November 2005, Published in Dutch ï The Creative Economy: challenges and opportunities for the DC-regions, Isabelle De Voldere, Eva Janssens, Jonas Onkelinx and Leo Sleuwaegen, April 2006, Published in English ï Spelers uit de
14 2. 1. Business model innovation in SMES to sidestep the commodity trap...14 2. 2. The role of the initial business concept or vision...
the relevance of the experience economy for innovating SMES...22 2. 4. Different ways SMES can create value...
The current economic crisis has weakened the financial health of many small and medium-sized firms (SMES), especially in industries in which foreign,
or existing technologies 6. Technology per se has no economic value; indeed, the economic value of technology is realized
when companies develop and commercialize it through a particular business model. In all our interviews, managers emphasized that business models play a primary role in SMES in low-and medium-tech industries, not the technology.
We also focus on the role of the experience economy as one way to create value.
we examine the different drivers that enable SMES to accomplish these major business model changes. 2. 1. Business model innovation in SMES to sidestep the commodity trap Many SMES face severe commoditization pressure in their markets.
SMES that successfully sidestepped the commodity trap have changed their existing business model successfully to deliver more value for the customer at a profit.
The economic value of a technology only emerges when it is commercialized in some way. 14 It is the business model that determines the economic value of a new technology by indicating how customer value will be created
and how the company can capture value from that technology. In contrast with other innovation reports,
the relevance of the experience economy for innovating SMES New offerings can create value for customers in different ways.
In today†s service economy, many SMES wrap additional services around their products to increase customer value in exchange for a premium price.
and scope economies become the dominant driver to gain and sustain competitive advantages. As the next examples will show,
Curana is a great example that illustrates how commodities such as mudguards and other bike accessories can be used to transform bicycle riding for the end consumers into an engaging experience.
and how this move allows them to sidestep the commodity trap. We narrowed our attention in this chapter to the role of the business concept
because avoiding the commodity trap and price competition are their main concerns. Once Curana was recognized as an ODM,
and analyzes it via a set of keywords regarding how the overall conc ept of a patient room should be changed to deliver value for the different stakeholders involved.
Stakeholders are, in this case, the patient, nurses, doctors, family of the patient, and so on. PROF was structured in such a way that it could progress with the new concept for a patient room and stay in tune with the stakeholders.
PROF includes both a small and a large consortium. The small one consists of a well-58 selected group of architects
and think in an innovative way about a patient room that could add significant value to all the stakeholders involved.
Other companies make money using open innovation to move from commodity products to highly differentiated products.
and Quilts of Denmark successfully sidestepped the commodity trap and now capture more value by focusing on how they can offer highly differentiated products and unique experiences to the consumer.
ï Taking a dynamic lead in applying technologies to a particular product market. ï Moving away from commodity-like products and offer highly differentiated products (or experiences) that combine the expertise
The current economic crisis has weakened their financial health, especially in industries that are globalizing rapidly. These changing market conditions force them to look for new ways to differentiate their products
First, SMES create the majority of the jobs in these industries in Western economies. Moreover, globalization and commoditization threaten many jobs
MA. 14 The role of the business model creating economic value from technological inventions is one of the central themes in Chesbrough, H. W. 2003), Open innovation;
A discovery driven approach, Long Range Planning, 43,247-261.20 Pine, B. G. and Gilmore, J. H. 2011), The experience economy, Harvard Business Review
Pine, B. G. and Gilmore, J. H. 1998), Welcome to the experience economy, Harvard Business Review, July-August, 97-105;
The Predatory Use of Preliminary Injunctions, †The Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. XLIV, no. 2, 2001,573-603) for an analysis of how smaller firms are disadvantaged disproportionately by high IP litigation costs. 37 See Chesbrough, H. 2003) Open Innovation:
they can be found across all sectors of the economy in Ireland and Northern ireland, that innovation activity is not dependent upon the presence of R&d staff
and that firms of all sizes and in all sectors of the economy can be innovative.
The new understanding of innovation in the knowledge-based economy is that commercially significant innovations are much more likely to emerge where businesses interact
UK Public Policy and Open Innovation (Big Innovation Centre, September 2011). 6 11 Ambitious and innovative SMES are disproportionately effective in stimulating economic growth
and thrive while still helping support the rest of the SME population who are the bedrock of the economy.
and entrepreneur-based economy. It is characterised by the interactions that take place between actors in the ecosystem to facilitate innovation.
