IP Multimedia Subsystem for delivering IP multimedia services), the interoperability between the service and the access layer can easily cause scalability

network functions for provision of IP services over the PS domain, while Release 6 standardized WLAN interworking and Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

LIPA) services have been published 15. These enable local breakout of certain IP traffic from the macro-cellular network or the H (e) Nodeb subsystems, in order to

In the PS domain, IP multimedia services require a two-level session establishment procedure. First, the MN and the correspondent node (CN) negotiate the session pa

command and event services form the key routines of the future mobile Internet designs. The importance of this research area is

Ultra Flat Architecture for high bitrate services in mobile networks. In: Proc. of PIMRC€ 08, Cannes, France, pp. 1†6 (2008

deploy services they can be used in other tasks or services. As implementation challenge for controlling and harmonising these entire resource management

-tion†s and storage†s networks and services has been a clear trend in the Information

In the future Internet, services and networks follow a common goal: to provide so -lutions in a form of implemented interoperable mechanisms.

Reliable services and network performance act as technology requirements for more secure and reliable communication systems supporting end user and network requirements.

on the supporting role various protocols play in delivering communications services that meet the rapidly changing needs of the communities of users for which the hour

or deploy services they can be used in other tasks or services. As implementation challenge for controlling

robustly and efficiently allocate network services This paper is organized as follows: Section II presents a brief review of the chal

-ence Model and its implications for networks and services. Section V describes what we consider as critical functional blocks for an Interdisciplinary approach towards

systems allowing network and services allocation. Section VII presents the summary and outlook of this research.

The Future Internet architecture must provide societal services and, in doing so support and sustain interactions between various communities of users in straight rela

-facing services are aware of the properties, the requirements, and the state of the net

which enable services to self-adapt according the changes in the network context and environment.

It also means that services are executed both and managed within network execution environments and that both the services and the

network resources can be managed uniformly in an integrated way. Uniform man -agement allows services and networks to harmonize their decisions and actions 14

The design of both networks and services is moving forward to include higher levels of automation,

and autonomicity, which includes self management The optimization of resources 15 16 17 using federation in the future Internet

known analysis on network and services 3 Rationale for Federation in the future Internet Federation is relatively a new paradigm in communications,

-tions services is addressed from the perspective of end-to-end applications and ser -vices in the future Internet. Federation in the future Internet envisions management

systems (networks and services) made up of possibly heterogeneous components each of which has some degree of local autonomy to realize business goals.

business goals provide services that transcend legal and organizational boundaries in dynamic networks of consumers and providers.

each providing a set of different services. In such complex environment, there is no single central authority;

separate resources and/or services that must be shared and/or negotiated The term Federation in communications was discussed in a previous work 20 and

for networks and services. These principles can be validated via direct industrial investment, and roll out real integrated test beds to trial new network and service

Next generation networks and services 3 4 24 can not be conceived without systems acting and reacting in a dynamic form to the changes in its surrounding (con

autonomous forms offering added value services (Autonomics) 6 7 25 where tra -ditional definitions describing self management emerged.

exchange relevant information facilitating services and network operations. These cross-domain interactions demand certain level of abstraction to deal with mapping

emphasizes offering federated services in a portable manner that is independent of the utilized networks. The objective is to effectively deliver

communications services over an interconnected, but heterogeneous infrastructure and establishes communication foundations Fig. 1. Federated Autonomic Management Reference Representation

In federation management end-to-end communication services involve config -uring service and network resources in accordance to the policies of the actors in

services to be provided both and consumed by loosely coupled value networks of con -sumers, providers and combined consumer and providers.

to offer â€oecommon†and â€oeagreed†services even with many technological restrictions and conflicts blocking such activity.

satisfy end-to-end services client requests. Given the possibility of multiple network connection points for the components cooperating to serve a request (e g.,

services they require (6. Federated Regulations. We support the idea that monitoring data at the network and application level can be used to generate knowledge that can

allocate new federated network services (11. Enforcement In a federated system the interaction between domains and the operations in be

-munications environments to effectively provide complex services (interoperable boundaries) and, in doing so, support and sustain service offering between various

and configurations for managing services and networks are used to ensure transfer -ence of results to other systems as result of sensitivity analysis. Simulation studies

technological dependencies for services support and increasing the interoperability between heterogeneous service and network management systems.

federated autonomic management for end-to-end communications services orchestrate federated service management where management systems should semantically inter

-operate to support evolving value chains and the end-to-end delivery of services At the middle level, coordination & cooperation and decision-making where mul

-cate network services. Brief scenario descriptions illustrate the possible challenges are necessaries to tackle around the term federation and particularly on federated systems

challenges arise relating to how services can be delivered efficiently over these over -lapping infrastructures. Challenges in wireless mesh networks relate to both resource

-to end delivery of services to end-users. Furthermore, there are challenges relating to securing the delivery of services across (possible multiple) wireless mesh infrastruc

-ture domains This research scenario opens work mainly for focusing on the specifics of resource

-teraction breakdowns between the various communication services providers, applica -tion service hosts, or value network members themselves.

6. 4 Federation of Home Area Networks Services and Applications An emerging trend in communications networks is the growing complexity and het

-lem in the future Internet of networks and services We have studied how federation brings support for realisation on the investigated

experiments composing services in some of the scenarios described in this paper 64 M. Serrano et al

Services-Scientific research Cluster. Activities are funded partially by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) via grant 08/SRC/I1403 FAME-SRC (Federated, Autonomic

Management of End-to-end Communications Services-Scientific research Cluster and by the Univerself EU project 31, grant agreement nâ°257513, partially funded

A Perspective for Future Internet Services Based on Autonomic Principles. In: 2007 IEEE Management Week †Manweek 2007 2nd IEEE MACE 2007 Workshop, San Josã, CA

-erogeneity, services †in the form of standard Web Services and DPWS1, but more likely using RESTFUL approaches

As services play a pivotal role in the future Internet Architecture the use of services for integrating the RWI also fits well into the overall architectural

picture. One has to keep in mind though that RWI services have some different prop -erties from common, enterprise-level services:

They are of lower granularity, e g.,, just providing simple sensor readings and, more importantly, they are inherently unreli

-able; such RWI services may suddenly fail and the data they deliver has to be associ

-ated with some quality of information parameters before further processing 1 Device Profile for Web Services

An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 69 3 Reference Architecture In this section we present an initial model on which several of the current RWI archi

2. functional coverage of the services provided by the architectures 3. underlying information models in the architectures, and

Providing the services and corresponding underlying information models to bridge the physical and the digital world by allowing users/applications to interact with the Re

so that the services offered by the RWI architectures can find the required resources for the entity-level requests.

3. Resource Users who are the main users of the resources or architectural services 3. 1 Functional Coverage of RWI Architectures

Resource discovery is one of the basic services RWI architectures provide for re -source-level access.

, processing services) on resource hosts in order to satisfy context information requests and actuation requests Session management functionality is provided to support longer lasting interactions

charged for the access to resources or provided information and actuation services Accountability and traceability can be achieved by recording transactions and interac

communication services may be required from the underlying communication service layer. Table 1 shows a simple way to assess

service-oriented provision of AAL services and event-driven communication between them, in order to enable a proactive reaction on some emergent situations in the living

services like context management for collecting and abstracting data about the envi -ronment, workflow based specifications of system behaviour and semantically

Framework and platform services are coupled loosely by operating and communicating on shared vocabulary (most important ontologies:

, services are described through attributes, modeled as contextual information, and a range of services (resources). Any service (resource

matching that description may be returned by the registry. Although no â€oesession con -text†is required, a pre-requirement exists that interacting PECES applications

data-focused services (acting as resource endpoints), which are based on the WS-DAI specification for data access and integration and which are supported by the Semsor

These services include those focused on data registration and discovery (where a spatiotemporal extension of SPARQL â€

-ported by using ontologies about roles, agents, services and resources 4. 5 SENSEI The SENSEI architecture SENSEI aims at integrating geographically dispersed and

It includes various useful services for both providers and users of real world resources to form a global market space for real world information and interaction.

supporting services that operate upon. On top of this unifying framework SENSEI builds a context framework, with a 3 layer information model.

services is a rendezvous mechanism that allows resource users to discover and query resources that fulfill their interaction requirements.

actuator and processing services can be iden -tified and dynamically combined in order to provide request context information or

Furthermore AAA services perform accounting and auditing for authorized use of real world resources 4. 6 Other Architectures

Things (Wot), where Web representations of real-world entities offer services to access and modify their physical state

and to mash up these real-world services with traditional services and data available in the Web.

SPITFIRE extends the architectural model of this chapter by its focus on services, supporting heterogeneous and resource

-constrained devices, its extensive use of existing Web standards such as RESTFUL interfaces and Linked Open Data,

Data/Linked Data, Semantic web, REST architecture, Internet of Services, SOA and Web Services and Internet of things approaches.

Each of these approaches focus on specific aspects and objectives which underlie the high level requirements of being a

-tural services for (rich media) content production, publication, interlinking and con -sumption. Even if it is very difficult to provide a strict separation of approaches because

-tent, Services and User perspectives, a rough schema in Table 1 can provide highlights the main, original, driving forces of such approaches

Services WS -*SOA Web 2. 0 Web 3. 0 Semantic web Internet of things The three views can be interpreted as emphasizing different aspect rather than ex

and Services are built as a result of a set of functions applied to the content, to pieces of information or ser

provide basic Services at an â€oeinfrastructural level†which in turn will ground the de -velopment of Applications fulfilling the user-centric needs and perspectives.

-ture), to support enhanced content/information-centric services for Applications, as highlighted in Figure 1

4. IDN provides-at an infrastructural level-collaboration-oriented basic services namely: privacy, licensing, security, provenance, consistency, versioning and

such as Linked Data, RESTFUL Web Services, Internet of Service, Internet of things 2. 1 The Interdatanet Information Model and Service Architecture

the services offered by IDN naming system. IDN-Nodes are the information that the layers exchange in their communications.

Storage Interface (SI) provides the services related to the physical storage of informa -tion and an interface towards legacy systems.

c) the adoption of a RESTFUL Web Services, also known as ROA †Re -source Oriented Architecture to leverage on REST simplicity (use of well-known

RESTFUL Web Services; O†Reilly Media, Inc.:Sebastopol, CA USA (2007 9. Carroll, J. J.,Bizer, C.,Hayes, P.,Stickler, P.:

growth of small and/or mobile devices and sensors, of services and of security re -quirements began to show that current Internet is becoming itself a bottleneck.

demanding requirements of new services and applications will require radical archi -tecture enhancements very soon.

which support services and applications by utilizing the current Internet infrastructure. For instance, G-Lab 8

technologies and services. The main idea is to collect and elaborate all the informa -tion coming from the whole environment (i e.,

, users, contents, services, network re -sources, computing resources, device characteristics) via virtualization and data min

cognitive modules which provide the applications/services with the required function -alities in order to maximize the user Quality of Experience with the available re

example of Resources include services, contents, terminals, devices middleware functionalities, storage, computational, connectivity and networking

the large variety of supported services and the rapid evolution of the service charac -teristics, are becoming more and more unpredictable.

Services Networks Contents Devices Cloud storage Terminals Computational Fig. 1. Proposed Cognitive Future Internet Framework conceptual architecture

above-mentioned heterogeneous parameters/data/services/contents in homogeneous metadata according to proper ontology based languages (such as OWL †Web Ontol

(ii) providing enriched data/services/contents to the Actors In addition, these enablers control the sensing, metadata handling, actuation and API

data/contents/services produced by the Cognitive Enablers (Provisioning functional -ities embedded in the Actor Interface;

A Future Internet full of services requirements demands networks where the necessary resources to service delivery are orchestrated

-nication services among them. This domain has worldwide coverage and hierar -chical scalability formed by elements of local communication, masters and slaves

Ontology for management and governance of services 5. However, these studies does not use the ontology to the formalization of concepts for replacement

-ported by a layer of services. It is very important to highlight that the name

meaning of â€oeservice concept†as, in general, the layers also expose services to other layers. In its concept, the service layer is able to understand

The relationship between Entity, Services and Data link layers are made by the use of concepts directly represented in OWL.

need the Content directly from Services or from other Users (thoughts. In this perspective, the Entity Title Model and its ontology can contribute to converge

and Services p. 7 (2010 27 Prudeë ncio, A.,Willrich, R.,Diaz, M.,Tazi, S.:

-communication as well as application-based services) and the social life of user (here mainly addressing private customers of such services

and providers offering such services);()( 2) Markets of Internet service providers (ISP) and Telecommunication Providers;( (3) ISPS peering agreements and/or transit contracts;(

4) Customer usage behavior and selections of content;(5) The investigation of emerging technologies and disruptive technologies,

The investigation of (European) regulation for e-services markets and security regula -tions;( (7) The investigation of the physical environment of e-services in terms of

availability, worldwide vs. highly focused (cities), and dependability for commercial services; and (8) The determination (if possible) of the growth of the Gross Domestic

Product (GDP), providers†revenue maximization, and customers†benefits. While this collection cannot be considered complete, it clearly outlines that a combination of

-of-operations of a variety of Internet-based services In this emerging area of research the specific view on the networking and transmis

together several services that separately had less market traction 6 Conclusions The main message of this Chapter is that implementation, deployment and adoption

services, and content. Accordingly, different stakeholders in the Internet space have developed a wide range of on-line business models to enable sustainable electronic

and trends like the Internet-of-Things or the success of Cloud services all provide indicators of the high significance of the Internet today.

effect on IUS and provision of other services. Assuming that the ISP€ s network re

high congestion can have an impact on ISP€ s plans to offer other real-time services

that receives services at the wholesale level (we refer to this case as the reverse con

packet inspection and throttling so that quality of other services is acceptable 3. 2 Economic Tussles

of services. A popular example is bandwidth of bottleneck links and radio frequencies shared between users and wireless devices.

allocated across users and services The remaining tussle patterns are seen mostly in bilateral or multilateral transac

But, this lower price would lead some sellers of higher quality services to stop selling (since they do not cover their costs anymore) and thus, in the long term

only low quality services will be available. Similarly, if a service provider were the less informed party, then setting-for example-a low price would increase his risk of

traffic shaping then it may have negative impact on the services, and thus, on the viability of new ASPS, who however cannot safely attribute these effects to the ISP

have in supplying services to controversial online bodies come to the forefront. If Wikileaks is wrong,

The ETICS project (Economics and Technologies for Inter-Carrier Services) 8 studies a repurposing tussle arising

based on a lean architecture to operate new services in the future Internet, the discovery of capabilities and the adaptation of many management operations to current working

wireless services, mobile operators and regulators that has arisen from the social in -terest to reducing carbon footprint of the ICT sector and the economic incentive to

selected services to FP7 projects in Challenge 1. SESERV provides access to socioeco -nomic experts investigating the relationship between FI technology, society, and the

-ware and services, with common framework features and easy integration of func -tionality offered by third parties.

The Internet of Services allows the forming of value networks through on-demand service coalitions, built upon service offerings of differ

about security properties of exposed services and information 164 Part III: Future Internet Foundations: Security and Trust

-rity properties of services and infrastructures in the future Internet. The provision of evidence and a systematic approach to ensure that best security practices are applied

establishing an engineering discipline for secure services, taking the characteristics of the Future Internet into account.

-size multilateral security requirements, the composability of secure services, the pro -vision of assurance through formal evidence and the consideration of risk and cost

-rity support in programming and execution environments for services, and suggest using rigorous models through all phases of the SDLC, from requirements engineer

-tion of security properties of services, is investigated in detail in the chapter †Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services†by R. Carbone et

They introduce a language to specify the security aspects of services and a valida -tion platform based on model-checking.

Future Internet scenarios like the Internet of Services, the need for data exchange leads to sensitive data, e g.,

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services Wouter Joosen1, Javier Lopez2, Fabio Martinelli3, and Fabio Massacci4 1 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

establishing a discipline for engineering secure Future Internet Services typically based on research in the areas of software engineering, of service

characteristics of Future Internet services will fail, yet it seems obvious to build on best practices

services 1 Introduction 1. 1 Future Internet Services The concept named Future Internet (FI) aggregates many facets of technology

and its practical use, often illustrated by a set of usage scenarios and typical applications.

the broad mass of end users through a new generation of services (e g. a hybrid aggregation of content and functionality), service factories (e g.,

the creative space of services composition is unlimited in principle, so is the fragmentation of ownership of both services and content, as well as the complex

-ity of implicit and explicit relations among participants in each business value chain that is generated.

In addition, the user community of such FI services evolves and widens rapidly, including masses of typical end users in the role

of prosumers (producing and consuming services. This phenomenon increases the scale, the heterogeneity and the performance challenges that come with FI

This evolution obviously puts the focus on the trustworthiness of services Multiparty service systems are not entirely new, yet the Future Internet stretches

the present know how on building secure software services and systems: more stakeholders with diï €erent trust levels are involved in a typical service com

and services are shared and composed. This adds an extra level of complexity, as both risks and assumptions

1. 2 The Need for Engineering Secure Software Services The need to organize, integrate and optimize the research on engineering secure

software services to deal eï €ectively with this increased challenge is pertinent and well recognized by the research community and by the industrial one.

Internet services and causes signiï cant monetary losses in recovering from those attacks. In addition, this induces users at several levels to lose conï dence in the

adoption of ICT-services From a business perspective, however, we are now witnessing the emergence

New Internet services will have to be Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 179 provided in the near future,

and security breaches in these services may lead to large ï nancial loss and damaged reputation

1. 3 Research Focus on Developing Secure FI Services Our focus is on the creation and correct execution of a set of methodologies, pro

-cesses and tools for secure software development. This typically covers require -ments engineering, architecture creation, design and implementation techniques

ICT-services according to the latest Future Internet paradigms, where services are composed by simpler services (provided by separate administrative domains

integrated using third parties infrastructures and platforms. The need of man -aging the intrinsic modularity and compose-ability of these architectures

1) security requirements for FI services,(2) creating secure service architectures and secure service design,(3) supporting programming en

and compose-able services,(4) enabling security assurance integrating the former results in (5) a risk-aware and cost-aware software devel

techniques that we consider useful for engineering secure Future internet services 2 Security Requirements Engineering

speciï c requirements that refer to devices and to speciï c services. A key chal

Service-orientation and the fragmentation of services (both key characteris -tics of FI applications) imply that a multitude of stakeholders will be involved

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 181 This picture is complicated further by the vast number and the geographical

speciï c services and devices †The identiï cation and resolution of conï icts between security requirements

to a versatile set of services, devices and stakeholder concerns 3 Secure Service Architecture and Design

of design patterns for FI services and applications. The three share the common ambition to maximize reuse and automation while designing secure FI services

and systems As for the ï rst element the aim is to support methodologies that utilize

note that FI scenarios include Cloud and GRID services and although some work has already been made in the area 23,

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 183 in order to grasp a comprehensive understanding of the application as a whole

Finally, adaptation of composite services is a key area of interest. FI scenarios are very dynamic,

grand challenge, especially in the context of Future Internet (FI) Services. Secur -ing Future Internet Service is inherently a matter of secure software and systems

The context of the future internet services sets the scene in the sense that (1

and composing services from preexisting building blocks (services and more tra -ditional components), as well as programming new services from scratch using

a state-of-the-art programming language. The service creation context will typ -ically aim for techniques and technologies that support compile

-nisms such as authentication or audit services. Otherwise, the provisioning of the underpinning security mechanisms and services (e g. supporting mutual non

repudiation, attribute based authorization in a cloud platform etc. will be re -quired as well for many of the typical FI service environments.