Northern ireland knowledge economy baseline report 2011 (2011). 12 An innovation ecosystem exists to support an innovation and entrepreneur-based economy.
and has all the constituent parts required to enable an innovation-and entrepreneur-based economy in place,
CLEARING UP THE CONFUSION To listen to many economists, pundits and policymak-ers discuss the economics of growth it would be easy to be confused by the commonly used terms:
competitiveness, innovation and productivity. These terms are used often almost interchangeably and with little precise meaning.
COMPETITIVENESS With the increased globalization of the economy, the term competitiveness has become ubiquitous. But what does it actually mean?
For example, a printing firm in Michigan that sells printed material to customers across the United states would be traded a firm from the perspective of the Michigan economy,
but a non-traded firm from the perspective of the U s. economy. In contrast, a software firm in Washington that sells software throughout the world would be traded a firm from the state and national perspective.
the term â€oeregion†shall refer to both national and subnational economies). But how do we define health?
but fails to control for the size of a region†s traded sector economy, i e. the larger the economy the larger the impact of the value added on competitiveness.
In addition, if a region has vastly more imports even if its traded sectors are producing a large amount,
its economy is not holding its own when it comes to competitiveness. But focusing on trade deficits alone fails to account for the fact that a region might run a surplus
suppressed wages in If you listen to many economists, pundits and policymakers, it is easy to be confused by the commonly used terms:
but many of its trading partners run surpluses by means of massive â€oediscounting†and import blocking means that we cannot determine with certainty that the U s. economy is uncompetitive.
and Sweden would be on a list of competitive economies (they run trade surpluses while also having relatively high wages and limited discounts).
and the United states (too large a trade deficit even when accounting for foreign subsidies) would likely not make the list of competitive economies.
A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY IS ONE WITH A TRADE SURPLUS, FEW BARRIERS TO IMPORTS, AND LIMITED â€oediscounts†TO EXPORTERS.
it†s important to understand that economies have three ways to grow over the medium and long term:
THE THREE SOURCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH 2. PRODUCTIVITY IN ALL INDUSTRIES 3. GROWTH OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY INDUSTRIES 1. GROWTH IN WORKERS The second†the across-the-board â€oegrowth effect††occurs
when a region†s productivity increases not by higher productivity industry sectors becoming a larger share of the economy,
The answer depends in part on the size of the economy and to a lesser degree on the type of sector.
The larger the economy, the more important the growth effect is since relatively lower shares of large economies†output are traded in sectors.
Yet, it would be a mistake to conclude that economies can ignore innovation or competitiveness.
Moreover, as highlighted in Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage, a weak traded sector can have spillover effects on the overall economy,
distorting investment patterns and limiting growth8. Competitive weakness also creates a stiff headwind that other components of growth (e g.,
In fact, this competitive weakness explains many of the current problems faced by the U s. and European economies.
and STEM education) that can spur more innovation in all three major sectors of an economy (for profit,
and functions in an economy to determine the barriers to growth and the policies that can promote both the growth and shift effects.
global economy nations need to develop three distinct strategies: one for success in innovation, one for international competitiveness and one for productivity.
J. Ezell, Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (New haven: Yale university Press, 2012. http://globalinnovationrace. com/9. James Manyika et al.
He is also the author of the books Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (Yale university Press, 2012) and The Past and Future of America†s Economy:
Long Waves of Innovation that Power Cycles of Growth (Edward Elgar, 2005. Dr. Atkinson received his Ph d. in City and Regional Planning from the University of North carolina at Chapel hill in 1989.
and far too much unproductive wastefulness in our current economy to sweep away our current situation as being mere victims of the bloated wrongdoings of previous regimes.
Ireland needs jobs and industry in order to grow its way out of our economic crisis. Make no mistake;
and hope that it will lead to enhanced economic activity, increased numbers of startups and increased engagement by all groups in the entrepreneurial arena.
and further face-to-face meetings were held throughout the summer and autumn with hundreds of other entrepreneurs and stakeholders.