Future Internet services and applications will be composed of several services created and hosted by various organizations and providers), each with its own

both services and content, and a complexity of implicit and explicit relations among the participants

fulï l these requirements based on the available services. In addition to complying with the requested functional and quality-of-service-related characteristics, com

of those services being composed. The research community needs to consider the cases where only partial or inadequate information on the services is available

so that the composition will have to ï nd compliant candidates or uncover the underspeciï ed functionality

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 185 enabling deployment, access, discovery and composition of pervasive services

oï €ered by resource-constrained nodes 4. 2 Secure Service Programming Many security vulnerabilities arise from programming errors that allow an ex

enable highly concurrent services of the Future Internet, and will improve anal -ysis and veriï cation techniques to verify, among others, adherence to program

enforcement techniques that are triggered by built-in security services and by realistic in the FI setting, must address the challenge of complex interactions and

Supporting Security Assurance for FI Services. Assurance will play a central role in the development of software based services to provide conï dence

about the desired security level. Assurance must be treated in a holistic manner as an integral constituent of the development process, seamlessly informing and

Engineering secure Future Internet services demands for at least two traversal issues, security assurance and risk and cost management during SDLC

services to ensure conï dence about their trustworthiness. Our core goal is to incept a transverse methodology that enables to manage assurance throughout

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 187 secure protocols, services, and systems. This involves the deï nition of suitable

service and component abstractions (e g.,, secure channels) and the setup of the corresponding reasoning infrastructure (e g.,

-mand of models and techniques to allow the formal analysis of secure services The objective is to develop methodologies, based on formal mappings from the

the integration of services, access control policies or speciï c attacks. Moreover implementations can be monitored at run-time to ensure that they satisfy the

systems of FI services. We need comprehensive assurance techniques in order to guarantee that security concerns are taken correctly into account through the

aware SDLC for secure FI services. Such a life cycle model aims to ensure the stakeholders†return of investment when implementing security measures during

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 189 one needs to develop methods and techniques for the reï nement of risk analysis

of Future Internet services, one needs to focus on a modular approach to the analysis of risks and costs.

-tablishing a discipline for engineering secure Future Internet Services, typically based on research in the areas of software engineering, security engineering and

characteristics of Future Internet services will fail: the peculiarities of FI services must be reï ected upon

and be addressed in the proposed and validated solution The various lines of research and the strands within each of research line have

Network of Excellence on Engineering Secure Future Internet Software Services and Systems) under the grant agreement n. 256980

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 191 8. Dardenne, A.,van Lamsweerde, A.,Fickas, S.:Goal-directed requirements acqui

Security services architecture for secure mobile grid systems. Journal of Systems Architecture. In Press (2010

in the Internet of Services Roberto Carbone1, Marius Minea2, Sebastian Alexander Moâ dersheim3 Serena Elisa Ponta4, 5, Mathieu Turuani6,

Services will signiï cantly boost its development and public acceptance 1 Introduction The vision of the Internet of Services (Ios) entails a major paradigm shift in

the way ICT systems and applications are designed, implemented, deployed and consumed: they are no longer the result of programming components in the tra

-ditional meaning but are built by composing services that are distributed over the network and aggregated and consumed at run-time in a demand-driven, ï ex

In the Ios, services are business functionalities that are designed and implemented by producers, deployed by providers,

Deploying services in future network infrastructures entails a wide range of trust and security issues,

composing services leads to new, subtle and dangerous, vulnerabilities due to interference between com -ponent services and policies, the shared communication layer, and application

functionality. Thus, one needs validation of both the service components and their composition into secure service architectures

production and consumption of already ï awed services Fortunately, a new generation of analyzers for automated security validation

that have been developed for the veriï cation of trust and security of services. In Section 4,

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 195 Second, SOAS are also distributed systems, with functionality and resources

and processed by services The security properties of SOAS are, moreover, very diverse. The classical

-cated to specifying trust and security aspects of services, their composition, the properties that they should satisfy

context) with services that can be added and composed dynamically themselves As a concrete solution, in the AVANTSSAR project, we have deï ned a lan

9 The AVANTSSAR Platform allows users also to input their services by specifying them using the high-level formal speciï cation language ASLAN,

deï ned to be close to speciï cation languages for security protocols/services and to procedural and object-oriented programming languages.

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 197 purposes, no agent can access both ï les f1 and f2.

the Internet of Services, the challenge of validating services and service-oriented applications cannot be addressed simply by scaling up the current generation of

-niques are required to automatically reason about services, their composition their required security properties and associated policies.

to consider the various ways in which component services can be coordinated and develop new techniques,

-presses the need for providing simple scenarios where already available services can be reused to derive new added-value services.

In their SOAP incarnation based on XML messaging and relying on a rich stack of related standards, SOAS

of automated solutions to scalable services composition. Two key approaches for composing web services have been considered, which diï €er by their architecture

orchestration is centralized and all traï c is routed through a mediator, whereas choreography is distributed and all web services can communicate directly

198 R. Carbone et al Several â€oeorchestration†notions have been advocated (see, e g.,, 20. How -ever, in inter-organizational business processes it is crucial to protect sensitive

In fact, services often rely on transport protocols enjoying some given security properties (e g. TLS is used often as a unilateral or

express complex security goals that services are expected to meet as well as assumptions on the security oï €ered by the communication channels

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 199 of course, undesirable to verify the entire system as a whole:

on Proverif 7, exploits abstract interpretation for veriï cation of web services that use SOAP messaging, using logical predicates to relate the concrete SOAP

-ments of a goal service and a description of the available services (including a speciï cation of their security-relevant behavior, possibly including the local

build an orchestration of the available services that meets the security require -ments stated in the policy.

available services in a way that is expected (but not yet guaranteed) to satisfy the input policy. It takes as input an ASLAN ï le with a speciï cation

of the available services and either a speciï cation of the client or a partial

speciï cation of the available services, a full speciï cation of the goal, and a

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 201 Vu ln

services and provide the required corrections. Moreover, the formal modeling of case studies has allowed us to consolidate our speciï cation languages and has

The landscape of services that require validation of their security is very broad The validation is made more diï cult by the tension between the need for ï exibil

Within the AVANTSSAR project, services from a wide variety of applica -tion areas have been modeled: banking (loan origination), electronic commerce

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 203 proï le and which are not.

user on Google Apps, granting unauthorized access to private data and services email, docs, etc..

of Services only if and when the available technologies will have migrated to in -dustry, as well as to standardization bodies (which are driven mostly by industry

provider services fulï ll expected the security desiderata in the considered SAP relevant scenarios. This has included the evaluation of those conï gurations of the

in setting-up the NW-NGSSO services on customer production systems Besides this, the results triggered very valuable discussions in the steering

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 205 there and helped SAP Research to better understand the vulnerability itself and

consumption of remote services. A scalability study has also been conducted on a loan origination process case study with a few security goals and on a more

of dynamically composed services and their integration into complex SOAS by developing an integrated platform of automated reasoning techniques and tools

for web services. In: de Boer, F. S.,Bonsangue, M m.,, Graf, S.,de Roever, W.-P

Automatic Composition of Services with Security policies. In: Proceedings of Web Service Composition and Adaptation Workshop (held in conjunction with SCC/SERVICES-2008), pp. 529†537.

IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2008 12. Ciobaë ca, S.,Cortier, V.:Protocol composition for arbitrary primitives.

Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 207 17. Dolev, D.,Yao, A.:

Synthesis and Composition of Web Services. In: Bernardo M.,Padovani, L.,Zavattaro, G. eds. SFM 2009.

and Web Services with Databases. In: Proceedings of 17th ACM conference on Computer and Communications security (CCS 2010), pp. 351†360.

Web Services Business Process Execution Language vers. 2. 0 2007), http://docs. oasis-open. org/wsbpel/2. 0/OS/wsbpel-v2. 0-OS. pdf

aims to provide standardized services with self-service, pay-peruse, and seemingly unlimited scalability. This paradigm can be implemented on

This article introduces upcoming security challenges for cloud services such as multi-tenancy, transparency and establishing trust into correct

computing, data storage and network resources as well as higher level services In contrast to the current cloud market that is mainly characterized by isolated

-sources and services provided by multiple similar providers are seamlessly ac -cessed. Cloud computing goes beyond technological infrastructure that derives

3. a new range of providers oï €ering cloud security services to add external security to public clouds

Following its software-plus-services strategy an -nounced in 2007, Microsoft has developed in the past years several Saas cloud

services such as the Business Productivity Online Suite (BPOS. While all of them may be delivered from a multi-tenant public cloud for the entry level

the base security of Microsoft public cloud services is adapted to the targeted market. Whereas Microsoft uses, e g.,

and the user, cloud services for more sensitive markets (such as Microsoft Health Vault) use SSL encryption by default

On the other hand commodity public cloud services such as the Amazon EC2 are still growing even though they oï €er only limited base security and largely

Examples for supplementary services are threat surveillance (e g,., Alertlogic access-and identity management (e g.,, Novell, IBM), virtual private network

encryption services) and web traï c ï ltering services (e g.,, Zscaler, Scansafe 2. 2 Today†s Datacenters as the Benchmark for the Cloud

upgrades and patches, quick procurement services, avoidance of vendor lock ins and legacy modernization 18. Many cloudsourcers oï €er bundles of consulting

services, application development, migration, and management 14. A problem that remains with this new stage of IT-outsourcing strategies is that the client

Middleware isolation) and provide services to multiple individual departments Application isolation In order to mitigate this risk in a cloud computing environment, multi-tenant

-trializing the production of IT services through complete end-to-end automation This means that once errors occur in such complex and automated systems, man

This is common for free services today. An improvement to this approach is third-party audits. This approach

Cloud services commonly rely on each other, since their structures may be based consecutively upon each other. Hence a computing cloud may use the services of a storage cloud.

Unlike local data centers residing in a single country, such cloud infrastructures often extend over

cloud scenarios is a matter of consequences for the use of these cloud services So to avoid unwanted disclosure of data, suï cient protection mechanisms need

on an individual cloud, services will be obtained from and load balanced over multiple clouds. If this is done properly, services will no longer depend on the

availability of any individual cloud From a security perspective, this will raise new challenges. Customers need

Similarly, services will be composed from underlying services from other clouds. Without an accepted way to compose

services securely, such compositions would require validation of each individual service based on ï xed sub-services

Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 219 5 Outlook †The Path Ahead Cloud computing is not new †it constitutes a new outsourcing delivery model

that aims to be closer to the vision of true utility computing. As such, it can rely

The vision of the Future Internet heralds a new environment where users, services and devices transparently and seamlessly exchange

services, applications) provided by the cloud, that are provisioned rapidly with a minimal management eï €ort and pay-peruse.

the world, ignoring borders, across multiple services, all in total transparency for the user However, this ideal cloud world raises concerns about privacy for individu

data, balancing the value of his personal data with the services obtained. As a matter of fact, users have diï culties to monetize the value of their personal

which hosts one or more services/applications provided by external parties that deal with personal data (e g.,

Say, these services handle personal data using a PPL framework (as described in Sect. 2). In order to

Future Internet, enabling the seamless combination of services across platforms geographies, businesses and transparently from the user point of view.

In particular, when personal data are consumed by multiple services possibly owned by diï €erent entities in diï €erent locations, the conditions of the

-search into future networks and services. This environment enables both incremental and disruptive approaches, supports multi-disciplinary research that goes beyond

and services for broad testing and experimentation purposes. In this context, Panlab defines a provisioning framework

distributed testbeds to provide services to customers for various kinds of testing sce -narios which in Panlab terminology are called Virtual Customer Testbeds or simply

testing specifications of new technologies, products, services, ii) execution of network 238 C. Tranoris, P. Giacomin, and S. Denazis

VCT) tool†where a customer can define requested services, a repository which keeps all persistent information like resources, partners, defined VCTS, etc.

for orchestrating the provisioning of the requested services. The above components interact with each other in order to offer a service called â€oeteagleâ€.

access VCT requested resources through the Panlab office services during operation of testing. It is quite easy to embed it into your application/SUT in order to gain con

-pate in provisioning of network and services is growing. More demanding applications (like egovernment, ehealth, critical and emergency infras

Alternative multipath transport services in future federated networks might em -ploy concurrent or consecutive packet transmission.

and tool database and measurement services, the employed packet tracking ser -vice 18, Tophat 9,

and the services that use it. In addition, the ossification of the Internet makes the in

-troduction and deployment of new network technologies and services very difficult and very costly The aspects,

•Mobility of networks, services, and devices •Guaranteeing availability of services according to Service Level Agreements (SLAS

and high-level objectives •Facilities to support Quality of Service (Qos) and Service Level Agreements (SLAS

•Facilities for the large scale provisioning and deployment of both services and management, with support for higher integration between services and networks

•Facilities for the addition of new functionality, including the capability for activat -ing a new service on-demand, network functionality,

-zation and combined provisioning of different infrastructure resources and services that include both network and IT resources.

advanced networks and IT managed services integrated with the vanilla Internet will ensure a sustainable Future Internet,

to innovative services requiring greater mobility and bandwidth, higher speeds and improved interactivity through the launch of many interactive media-and content

and Internet services 8. The European union (EU) is actually a potential leader in the FI sector 9. Leveraging FI technologies through their use in â€oesmart infrastruc

services as guiding principles (10,11 1. 1 Autonomicity and Self management Features in Modern Network Design

as new services appear and become globally noteworthy, while market actors are adapting to these challenges through

-munication services will open many possibilities for innovative applications that are not even envisioned today.

services (i e.:cost, service-driven configuration, simplified services composi -tion over heterogeneous networks, large scale and dynamic multi-service coexistence

exposable service offerings/catalogues; monitoring; Service Level Agreements SLAS) and protocol support for bandwidth (dynamic resource allocation), latency

-by setting up and tearing down composed services, based on negotiated SLAS. This also involves benefits for service providers/consumers, in terms of:

reduced cost and time-to-market for services scalability of composed services, and; flexibility and independence from the underly

-ing network details In addition, a current trend for networks is that they are becoming service-aware

the design of networks and services is moving forward to include higher levels of automation, autonomicity, including self management.

Conversely, services them -selves are becoming network-aware. Networking-awareness means that services are executed and managed within network execution environments and that both services

and network resources can be managed uniformly in an integrated way. It is com -monly acknowledged that the FI should have enhanced a considerably network man

-ageability capability, and be an inseparable part of the network itself. Manageability of the current network typically resides in client stations and servers,

Furthermore, the diversity of services as well as the underlying hardware and software resources comprise management issues highly

i) Cross-domain management functions, for networks, services, content together with the design of cooperative systems providing integrated management

-ing requirements and reduce the reliance on centrally planned services, especially if they are joined effectively with new network management techniques.

underlying infrastructure, Qos guarantees for bundled services and optimization of operational expenditures (OPEX Ubiquitous and self-organizing systems are not only disruptive technologies that

FI are increased reliability, enhanced services, more flexibility, and simplified opera -tion. The latter calls for including Network Management (NM) issues into the design

and ensure seamless service provisioning †even in case of services with high band -width requirements.

-eration of different services that a communications network should offer and support this imposes a decisive challenge for any network operator involved, while implicat

-ers the desired services to its users. In many cases, the network operator is obliged to

and can ensure the automatic adaptation of networks/services to capabilities of the network components

end-users wish to have access to a network offering adequate coverage and services of high quality, on a real-time basis. Self management can offer decentralized monitor

management and support of an increased set of services/facilities offered Enabling effective networking under highly demanding conditions:

for the disposal of a multiplicity of services-facilities with optimized quality levels intending to attract/satisfy end-users.

particular network services and accommodate new FI-enabled applications (requested in a specific location and time.

combined provisioning of diï €erent infrastructure resources and services that include both network and IT resources.

and IT managed services integrated with the vanilla Internet will ensure a sustainable future Internet/Cloud enabling demanding and ubiquitous

-ity to provide communication services to the ultimate consumers: enterprises or home/residential users. The Internet†s architecture assumes that routers are

services and application that require better control over the networking infras -tructure and its Qos properties

high-capacity network-connectivity services tightly bundled with IT resources The requirements for resource availability, Qos guarantee and energy eï ciency

-tent services. IT and network should be provisioned in a coordinated way in the future Internet

-anisms to support the dynamic behavior of the services and applications Moreover, another important issue is that the popularity of content and ap

5. Enable secured and reliable services: The network†s service outages and hostile hacks have received signiï cant attention lately due to society†s high

business models deployed by telecom operators are focused on selling services on top of their infrastructures. In addition, operators cannot oï €er dynamic

and smooth integration of diversiï ed resources and services (both IT and network) at the provisioning phase.

-mental approach to enable the on-demand infrastructure services provision -ing with guaranteed performance and Qos, including manageable security

services †A new layered architecture for the Control and Management Plane that allows dynamic services composition and orchestration in the virtual infras

-tructures that can consistently address the manageability, energy-eï ciency and traï c-unpredictability issues

and enable advanced services including the concepts of Infrastructure-as-a-service (Iaas) and service-oriented network -ing 4. We aim to enable a ï exible infrastructure provisioning paradigm in terms

and provisioning dynamic security services to address challenge#5. Fig. 1 shows the reference model of our architecture as it

NIPS Network+IT Provisioning Services PIP Physical Infrastructure Provider SML Service Middleware Layer VI Virtual Infrastructure

-ing on-demand network services bundled with IT resources to meet challenge#2 New business relationships can be developed between Virtual IT Infrastructure

-ness model where on-demand services are eï ciently oï €ered through the seamless provisioning of network and IT virtual resources

up and down) of services and load. It provides means to continuously moni -tor what the eï €ect of scaling will be on response time, performance, quality of

to contribute in a business model where complex services (e g.,, Cloud comput -ing) with complex attributes (e g.,

workï ow and all involved actors and services integration The VI life cycle starts with a VI request from the VIO,

-sioning Services (NIPS) through the on-demand and seamless provisioning of op -tical and IT resources.

enhanced transport network services (optionally combined with advance reser -vations), monitoring and cross-layer recovery.

-tivity services are tailored automatically to the cloud dynamics, allowing for an eï cient utilization of the underlying infrastructure.

+In anycast services the SML provides just a description of the required IT resources (e g. in terms

Networks and IT Services. In: ICT Future Network and Mobile Summit 2011 Santander, Spain (June 2011

Services Part VI: Future Internet Areas: Services 323 Introduction The global economy can be characterised under three main sectors.

The primary sec -tor involves transforming natural resources into primary products which then form the raw materials for other industries1.

The final sector is the tertiary or services sector where â€oein -tangible goods†or services are produced,

bought and consumed3. Service provision is seen as an economic activity where generally no transfer of ownership is associated

motivation for services research both in the software industry and academia The Internet of Services is concerned with the creation of a layer within the Future

Internet which can support the service economy. Two overarching requirements influ -ence the scope and technical solutions created under the Internet of Services umbrella

Firstly, there is a need to support the needs of businesses in the area. Service oriented

solutions can enable new delivery channels and new business models for the services industrial sector The Future Internet will be comprised of a large number of heterogeneous compo

Thus, a second driving requirement for the Internet of Services is to provide a uniform conduit between the Future Internet architectural elements

Here research focuses on describing services enabling automated 1 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Primary sector of the economy

Services and semi-automated approaches to service discovery, composition, mediation and invocation •Cloud computing †definitions vary

Cloud services can be divided into three target audiences: service providers software developers and users as follows6

storage services ⠀ Platform as a service †providing services for software vendors such as a soft -ware development platform or a hosting service

⠀ Software as a service †offering applications, such as document processing or email to end-users Within this section we have three chapters

The ability to trade IT-services as an economic good is seen as a core feature of

the Internet of Services. In the chapter Butler et al. â€oeslas Empowering Services in the Future Internet†the authors discuss this in relation to Service Level Agreements

SLAS). ) In particular they claim a requirement for a holistic view of SLAS enabling their management through the whole service lifecycle:

â€oemeeting Services and Networks in the future Internet†an ontology based ap -proach is taken combined with a simplification of the network layer structure in order to

6 See http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php? id=274&l=0 Part VI:

Services 325 Given the growing take-up of Linked Data for sharing information on the Web at

Services†discusses the relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services Specifically, the chapter outlines an approach which includes a lightweight ontology

SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet1 Joe Butler1, Juan Lambea2, Michael Nolan1, Wolfgang Theilmann3 Francesco Torelli4, Ramin Yahyapour5, Annamaria Chiasera6, and Marco Pistore7

-oriented economy would require that IT-based services can be traded flexibly as economic good, i e. under well defined and dependable conditions and with

-dresses the management of services and their related SLAS through the com -plete service lifecycle, from engineering to decommissioning.

Especially IT supported services have become of major relevance in all industries and domains. The service paradigm is a core principle for the Future

Services, the paradigm equally applies to the Internet of things and the underlying technology cloud platform below. Cloud computing gained significant attention and

With more companies incorporating cloud based IT services as part of 1 The research leading to these results is supported partially by the European community's

We provide an approach that allows services to be described by service providers through formal template SLAS.