Following investigation, analysis and discussions with a wide variety of stakeholders, the Forum ultimately developed a series of recommendations
Entrepreneurship is a fundamental driving force in any economy, but in light of the scale of the unemployment challenge that Ireland is currently facing,
and build international enterprises will bring real dividends via economic growth. This solid and continuous growth would solve the sovereign debt problem facing Ireland more quickly
it is also the number one producer of jobs in all leading developed economies in the world.
Success in an economy is something that requires 10,000 entrepreneurial leaders, each of whom is willing to take risks
and their teams that we will grow our economy. This battle will not be led by government, by one person or by a handful of great industrialists.
and hope that it will lead to enhanced economic activity, increased numbers of startups and increased engagement by all groups in the entrepreneurial arena.
With English now the primary language of today†s world economy, learning a programming language has arguably become more important than learning a second spoken language.
The Forum's stakeholder consultation process with successful entrepreneurs strongly identified mentoring as a critical success factor.
perhaps organised and facilitated by industry representative groups around the country. 3. 2 One-to-One Mentoring Based on observations and stakeholder feedback,
â€oeafter failing due to the economic downturn, the peer-to-peer support I received spurred me on to get up
which every stakeholder could build. Additionally, the reduction in state funding for HEIS has required academic institutions to source a greater amount of their funding from industry (e g. provision of training programmes, undertaking research, donations, etc.
SFI and the IRC have recognised increasingly that commercialisation is one of the highest and most noble ways for this research to have impact on the lives of The irish citizen and on the economy as a whole. 30.
or an MBA while conducting their thesis research at a small marginal cost to the university as the student is enrolled already.
Unnecessarily difficult structures mean that share ownership-which could actually take more than four years to establish-is triggered on liquidity events, making
We believe that formalising a programme to enable youth to develop work skills would benefit youth, employers and the economy as a whole.
as well as allowing Irish companies greater access to the Chinese economy, would promote these links. Enabling more immigrants to start-38-32 Kaufmann Foundation,
liquidity and value of collateral a regulated entity must not impose unreasonable collateral requirements for providing credit facilities,
because the entire economy depended on three local banks. That is a mistake we will be paying off for generations. 56.
and also covered some long-term issues to support an entrepreneurial spirit in the economy. The key short term recommendations were:
as that results in a †black hole†economy, an economy that sucks out its most successful participants.
and enterprise and therefore are neither efficient nor conducive to increasing strong economic growth. Governments everywhere try to encourage people to reinvest their earnings into the economy.
A progressive policy with respect to entrepreneurship sets tax rates on invested capital at a more favorable rate (Capital gains tax) than income from PAYE employment, interest, dividends and other sources.
The benefit of having a low flat tax rate that everyone pays would eliminate the tax arbitrage that plagues several developed economies like Ireland.
and results in a dying economy. 67. A flat tax on all types of income at 15-20%would be a fantastic way of attracting corporations, immigrant entrepreneurs,
Ideas, structure, state action and economic growth: Rethinking The irish miracle. Review of International Political economy, 19 (1), 87-113.
Migration and Diversity (2012) Live Register (2013) Danish Government Reports Denmark in the Global economy, Competitiveness Report (2010) Strategy for Denmark in the Global economy, Progress Innovation & Cohesion
s Reports (2007) Towards Developing an Entrepreneurship Policy for Ireland (2007) Mapping of Initiatives to Support Entrepreneurship in Ireland (2009) The role of Phds in the Smart Economy (2012) Evaluation
International Policy Reports for Economic growth Cooney, T. M. Kidney, E. 2009) Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy in Ireland References-60-Joint Committee on Jobs, Enterprise
a Joint Cities 2020 and Knowledge Economy Programme Report. Work Foundation. Lundstrom, A. 2011) Entrepreneurship and SME Policies across Europe Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Reports Entrepreneurship at a Glance (2013) Education at a Glance (2011) Entrepreneurship Review
Entrepreneurship Development Index Structure 67 National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland4 As we move into a period of economic growth following one of the darkest periods in the history of the State,
and skills have been fostered in all areas of the economy, and played no small part in building our economic recovery.
Enterprise and Innovation this segment of economic activity will continue to make a significant contribution to our wellbeing in the future.
There has been wide stakeholder engagement over the last two years to support the development of this Policy Statement through public consultation, the work of the Entrepreneurship Forum and direct contact with academics and entrepreneurs.
and wellbeing of any thriving economy and will be central to Ireland†s continuing recovery. Historically, two thirds of new jobs in Ireland have been created by companies in their first five years2.
Ireland can double the jobs impact of startups on our economy if we: 1. Increase the number of startups by 25%(3, 000 more startups per annum) 2. Increase the survival rate in the first five years by 25%(1, 800 more survivors per annum) 3
The picture is even more complex at a national level due to the inherent complexity of economic systems.
GEDI †2014 The 2014 GEDI identifies America as the most enterprising large economy. The EU comes second,
despite having one of the world†s most vibrant high-tech economies. Hong kong comes 35th, despite being one of the largest business centres in Asia.
Factor-driven economies need to focus on entrepreneurial attitudes, to stimulate initial activity and subsequently begin the process of enabling entrepreneurial aspirations.
The focus of efficiency-driven economies, however, should be squarely on promoting entrepreneurial activity. However, here too, it is important to continue efforts to improve attitudes towards entrepreneurship
Ireland†s entrepreneurial profile is that of an innovation-driven economy. The innovation-driven stage is biased towards high value added industries in which entrepreneurial activity is important.
In innovation-driven economies the key focus should be on aspirations-the newness of the product and of technology, internationalisation,
Autio & Szerb 2012 National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland 19 GEDI Level of Development Attitudes Activity Aspirations Factor Driven Economy Key Focus
Develop Start Enabling Efficiency Driven Economy Continuous Improvement Key Focus Develop Innovation Driven Economy Continuous Improvement Continuous Improvement Key Focus The implied key
For an innovation driven economy, opportunity perception potential is a prerequisite to recognising and exploring novel business opportunities.
the US and UK. 1. 1 Culture Entrepreneurship is a powerful driver of economic growth and job creation.
DES) Work with education stakeholders across the education system to identify best practice and to mainstream successful programmes wherever feasible.
SFI, Irish Research Council, with relevant stakeholders) Celebrate and reward successful entrepreneurs Develop existing entrepreneurship award schemes to ensure specific categories of untapped potential are promoted
The Commission for the Economic Development of Rural areas (CEDRA) report, Energising Ireland†s Rural Economy, published in April 2014,
identified that the recent downturn in economic activity has had a greater detrimental impact on rural areas than on urban ones.
various stakeholders highlighted areas for improvement, including: Many of the supports for startups are difficult to understand
the right conditions for entrepreneurship to thrive include fiscal policy, with both tax rates and tax incentives supporting entrepreneurship and influencing investment decisions.
without any indexation allowance to compensate for the effects of inflation. These increases in CGT rates create a challenge for Ireland†s competitiveness.
The new system will be developed for the retail sector in the first instance and subsequently rolled out to other sectors of the economy.
in an integrated way of the supports across government Opportunities to work with other stakeholders to develop hubs for entrepreneurship
KTI has committed to engaging with stakeholders to consider the case for introduction of Easy Access IP into The irish system for certain early-stage IP,
It also brings benefits to the economy by supporting business growth and market competition, thereby generating wealth
In many cases the lack of a first reference sale or credit history are key barriers to accessing bank finance. 4. 1 Access to bank lending Banks will need to engage more deeply with individual sectors of the economy
Creative Europe was developed in response to a widely held view that SMES in the CCI sector experience particular difficulties in assessing the economic value of such intangible assets as â€oenovelty, soft innovation,
copyright and creativity†and their failure to reflect this in financial accounts. One of the aims of this element of the programme will be to help financial intermediaries gain a better understanding of the creative industries sector.
and to support a truly entrepreneurial Ireland requires collaboration amongst all stakeholders, across and within the public sector,
The increasing desire and capability of the main stakeholders to support other entrepreneurs and to act collectively presents many opportunities and signals a new era for entrepreneurship in Ireland.
Strengthening the linkages between the main stakeholders and supporting and identifying mechanisms for cooperation and knowledge sharing will be a key focus of our efforts.