-cally, a service is dependent on many other services, e g. the offering of a software service requires infrastructure resources, software licenses or other software services

We propose an SLA management framework that offers a core element for manag -ing SLAS in the future Internet.

resources and services for the business value chain. The scientific challenges include the understanding and modelling of the relationships between SLA properties.

related to SLAS and services on the one hand, and to the specific domain (e g.,, busi -ness, software, and infrastructure) on the other

-cation and third party web services: how multi-party, multi-domain SLAS for aggre -gated services can best be offered to customers. egovernment validates the integra

-tion of human-based services with those that are based technology, showcasing the automated, dynamic SLA-driven selection, monitoring and adjustment of third-party

provisioned services SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 329 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.

Chapter 2 introduces our ref -erence architecture for an SLA management framework. Chapter 3 discusses the

adoption of the framework, within the Future Internet but also in general System Management environments. Chapters 4-7 cover the respective use cases and evalua

to) consume services and 3rd party providers which the actual service provider might rely upon. Relationships are defined by stereotyped dependencies that translate to

SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 331 3. 1 Adoption Considerations for the Future Internet The SLA management framework architecture can easily be applied to different Fu

Things, to services in the Internet of Services, but also to describe people, knowledge and other resources.

-agement (how fine-grained the decomposition of an IT stack into services and SLAS is done) and the requested accuracy of the monitoring (significantly impacts on the

of Enterprise services. We assume a virtualisation-enabled data centre style configura -tion of server capacity,

and a broad range of services in terms of relative priority resource requirement and longevity. As a support service in most enterprises, IT is

and data service support to other enterprise services and lines of business. This brings varied expectations of availability, mean-time-to

SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 333 for efficiency, and longer term strategic issues such as infrastructure refresh (in the

titled â€oeprovisioningâ€, responds to the issue of efficient allocation of new services on IT infrastructure, SLA negotiation and provisioning of new services in the environ

-ment. The second scenario, â€oerun Timeâ€, deals with day-to-day, point in time opera -tional efficiency decisions within the environment.

reference is included differentiates each of the supported Enterprise services in terms of their priority and criticality.

the inputs to provisioning requests in the form of Paas services. Software services could potentially be selected by choosing a virtual machine template

which contains pre-loaded applications, but software layer considerations are considered not core to this Use Case and are dealt more comprehensively with in the ERP Hosting Use Case

The actual use case realizes a scenario with 4 layers of services. The top-level ser

of requested services can be reduced significantly. The dependability of provided services is increased proportional to the number of formally managed service level

terms. The efficiency of service provisioning can be improved in the dimensions of environmental efficiency, resource efficiency,

SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 335 6 Use Case †Service Aggregation The main aim of the Service Aggregation use case is the service-enabling of core

Telco services and their addition with services from third parties (as Internet, infra -structure, media or content services.

From the provider†s point of view, they will be able to publish their services in the Service Aggregator

and will be benefited in terms of reach new markets in which their services can be consumed and to be sold to the

customers joined with reliable communication services offered by Telco providers Customers can find the services

and negotiate flexibly the terms of the consumption of the services included in the product.

It is necessary to point out that negotiation takes place in three faces: Bank Customer service Aggregator and Infrastructure

provider. This implies the negotiation of the SLAS with quality of service aspects and the final price

registries in their SLA Managers to publish the SLA templates of his services hierar -chy.

nents that can be connected also in the use case are the monitors of the services (SMS

and Infrastructure services. To take care about the violations, track interfaces are used to connect the adjustment components in each SLA Manager.

In the new ecosystems of Future internet of services the key will be the exporting and interconnection of services between different parties.

It is necessary to care the service level agreements and the quality of the services guaranteed on those

SLAS. SLA-aware aggregation of telecommunications services introduces a business opportunity for the agile and efficient co-creation of new service offerings and sig

-nificant competitive advantages to all Further details on this use case including a demo video are available at 8

Public administrations often outsource human based services to 3rd party organiza -tions. Such relationships are regulated currently with legal documents and human

several management activities also if the services are performed by humans In our proof of concept we considered a composed service allowing citizens to

health, mobile and contact services, as well as the expected overall satisfaction of the citizen. The SLA@SOI framework automates activities of the CSC that are usually

SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 337 From the technical point of view, one of the main challenges of this use case has

been the modelling of human-provided services, and the formalization of the strate -gies for handling human resources during negotiation and adjustment.

and winter in the delivery of the services considered in this use case. Extensions of the prediction model are under evaluation in order to cover new kinds of KPIS and

-vided services Further details on this use case are available at 9 8 Conclusions Service level agreements are a crucial element to support the emerging Future Internet

so that eventual services become a tradable, dependable good. The interdependencies of service level characteristics across layers and artefacts require a holistic view for

/Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet Eduardo Santos1, Fabiola Pereira1, Joaëoeo Henrique Pereira2 Luiz Claâ'udio Theodoro1, Pedro Rosa1,

-tween services and networks by simplifying the network layers struc -ture and extending the ontology use.

Future Internet, Network Ontology, Post TCP IP, Services Introduction In recent years it has been remarkable the Internet advancement in throughput

and the development of diï €erent services and application features. Many of these are supported by the TCP IP protocols architecture, however, the intermediate

and with a few services support. Despite the development of the Internet and its wonderful ï exibility and adaptability, there were no signiï cant improvements

Integration of services and networks is an emerging key feature in the future Internet and there are a lot of studies, proposals and discussions over questions

the communication between services and networks with semantics, disseminating the power of the meaning across the network layers

research which eliminates the Network and Transport layers, meeting services directly to the network lower layers.

meet the requirements of services in a ï exible and optimized way. For example the work in 6 shows how FINLAN can deal with the requirement of delivery

It is responsible to support the services needs of the superior layer. The DL-Ontology layer has semantic communication

Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 341 of data transfer between links. The main diï €erence between these two layers

One application example is the services integration in heterogeneous environment to the devices mobility in 4g networks handovers

>Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 343 This work shows how FINLAN can contribute with Future Internet researches

-sources which can cover heterogeneous networks and services like mobility, reli -ability, security and Qos.

Context Information Services Platform) needs. The context information in the FINLAN layers can act as an intermediate unity with its own semantic to reduce

Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 345 the number of interactions between the context sources and the context clients

services according to the ontology concepts in the following code, where the context Netcontext-1 is in the network element Virtualrouter-2 and the service

services that communicates with the Servicecloud Entity, which has need the of the information stored in the manifest requirement.

For example, to handle requests for services related to bandwidth storage, encryption, location, indexing and others Related to the content-centric it is presented in 19 the diï culties of the cur

Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 347 In this proposal, the objects Media, Rules, Behaviour, Relations and Charac

>3 Integration between Services and Networks This section describes how to integrate this project in collaboration with oth

developed ontology, Services and Physical layers of the network. These layers are based on the formalization of the FINLAN concepts.

Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 349 is ready to be established, and the data is sent through the layers also using raw

-ing of services and networks by approaching services semantically to the network structure. It was showed how to integrate FINLAN with Future Internet projects

We strongly believe that meeting services and networks through the reduction of network layers and, consequently, through the decreasing of users, services and

content complexity is a possible way to achieve ï exibility in future networks Moreover, we expect that ontological approaches can help to build a Future

Conference on Networking and Services, p. 32 (2010 7 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:

in Networks and Services, in Press (2011 12 Rochwerger, B.,Galis, A.,Breitgand, D.,Levy, E.,Caâ'ceres, J.,Llorente, I.,Wolf

-national Conference on Networking and Services, p. 18 (2010 17 Vanni, R. M. P.:Integracâ¸aëoeo de Servicâ¸os em Ambientes Heterogeë neos:

Internet of Services John Domingue1, Carlos Pedrinaci1, Maria Maleshkova1, Barry Norton2, and Reto Krummenacher3 1 Knowledge Media Institute, The Open university, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes

Services which we have been exploring recently. The Internet of Services pro -vides a mechanism for combining elements of a Future Internet through stan

-dardized service interfaces at multiple levels of granularity. Linked Data is a lightweight mechanism for sharing data at web-scale which we believe can fa

Linked Data, Internet of Services, Linked Services 1 Introduction The Future Internet is a fairly recent EU initiative

The Internet of Services is seen as a core com -ponent of the Future Internet â€oethe Future Internet is polymorphic infrastructure, where the bounda

From an Internet of Services per -spective, Linked Data with its relatively simple formal representations and inbuilt

interoperability between services. In fact, the integration between services and Linked Data is increasingly gaining interest within industry and academia.

Examples include for instance, research on linking data from RESTFUL services by Alarcon et al. 3 work on exposing datasets behind Web APIS as Linked Data by Speiser et al. 4, and

Web APIS providing results from the Web of Data like Zemanta1 We see that there are possibilities for Linked Data to provide a common †glue†as

services descriptions are shared amongst the different roles involved in the provision aggregation, hosting and brokering of services.

In some sense service descriptions as and interlinked with, Linked Data is complementary to SAP€ s Unified Service De

-scription Language2 5, within their proposed Internet of Services framework3, as it provides appropriate means for exposing services and their relationships with provid

-ers, products and customers in a rich, yet simple manner which is tailored to its use at

In this paper we discuss the relationship between Linked Data and services based on our experiences in a number of projects.

/2 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php? id=288&l=0 3 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php?

id=260&l=0 Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 353

RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a simple data model for semantically describing resources on the Web.

3 Services on the Web Currently the world of services on the Web is marked by the formation of two main

groups of services. On the one hand, â€oeclassical†Web services, based on WSDL and SOAP, play a major role in the interoperability within and among enterprises.

Web services provide means for the development of open distributed systems, based on decoupled components, by overcoming heterogeneity

and enabling the publishing and consuming of functionalities of existing pieces of software. In particular, WSDL is

used to provide structured descriptions for services, operations and endpoints, while SOAP is used to wrap the XML messages exchanged between the service consumer

and provider. A large number of additional specifications such as WS-Addressing WS-Messaging and WS-Security complement the stack of technologies

-able Web APIS, also referred to as RESTFUL services (properly when conforming to the REST architectural principles 7). RESTFUL services are centred around re

-sources, which are interconnected by hyperlinks and grouped into collections, whose retrieval and manipulation is enabled through a fixed set of operations commonly

In contrast to WSDL-based services, Web APIS build upon a light technology stack relying almost entirely on the use of URIS, for both

The take up of both kinds of services is hampered, however by the amount of manual effort required

Research on Semantic web services 8 has focused on providing semantic descriptions of services so that tasks such as

the discovery, negotiation, composition and invocation of Web services can have a higher level of automation.

These techniques, originally targeted at WSDL services have highlighted a number of advantages and are currently being adapted towards

lighter and more scalable solutions covering Web APIS as well 8 http://backstage. bbc. co. uk

Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 355 4 Linked Services

The advent of the Web of Data together with the rise of Web 2. 0 technologies and

ultimately lead to a widespread adoption of services on the Web. The vision toward the next wave of services, first introduced in 9 and depicted in Figure 1,

is based on two simple notions 1. Publishing service annotations within the Web of Data, and

2. Creating services for the Web of Data, i e.,, services that process Linked Data and/or generate Linked Data

We have devoted since then significant effort to refining the vision 10 and imple -menting diverse aspects of it such as the annotation of services and the publication of

services annotations as Linked Data 11,12, as well as on wrapping, and openly exposing, existing RESTFUL services as native Linked Data producers dubbed Linked

Open Services 13,14. It is worth noting in this respect that these approaches and techniques are different means contributing to the same vision

and are not to be con -sidered by any means the only possible approaches. What is essential though is ex

-ploiting the complementarity of services and the Web of Data through their integra -tion based on the two notions highlighted above

As can be seen in Figure 2 there are three main layers that we consider. At the bot

-tom are Legacy Services which are services which may be based WSDL or Web APIS, for which we provide in essence a Linked Data-oriented view over existing

functionality exposed as services. Legacy services could in this way be invoked, either Fig. 2. Services and the Web of Data

356 J. Domingue et al by interpreting their semantic annotations (see Section 4. 1) or by invoking dedi

-cated wrappers (see Section 4. 2) and RDF information could be obtained on de -mand. In this way, data from legacy systems, state of the art Web 2. 0 sites, or sen

-sors, which do not directly conform to Linked Data principles can easily be made available as Linked Data

The final layer in Figure 2 concerns services which are able to consume RDF data

-vice mashups 15 and RDF mash-ups 16 with the important difference that services are, in this case,

The use of services as the core abstraction for constructing Linked Data applications is therefore more generally applicable than that

4. 1 Implementing Linked Services with Linked Data-based Annotations One thread of our work on Linked Services is based on the use of Linked Data-based

descriptions of Linked Services allowing them to be published on the Web of Data and using these annotations for better supporting the discovery, composition and

invocation of Linked Services Our research there is based on the Minimal Service Model (MSM) 17, originally

introduced together with hrests 18 and WSMO-Lite 19, and slightly modified for the purposes of this work 12.

-ceptual models for services. The best-known approaches to annotating services se -mantically are OWL-S 20, WSMO 21, SAWSDL 22,

and WSMO-Lite for WSDL services, and Microwsmo 23, and SA-REST for Web APIS.

To cater for interoperability, MSM represents essentially the intersection of the structural parts of these formalisms.

Additionally, as opposed to most Semantic web services research to date, MSM supports both â€oeclassical†WSDL Web services, as well as a procedural

view on the increasing number of Web APIS and RESTFUL services, which appear to be preferred on the Web

Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 357 Fig. 3. Conceptual model for services used by iserve

As it can be seen in Figure 3, MSM defines Services, which have a number of Op

-erations. Operations in turn have input, output and fault Messagecontent descrip -tions. Messagecontent may be composed of mandatory or optional Messageparts

The addition of message parts extends the earlier definition of the MSM as de -scribed in 18.

Similarly, the second tool, SOWER, assists users in the annotation of WSDL services and is based in this case on SAWSDL for adding links to semantic descriptions as

WSDL services described using heterogeneous formalisms. iserve is, to the best of our knowledge, the first system to publish web service descriptions on the Web of

that available for WSDL-based services. Thanks to its simplicity, the MSM captures the essence of services in a way that can support service matchmaking and invocation

and still remains largely compatible with the RDF mapping of WSDL, with WSMO -based descriptions of Web services, with OWL-S services,

and with services anno -tated according to WSMO-Lite and Microwsmo The essence of the approach followed by iserve is the use of import mechanisms

for a wide range of existing service description formalisms to automatically transform them into the MSM.

Once the services are transformed, service descriptions are ex -posed following the Linked Data principles and a range of advanced service analysis

services able to process or provide certain types of data, and other Web systems can

users ratings, tags and comments about services in a separate server. On the basis of

/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 359 In summary, the fundamental objective pursued by iserve is to provide a platform

-riched Services) is a platform for the easy consumption of services based on their semantic descriptions.

with services and the invocation process itself, via the generation of appropriate user interfaces. Based on the annotations the user is presented with a set of fields, which

Further tooling covering the composition of services as well as analysis of the exe -cution are also being developed as part of an integrated tool suite called SOA4ALL

-port for completing different tasks along the lifecycle of services, enabling the crea -tion of semantic service description, their discovery, composition, invocation and

4. 2 Services Which Produce and Consume Linked Data In this section we consider the relationship between service interactions and Linked

services should be implemented on top of Linked Data in order to become first class citizens of the quickly growing Linking Open Data Cloud.

view of the type of services which we consider. These services should take RDF as

input and the results should be available as RDF; i e.,, service consume Linked Data and

Within existing work on Semantic web Services, considerable effort is expended often in lifting from a syntactic description to a semantic representation and lowering from a

REST principles allows for re-exposing the wrappers as RESTFUL services so that the only required platform to interact with them is the Web (HTTP) itself

As a general motivation for our case, we consider the status quo of the services of

of these services, 21 uses the same languages and technologies in the implementation and description of services, communicated as the Linked Open Service (LOS) princi

-ples 14 encouraging the following •allowing RDF-encoded messages for input/output •reusing URIS from Linked Data source for representing features in input and output

relationship more useful as Linked Data, the approach of Linked Data Services LIDS) 25 is to URL-encode the input.

21 http://www. linkedopenservices. org/services/geo/geonames/weather /Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 361

resource identifier. This URI is used then as the subject of such a triple, encoding the relationship to the output

In aligning LOS and LIDS principles, pursued via a Linked Services Wiki22 and a Linked Data and Services mailing list23,

a URI representing the input is returned using the standard Content-Location HTTP header field. Even in the case of a URL

Services so far concentrate on resource retrieval and therefore primarily the HTTP GET verb), in the standard REST style,

and query services offered at http://www. linkedopenservices. org/services LOS and LIDS also coincide on the idea of refining the general principles of

Linked Services communicated in Section 4, of describing accepted/expected mes -sages using SPARQL graph patterns.

While this is a design decision, it aims at the greatest familiarity and ease for Linked Data developers.

assemble a set of services whose results can be combined to satisfy the initial user request.

graph patterns are used for both the discovery of services, and then also reused in defining the dataflow between services within a process, defined again as SPARQL

CONSTRUCT queries. Work is ongoing on graph pattern-based discovery and proc -ess definition and execution

services in a machine readable fashion and enables service descriptions to be seam -lessly connected to other Linked Data.

how services should consume and produce Linked Data in order to become first-class Linked Data citizens From our work thus far, we see that integrating services with the Web of Data, as

depicted before, will give birth to a services ecosystem on top of Linked Data whereby developers will be able to collaboratively

and incrementally construct com -plex systems exploiting the Web of Data by reusing the results of others.

to the Internet of Services. That is, to scenarios where services sit within a generic Internet platform rather than on the Web.

These principles are Global unique naming and addressing scheme-services and resources con -sumed and produced by services should be subject to a global unique naming and

addressing scheme. This addressing scheme should be easily resolvable such that software clients are able to access easily underlying descriptions

Linking †linking between descriptions should be supported to facilitate the reuse of descriptions and to be able to specify relationships

-capsulated within services which should have a distinct endpoint available on the Internet, through which they can be invoked using standard protocols

Machine processability †the descriptions of the services and resources should be machine-processable. RDF (S) achieves this by having an underlying semantics and

Ideally, the inputs and outputs for services should be machine-processable as well Following from the above we believe that the Future Internet will benefit greatly

the members of the STI Conceptual Models for Services Working group for their interesting feedback on this work

/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 363 Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution

Linking Data from RESTFUL Services. In: Workshop on Linked Data on the Web at WWW 2010 (2010

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the networks and the provisioned services The objective of this section is to offer different views on the processes, techniques

enabling every user †first †to access the offered multimedia services in various con

user first to access the offered multimedia services in various contexts, and second to share and deliver his own audiovisual content dynamically, seamlessly, and

and adapted services/content to the end user for his best service experience possible, taking the role of a consumer

of Services, Service Composition, Content-Aware Network 1 Introduction One of the objectives of the future communication networks is the provision of audio

-to end Quality of Services, (i e. including content production, transport and distribu -tion) together with the possibility to evaluate

services while being able to take into account information regarding the trans -port/terminal contexts and adapt the services accordingly

Bringing together in a synergic way all the above factors, a new â€oemedia Ecosystem†is hence foreseen to arise, gathering a mass of not only existing but also new potential

Network-Aware services/Applications (NAA) can be a way to overcome the tradi -tional architectures limitations.

needs of various service types), that is required for the future services and applica -tions 1-2. The new CAN/NAA concept no more supposes network neutrality, but

and adaptation-capable services This chapter will introduce and describe an advanced architecture and new func

telecommunication services as described in 3. The strong orientation of user-centric awareness to services and content is emphasized in 4. The works 5-6 consider that

CAN/NAA can offer a way for evolution of networks beyond IP, while Qoe issues

-derstand here high level services, as seen at application/service layer 372 H. Koumaras et al

-scription, consumption of the services by the EUS. At the Service Environment (SE the Service Provider (SP) entity is the main coordinator.

-vice registry with enhanced functionalities allows new services supporting a variety of use case scenarios.

users with advanced context-aware multimedia services in a consistent and interoper -able way. It enables uniform access for heterogeneous terminals and supports en

services, based on advanced capabilities (1) for network level provisioning of re -sources in a content-aware fashion and (2) for applying reactive adaptation measures

ALICANTE€ s advanced concept provides adapted services/content to the end-user for her/his best service experience possible.

of services 12-13 Media Ecosystems: A Novel Approach for Content-Awareness in Future Networks 375

-tent-aware services across a larger geographical span Content Provider (CP) gathers/creates, maintains and releases digital content by

by The CANP offers content-aware network services to the upper layer entities Service Provider (SP) is the ultimately ALICANTE business entity

-sponsible for the services offered to the end-user and may interact with NPS, and/or

multimedia services (e g.,, IPTV) in different modes (e g. P2p Content is offered to the CCS or SPS through quality guarantee schemes such as

multiple CPS and deliver services to CCS with higher quality. SPS may not own a transport infrastructure,

but rely on the connectivity services offered by Network Providers (NPS), or CAN Providers (CANP). The SPS are ultimately responsible for

service base and use the services of NPS, or CANPS, via appropriate SLAS. In ALI

level of choice in content and services by selecting, deploying, controlling and man -aging easy-to-use, affordable services and applications on service-enabled networks

Eventually the end user will have a choice of service access methods: anywhere, any -time and in any context with the appropriate awareness degree 1

management of special services and best-effort services separately. Last and not least user privacy is a major concern

User-Centric Future Internet and Telecommunication Services. In: Tselentis G.,et al. eds.)) Towards the Future Internet, pp. 217†226.