Following discussions with various stakeholders, there was an expressed desire not to establish a formal government led working group around this issue in light of the competing position of various providers and potential providers of co-working
and their teams that we will grow our economy. This battle will not be led by government, by one person or by a handful of great industrialists.
a small domestic market in one of the most open economies in the world. Trade, tourism and investment are crucial to future prosperity.
Startup and smaller businesses operating in the domestic economy need to be encouraged to access a wider market
thereby positioning it as a key element in the economic growth agenda. This Policy Statement has set out the core objectives
including encouraging an innovative and enterprising economy, creating high-value jobs, attracting, developing and nurturing business, scientists and talented people,
and one of the most open economies in the world, trade is crucial to our economic growth.
and other stakeholders to implement the recommendations of the Forfã¡s Review of Business Mentoring Services in Ireland.
and other stakeholders to implement the recommendations of the Forfã¡s Review of Business Mentoring Services in Ireland.
Aims to increase the availability of risk capital for SMES to support economic growth through the continued development of the Seed
Aims to increase the availability of risk capital for SMES to support economic growth through the continued development of the Seed
2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST U s. R&d investment up one percent to $465 billion Historic U s. commitment to research intensity expected to remain firm Economic growth continues to propel Asian R&d spending
which is a public service for use by policy makers, corporate research leaders, researchers, educators, and economists.
This perspective is based on assumptions about the economy, and on indications that our leaders in Washington may be able to find common ground on the value of R&d investment.
where increasing research intensity amplifies the investment momentum that strong economic growth provides. In a world where scientific discovery and technology commercialization are truly global,
There is an important relationship between economic growth and research and development, between industry creation and political stability, and between the nurturing of research
•Given the current, weak economic environment in Europe, large increases in R&d investments are expected not for the next several years. •Emphasis by Southeast Asian countries on economic growth through increased
cost-effective energy sources and nanobiotechnology could stimulate rapid industry-scale economic growth. The research standouts in the â€oerest of the Worldâ€:
The 2013 slowdown was due primarily to unsettled European and U s. economies that, in turn, affected global performance.
but R&d investments in this region still outpace the rest of the world. •U s. R&d investment is back on track with modest growth that is expected to continue through 2020. •China continues its unmatched economic growth
This rate of growth is expected to continue through the end of the decade as China strives to transition from a manufacturing economy to being â€oeinnovation-driven†by 2020.
At current rates of R&d investment and economic growth, China could surpass the U s. in total R&d spending by about 2022.
Differences among regions in R&d economics as well as major science and technology priorities, are narrowing. Noteworthy exceptions include China and India,
•U s. R&d investment will increase by 1. 0%(after inflation) to $465 billion. •National research intensity will remain stable at 2. 8%of GDP. â€
Small Increase in 2014 In the current economy, R&d jobs are multiplied 3. 2x Projected U s. R&d spending of $465 billion will directly employ over 2. 7 million U s. residents
an additional 6 million U s. jobs will be supported. 2 R&d spending is amplified 2. 9x As R&d spending ripples through the U s. economy,
Long-term economic growth is linked to research intensity The most important example of long-term R&d impact is U s. economic growth in the second half of the 20th century.
Against the Office of Management and Budget†s estimate of 2. 2%inflation for 2013-2014, the forecast level of R&d would be an increase of 1. 0%in real terms.
-and long-term return to the economy. •Concern about maintaining U s. innovation-based competitiveness at a time
industry investment in R&d as a whole was flat in 2013 due to the slow global economy, continued rationalization of R&d activi-ties in selected industries and the private-sector impact of federal
that industrial R&d spending is correlated with the current economy and the stability of its outlook.
and is correlated with the business cycle and economy rather than government actions. As a group, the nation†s research universities are the second largest performer of U s. R&d, accounting for 13%of the U s. total,
Globalization Unleashed Globalization of R&d has accelerated in the past decade through a combination of R&d funding growth in emerging economies, off-shoring and outsourcing of a portion of western R&d, improved communications and the need for larger-scale
and particularly in Asia, recognize the importance of investing in the building blocks of innovation-based economies.
All countries seek economic growth, often amplified by the need for job creation to match rising populations:
toward becoming an innovation-based economy by 2020. Such a command approach can sometimes accelerate the translation from research to development.
and economists have warned that sustained large investments in innovation must be paired with investments in social and environmental-protection infrastructures.
growth in China†s economy is likely to propel it to the top position in absolute R&d spending by the early 2020s.