Future Internet=Content+Services+Management. IEEE Com -munications Magazine 47 (7), 27†33 (2009 5. Zahariadis, T.,et al.:

Services. Proc. IEEE, Softcom, Oct. 2004 (2004 13. Paris Flegkas, et al. Provisioning for Interdomain Quality of Service:

to facilitate future media applications and services, functioning under assorted and vibrant environments while maximizing not only Quality of Service (Qos) but also

ground-breaking services and applications Acknowledgement. This research has been funded partially by the European Com -mission under contract FP7-248474 SARACEN

Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services, ITU -T Recommendation H. 264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10 (MPEG-4 AVC

smart enterprises and includes not only products, services and processes but also the organizational model and full set of relations that comprise the enterprise†s value

and services are expected to emerge, fine-tuned to the needs of enterprise users by leveraging a basic infrastructure

of utility-like software services High-value Future Internet applications are also foreseen in the domain of living

smart content, personal networks and ubiquitous services, to provide the user a simpler easier and enriched life across many domains including home life,

-ing the provision of assisted living services for the elderly and handicapped, and also to

mass when it comes to shaping the demand for advanced Internet-based services. The â€oeliving labs†approach which comprises open and user driven innovation in large-scale

The chapter â€oerenewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Inter -net†discusses the Greenstar Network (GSN), of the first worldwide initiatives for

provisioning ICT services that are entirely based on renewable energy such as solar wind and hydroelectricity across Canada and around the world.

dynamically transport user services to be processed in data centers built in proximity to green energy sources, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions of ICT equip

and focuses on heavy computing services dedicated to data centers powered com -pletely by green energy, from a large abundant reserve of natural resources in Canada

-enabled services. The chapter describes how the living labs concept has started to fulfill a role in the development of cities towards becoming â€oesmartâ€.

the opportunities of services enabled by the Future Internet for smart cities, there is a need to clarify the way how living lab innovation methods, user communities and Fu

-form can be used to interconnect with different Internet of Services testbeds, helping to bridge the existing gap between the two levels

In essence, while enterprise management and planning services will be increas -ingly available from the †cloudâ€, in a commoditised form, the future business needs

implementation of enterprise operations (and related services) automation, for the last two points. Reusable components mash-up techniques,

the Internet of Services (Ios), Internet of things (Iot) and smart ob -jects, Internet of Knowledge (Iok), Internet of People (Iop.

services, tools, software packages, interfaces and user interaction solutions that are not available at the present time.

interacting software services, i e.,, units of work performed by software applications typically communicating over the Internet 11

e-services) of two different sorts. Some services will have a †technical†nature, con -ceived to the specific needs of ICT people;

some other will have a †business†nature reflecting the needs of the enterprise. Furthermore, the very same notion of an e

) Conversely, for business people, services are generated not †in the airâ€: there is an active entity (a person, an organization, a computer, a robot, etc.

provides the services, with a given cost and time (not to mention SLA, etc. associ -ated to it

In summary, Web services were introduced essentially as a computation resource transforming a given input to produce the desired output, originally without the need

when we consider business services, where states, memories, and even the preexisting history of the entity providing the busi

hosting and operating those resources (i e. applications, services and the infrastructure on which they operate) locally.

It refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide

those services 12. Cloud computing may be considered the basic support for a brand new business reality where FINERS can easily be searched,

-nication among the great variety of components, services, tools, platforms, resources produced by different providers) that compose a FINES

applications and services) and vertically (using sub-parts at different levels of granu -larity). ) But the most relevant aspect is the large role played by a new sort of compo

-Internet of Services. Business & Information Sys -tems Engineering 1 (5), 341†342 (2009 3. Chesbrough, H.:

Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S. In: Proc. Of WWW Conference (2007 14.

Web Services: Principles and Technology. Prentice-hall, Englewood Cliffs (2007 17. Mellor, S. J.,Scott, K.,Uhl, A.,Weise, D.:

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet Kim Khoa Nguyen1, Mohamed Cheriet1, Mathieu Lemay2, Bill St. Arnaud3

-tion and Communication Technologies) services entirely based on renewable energy such as solar wind and hydroelectricity across Canada and around the

user services to be processed in data centers built in proximity to green energy sources, reducing GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions of ICT equipments.

from new services and users, resulting in an increase in GHG emissions. Based on the cooperation between Mantychore FP7 and the GSN, our approach is

the heaviest computing services are dedicated to virtual data centers powered completely by green energy from a

aimed at providing ICT services based entirely on renewable energy sources such as solar wind and hydroelectricity across Canada and around the world.

services will be dedicated to data centers powered completely by green energy. This is enabled thanks to a large abundant reserve of natural green energy resources in

to enhance the carbon footprint exchange standard for ICT services. This collabora -tion enables research on the feasibility of powering e-Infrastructures in multiple do

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 421 one is powered by a different renewable energy source) could be integrated into an

Energy considerations are taken before moving virtual services without suffering connectivity interruptions. The influence of physical location in that

This allows complex underlying services to remain hidden inside the infrastructure provider. Resources are allocated according

2 Provisioning of ICT Services over Mantychore FP7 and GSN with Renewable Energy In the European NREN community connectivity services are provisioned on a manual

basis with some effort now focusing towards automating the service setup and opera -tion. Rising energy costs, working in an austerity based environment

some characteristics of these connectivity services, so that users can change some of the service characteristics without having to renegotiate with the service provider

MPLS (Layer 2. 5) switches to configure different services. In this aspect, Mantychore will integrate the Ether project 6 and its capabilities for the management of Ethernet

and firewall services, v) Creation, modification and deletion of resources (interfaces routers) both physical and logical,

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 423 using renewable energy resources is vital for any NREN with such an abundance of

zero-carbon ICT services. The only difference between the GSN and a regular net -work is that the former one is able to transport ICT services to data centers powered

Switch Allied Telesis Raritan UPS (APC Gbe Tranceiver PDU Servers (Dell Poweredge R710 To core

-cally sets up required connectivity for Layer 1 and Layer 2 using dynamic services then pushes Virtual machines (VMS) or software virtual routers from the hub to a sun

grid energy for running other services if it is required. However, GSN services are powered entirely by green energy.

The VMS are used to run user applications, particu -larly heavy-computing services. Based on this testbed network, experiments and re

-search are performed targeting cloud management algorithms and optimization of the intermittently-available renewable energy sources

control capabilities, the proposed solution aims at distributing user-oriented services Fig. 3. Layered GSN and Cloud computing Architectures

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 425 regardless of the underlying infrastructure.

implementing the platform level services that provide running environment enabling cloud computing and networking capabili -ties to GSN services.

The Cloud Middleware plane corresponds to the User-level Middleware, providing Platform as a service capabilities based on Iaas Framework

services by making use of services provided by the lower layer services 4 Virtual Data center Migration

Iaas Resource used to build web services interfaces for manageable resources, iii Iaas Service serves as a broker

It uses services provided by protocols and transport layers in order to achieve communications. Each engine has a state machine

additional services, such as persistence, which are shared by other components Based on the J2ee/OSGI platform, the Iaas Framework is designed in such a

Open Services Gateway initiative) is a Java framework for remotely deployed service applications, which provides high reliability, collaboration, large scale distribution

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 427 5 Federated Network GSN takes advantage of the virtualization to link virtual resources together to span

or VPLS services at the network edge Fig. 5. Energy-aware routing In the proposed new energy-ware routing scheme based on Mantychore support, the

-quests to appropriate services provided by data centers distributed across the network Each data center is represented by a virtual instance,

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 429 6 Conclusion In this chapter, we have presented a prototype of a Future Internet powered only by

-newable energy for ICT services worldwide. Virtualization techniques are shown to be the most appropriate solution to manage such a network

Our future work includes research on the quality of services hosted by the GSN and a scalable resource management

and Grid Services Using Iaas to Reduce GHG Emissions. J. of Lightwave Technology 27 (12)( 2009

Infrastructure Services for Optical Networks. J. of Optical Communications and Networking 1 (2)( 2009 7. Kiddle, C.:

-ing Future Internet-enabled services. Based on an analysis of the current land -scape of smart city pilot programmes, Future Internet experimentally-driven re

enablers of e-services become more and more important for urban development while cities are increasingly assuming a critical role as drivers of innovation in areas such as

-tion for user-driven services and how they can accelerate the cycle of research, inno

cities, actualising useful applications and e-services, and assuring the long-term sus -tainability of smart cities through viable business models

supply and consumption of goods and services. Fig. 1 presents three key domains of potential smart city applications in the fields of innovation economy, infrastructure

new e-services within the innovation ecosystems of cities (see Table 2 Table 2. Media Internet technologies and components for Smart Cities

Cloud services and software components City-based clouds Open and federated content platforms Cloud-based fully

Demand for e-services in the domains outlined in Fig. 1 is increasing, but not at a

-sion of e-services in terms of sustainability and financial viability. Not all applications are turned into e-services.

Those that succeed in bridging the gap rely on successful business models that turn technological capabilities into innovations, secure a con

and offer useful services. It is here that the third task for city authorities comes into play,

applications, business models, and services. Standardisation would dramatically reduce the development and maintenance costs of e-services due to cooperation, exchange

Smart Cities and the Future Internet 437 and sharing of resources among localities. Open source communities may also sub

also aims at stimulating a wider uptake of innovative ICT-based services for smart cit

experimental facilities for exploring new applications and innovative services Technology push is still dominant in the actual research agenda.

cities have to be defined, in terms of applications, services, financial engineering and partnerships. This will help cities to secure funding,

initiatives in that respect have started such as the Smart Santander project (services and applications for Internet of things in the city), the TEFIS project (platform for

co-creation of wellbeing, logistics and environment Iot-based services A comparison of the role of users in FIRE facilities projects compared to Living

Object of testing Technologies, services, architec -tures, platforms, system require -ments; impacts Validation of user ideas, prototype

Such infrastructure also creates many opportunities for innovative services such as green services, mobility services, wellbeing services,

and playable city ser -Smart Cities and the Future Internet 439 vices based on real-time digital data representing digital traces of human activity and

applications and services seem to be emerging from user co-creation processes Recent paradigms, such as open innovation and open business models 16, Web

Internet services and sensor network in the city. www. smartsantander. eu •ELLIOT (FP7-ICT, 2010.

Public sector services •EPIC (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010. Platforms for intelligent cities •Apollon (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010.

by users of green services in the areas of air quality and ambient noise pollution with

The second one addresses wellbeing services in connection with a hospital and the third focuses on logistic services in product devel

-opment facilities with professional users. Its goal is to investigate evidence of the social dynamics of the Living Lab approach for the purpose of ensuring a wide and rapid

The green services use case takes place in the context of the ICT Usage Lab and

Iot-based green services use case are twofold: to investigate experiential learning of the Iot in an open and environmental data context,

green services based on environmental data obtained via sensors. Various environ -mental sensors will be used, such as fixed sensors from Atmo PACA in the NCA area

services use case is based an Iot service portal which addresses three main Iot -related portal services by allowing the user:

1) to participate in the collection of envi -ronmental data; 2) to participate in the co-creation of services based on environmental

data; and 3) to access services based on environmental data, such as accessing and/or visualising environmental data in real time.

Three complementary approaches have already been identified as relevant for the green services use case: participatory/user

-centred design methods; diary studies for Iot experience analysis, and coupling quan -titative and qualitative approaches for portal usage analysis. In this context of an open

and services in real-life urban environ -ments in Europe. Actually, the Periphã ria project forms a bridge between the Smart

services, etc. †in which the integration of Future Internet infrastructures and services occurs as part of a â€oediscovery-driven†process.

-plets, services, and whatever is relevant, available and configured for integration at the moment that the social interaction of People In places calls for those services

Participation is at the heart of this bottom-up approach to Future Internet technol -ogy integration,

mobile e-government services are delivered As an example (see Fig. 2), the City of Genova is experimenting with the Smart

and integrates Future Internet technologies (such as augmented reality services for the appreciation of cultural heritage) with networks of video-cameras used to monitor

In addition, the integration of these services occurs in the Living Lab context where citizens contribute both to the definition and prioritisation of the cul

that are central to the acceptance and success of Future Internet services for the safety

and citizens in defining the services that make up a Smart City as well as the new sustainable lifestyles and workstyles

other Future Internet paradigms such as cloud services and camera and sensor net -works can be considered as already operational.

demand for services and availability of advanced end-users (see Fig. 3). Additionally the value creation system in its conceptualisation by Michael Porter is affected by

businesses to push for innovation and the quality of services. Here we see a clear

Things (Iot) and Internet of Services (Ios), can become building blocks to pro -gress towards a unified urban-scale ICT platform transforming a Smart City

-ablers to facilitate the composition of interoperable smart city services. We also discuss the need of infrastructures at the European level for a realistic

Internet of Services, Ubiquitous Sensor Networks, Open, Federated and Trusted innovation platforms, Future Internet 1 Introduction

development of essential services for health, security, police and fire departments governance and delivery of public services

efficient, scalable and suitable for supporting new generations of services that are not even envisaged nowadays

will enable data transfer services agnostic to the underlying connection protocol. Fur -thermore, a major challenge in future urban spaces will be how to manage the in

-ferent applications and services at global urban levels. This will relay on the articu -lation of different enriched semantic descriptions,

-formation processing services involving different urban resources and entities of interest. Specific information management policies should also be addressed to en

•Open Urban Services Development. Together with unified communications and information, a key functionality of urban ICT Platforms should be to guarantee in

-vestments to create products and services which have not yet been envisioned, a crucial aspect for Smartcities to become future engines of a productive and profit

system comprising Internet-accessible information and services, coupled to the physi -cal environment and human behavior,

•The Internet of Services (Ios: flexible, open and standardized enablers that facili -tate the harmonization of various applications into interoperable services as well as

the use of semantics for the understanding, combination and processing of data and information from different service provides, sources and formats

stimulate the development of new services and applications by various types of users and to help gathering a more realistic assessment of users†perspective by means of

services of a city †administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate transportation and utilities †more aware, interactive and efficient. †According to this

•Remote working and e-commerce services for businesses, entertainment and com -munications for individuals. Advanced location based services, social networking

and collaborative crowdsourcing collecting citizens†generated data By analyzing these different Smart Cities application scenarios, together with the

-lutions and services to meet the needs of cities and their inhabitants. In this context Ios evolution must be correlated undoubtedly with Iot advances.

number of future Smart City services will never have an opportunity to be con -ceived due to the lack of the required links to the real world

-essary support for new innovative applications and services (the city as an Open In -novation Platform

foster the creation of new services taking advantage of the increasing levels of effi -ciency attained by the reuse of deployed infrastructures

list of potential benefits for Smart Cities†services relaying on the same basic sensed information and a suite of application enablers (i e. from sensor data processing appli

) In that way, an increasing number of Smart Cities†services could be searched 452 J. M. Hernã¡

massive deployments of city-scale applications and services for a large number of activ -ity sectors.

IT/Telecom/Content services, Machine to machine-Machine (M2m) services, or entirely new service delivery models simultaneously involving virtual and real worlds

technological ground where services can be developed in a cost efficient manner Consequently, at urban-scale, a USN platform can represent an invaluable infrastruc

-ent types of Smart City services in multiple application areas •Sensor Discovery: this functionality will provide services and applications infor

-mation about all the registered sensors in the city. In that way, a particular service interested in finding information (such as available parking places in a given area

many Smart City services will rely on continuously generated sensor data (for example for energy monitoring, video surveillance or traffic con

in other cases, services rely on some specific events happening in the city (such as traffic jams or extreme pollution situations.

platform will allow services to subscribe not just to the observations provided by the sensors,

so city services could either change sensor con -figuration parameters (i e. the sensibility of a critical sensor) or to call actuator

City services using a unified information model, regardless of the particular infor -mation model used by the sensor technologies deployed through the city infrastruc

Services should be agnostic to the communication protocol used. The platform should provide access to the informa

so services and networks are decoupled in order to evolve inde -pendently 22. This capability will allow a seamless link between Iot and Ios, as

City services, thus allowing federation with different service creation environments and different business processes 3. 2 USN Architecture for Urban Iot Platforms

SIP Services Web Services Configuration A A A D evice M anagem ent Application /Service

-Enabler (that interfaces services) and the USN-Gateways (that interacts with Sensor networks). ) This approach is inspired by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC

where services will be capable to access any type of sensors through the web. This has been reflected by a set of

Functionalities required to support services are offered both in synchronous and asynchronous mode by the USN-Enabler through the following entities

•The Sensor Tasking Entity (STE) allows services to perform requests operations to the sensor network, like for example a request to gather data, without the need to

Web Services and SIP requests and responses •The Catalogue and Location Entity (CLE) provides mechanisms in a distributed

compromising the viability of new services and applications. Most of these problems are related to scalability aspects and performance

abstract the networking level from the higher ones, so new services and information management activities can be performed over heterogeneous networking technologies

of a diverse set of highly innovative services and applications 18 For all these reasons, systems†research in ICT needs more powerful and realistic

services and applications for the Iot. The facility will allow large-scale experimenta -tion and testing in a real-world environment.

will be used also to provide real services to citizens. Smartsantander experimental facility is envisaged not as a closed, standalone system.

-ploying and assessing new services and applications, and Internet researchers to vali -date their cutting-edge technologies (protocols, algorithms, radio interfaces, etc

as well as traffic management services creation of corridors for emergency vehicles, ecoways enablement proposing alter -native routes for vehicles based on pollution monitoring in different city zones

•Alert services that, orchestrating several services such as such ehealth, environ -mental monitoring, traffic control and communication services, will inform and/or

alert citizens of different critical situations (i e. urgent medical attention, city ser -vices recommendations, etc

requirements coming up from the different smart city services (use cases. A set of basic subsystems can be identified:

and services is huge in the smart city context. First time success of large Iot deploy

been demonstrated successfully in real deployments for smart metering services smart places scenarios, and environmental monitoring systems.

-tial to create a fan of new services, providing the key components required to inter

as the corresponding end-user services, the real situation is quite far different. Nowa -days, there are no field experiences across the world allowing assessing, in the short

smart & proactive energy management, Open Innovation by FI-enabled services Brussels, 15 january (2010 Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 461

http://services. future-internet. eu/images/d/d4/Report GSDPPANEL-FISO-FIA-Madrid-draft%2breqs. pdf

Engineering Secure Future Internet Services Introduction Future Internet Services The Need for Engineering Secure Software Services

Research Focus on Developing Secure FI Services Security Requirements Engineering Secure Service Architecture and Design Security Support in Programming Environments

Secure Service Composition Secure Service Programming Platform Support for Security Enforcement Embedding Security Assurance and Risk management during SDLC

Security Assurance Risk and Cost Aware SDLC Conclusion Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services

Introduction Specification Languages Automated Validation Techniques Orchestration Model Checking of SOAS Channels and Compositional Reasoning

Services Introduction to Part VI SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet Introduction Reference Architecture for SLA Management

Adoption Aspects Use Case †Enterprise IT Use Case †ERP Hosting Use Case †Service Aggregation

Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet Ontological Approach in FINLAN Ontological Layers Representation FINLAN Ontology Example

Integration between Services and Networks Integration Using FINLAN Library Conclusions Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services

Introduction Linked Data Services on the Web Linked Services Conclusions References Part VII: Future Internet Areas:

Content Introduction to Part VII Media Ecosystems: A Novel Approach for Content-Awareness in Future Networks

Introduction Background System Architecture Business Actors and Policy Implications Conclusions References Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet

Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet Introduction Provisioning of ICT Services over Mantychore FP7 and GSN with Renewable Energy

Architecture of a Zero-Carbon Network Virtual Data center Migration Federated Network Conclusion References Smart Cities and the Future Internet:

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