•China†s middle class will expand from 35%to 75%over the next 10 years†a demographic statistic that reflects economic growth and, to some extent,
academic and government R&d are viewed also more favorably than Chinese counterparts. •China†s goal of an innovation-driven economy by 2020 requires solving resources and environmental challenges.
But efficient manufacturing alone is not adequate to maintain economic growth. Recognizing this, China intends to evolve from a manufacturing-centric model in 2013 to an innovation-based economy by 2020.
Mirroring the approach taken by the U s.,Europe and Japan since WORLD WAR II, China is making steady progress at building a research infrastructure 2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST
stable domestic evolution to an advanced economy, power projection and international prestige. These goals are manifested in large R&d-enabled projects like a Chinese space station
Comparison of annual change in national R&d investment www. rdmag. com December 2013 R&dmagazine 15 must be overcome to reach the 2020 innovation-economy target.
The ambitious program and globally enabled economic growth means that China has become an exporter of jobs into Asia to meet its own needs.
In addition to recognizing the strong linkage between R&d and economic growth, it is likely that the professional perspec-tives of China†s leadership are influential in science and innovation policy:
ending the longest economic contraction on record for the EU The rebound was driven by the EU€ s largest economy, Germany,
Most European countries are forecast to experience economic growth of about 1%through 2014, although Eastern European countries could see GDP (and related R&d) growth rates in the 1%to 2%range.
Most Asian countries are projected to experience significant economic growth in 2014. When GDP momentum is paired with national commitments to increase research intensity,
•Russia†s economy is expected to grow 3, %with R&d growth exceeding that rate. Russia†s strong infrastruc-ture for scientific research positions it better than other CIS affiliates,
Among this group are driven innovation economies like South korea (where $63 billion will be invested in R&d in 2014), to significant nations with relatively low emphasis on R&d (e g.
Research Intensity Trends in BRIC and Other Key Nations www. rdmag. com December 2013 R&dmagazine 19 ing a border with the U s. and an economy that is expected to experience reasonable growth in 2014,
while having economies about one tenth the size. In ROW, Means & Policy Disproportionately Affect R&d The sustained high rates of R&d growth in China are unusual.
India†s projected rate of R&d funding growth in 2014 is only one-fifth that of its anticipated economic growth.
a lack of willingness or capacity to invest in R&d could restrain such economies from reaching larger potential in the long term.
as global economic growth slows in the future (as it is projected to do), the supply of capital will fall short of demand by 2030.
This is especially important for those among the 74 ROW economies with limited R&d infrastruc-tures:
In Their Own Words Comment from the Battelle/R&d Magazine Global Researcher Survey The globalization of research, finance, production, etc. will balance world economies in ways not seen ever before to the advancement of some and the stalling or loss
T hom son R euters 20 R&dmagazine December 2013 www. rdmag. com 2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST Maximizing the Economic value of R&d:
While there is a significant immediate economic impact from R&d activities (estimated to reach a total impact of 8. 7 million jobs from the full effects of R&d spending across the U s. economy in 2014),
What it Takes to Build a Successful R&d Ecosystem In successful economies, innovations are fostered and prepared for market within robust,
They also are essential measures for the viability and growth of ecosystems in emerging economies.
ICT industry respondents, reflecting steady growth even in weaker economies, are optimistic regarding their 2014 R&d budget.
while capacity, economics and efficiency are drivers for civil aviation requirements. Recent declines in U s. R&d have been the result of reductions in defense R&d
and hence viable economics. Solar is another area where ongoing materials developments for photovoltaic applications (e g.,
The forecast for R&d growth in the chemical and advanced materials industry reflects the improving global economy
The forecast for R&d activities within the chemical and advanced materials industry reflects improvements in the U s. and global economy,
as both material sub-stitution and global competition, in what are often commodity products, requires firms to drive production costs to the lowest level possible.
or output impacts in the economy, the values associated with scientific R&d are smaller than many â€oehigh-tech†industries.
see â€oesources of U s. Economic growth in a World of Ideas†(Jones 2002). ITIF and AAAS have done also important work on this topic.
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