termed â€oeinnovation Economics, †which stresses why decisions on taxes and spending should be driven by the need to promote economic growth.
Rather than concentrating on boosting aggregate demand or reducing the federal debt, policymakers should be guided by the need to reduce the debt-to-GDP level over the medium term,
putting â€oeeverything on the tableâ€) can easily weaken the economy over the medium term, making it harder to reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio.
rather than on ways to increase economic growth. In addition, their proposals for spending and taxes seem to treat all outlays and revenues the same, regardless of their effect on growth.
Both effects would reduce economic growth, resulting in total budget savings significantly lower than what would be achieved by cutting true â€oenon-investment†spending.
Instead of focusing solely on the budget deficit, Congress and the Administration should take a more focused approach to reducing the budget deficit by adopting policies that boost economic growth,
while also growing the economy, policymakers should do four things. The first two focus on increasing GDP growth rates,
a. Instituting progressive indexing that indexes SSI benefits to wages for low-income workers and to inflation for high-income workers;
drive economic growth and increase future incomes) and consumptive spending (expenditures that finance consumption of goods
while also cutting the corporate rate will help move the United states away from a consumption-centered economy to an investment-centered one.
However, once the effects of induced investment and higher economic growth were taken into account, ITIF estimated that the expanded credit would pay for itself after 15 years. 9 In other words,
including for manufacturers. 10 The evidence shows that higher corporate rates reduce economic growth, including reduced international competitiveness. 11 As a result,
Policies that reward productive investment clearly increase the capital stock of the economy in turn producing higher incomes and more tax revenue.
†Congress should also increase funding for research that is focused more on commercial innovation and U s. competitiveness. 22 Education and Skills In a more knowledge-based economy,
a well-educated and trained workforce contributes to economic growth and competitiveness. 23 As a result, in addition to expanding the R&d tax credit to include corporate expenditures on training,
and then index it for inflation. This would raise approximately $45 billion per year which should be devoted to the Highway Trust fund. 26 At the same time,
since every person added to the economy also consumes resources. The latter, expanding work hours, is more effective
Moreover, with the move to an economy with many more jobs in the services sector, the availability of jobs that require limited physical exertion has grown.
from 84.8 percent in 1990 to 78.8 percent in 2011.40 Every worker who leaves the labor force can generate a double-drag on the economy,
Economists David Autor and Mark Dugan argue that the SSDI eligibility application process should focus on objective data with specific maladies for
One reason why wages have not increased for these jobs is that the federal minimum wage has declined in inflation-adjusted dollars from $10. 77 in 1968 to $7. 25 per hour today. 48 As a result,
and by the overall competitiveness of the U s. economy. 49 Once the economy is back to full employment,
bringing the economy back to full employment. In addition, a higher minimum wage would reduce outlays from the earned income tax credit.
But this view reflects what economists call the â€oelump of labor fallacy, †which refers to the notion that the amount of work available to workers is fixed.
Congress should institute progressive indexing that indexes SSI benefits to wages for low-income workers and to inflation for high-income workers.
as commodity prices are enough to encourage future investment in the development of oil and gas.
however, should be levied as an economy-wide carbon tax on upstream, combustible, fuel sources (e g.,
even though the proportion of national income going to those above the eightieth percentile has increased markedly. 69 Both in theory and practice,
There is nothing inherently objectionable about using the tax code as a means of social or economic policy;
and competitiveness, it will need to move from a consumption economy to an investment one, and policies that reduce spending on housing will move us in that direction.
000 of the mortgage and not be indexed to inflation. 80 A second place to start is for Congress to eliminate employment related tax benefits,
and competitiveness, it will need to move from a consumption economy to an investment one, and policies that reduce spending on housing will move us in that direction.
â€oeinnovation Economics: How a New Theory Casts Light on an Old Problem of the Budget Deficit†(ITIF, October 2013), http://www2. itif. org/2013-innovation-economics-new-theory
-old-problem-budget. pdf. 2. Robert Atkinson et al. Taking on the Three Deficits: An Investment Guide to American Renewal (ITIF;
Cultivate Growth, †New york times, November 16, 2010, http://www. nytimes. com/2010/11/17/business/economy/17leonhardt. html. 5. Congressional Budget Office, The Budget
Robert D. Atkinson and Stephen J. Ezell, Innovation Economics: the Race for Global Advantage (New haven, CT:
â€oerefueling the US innovation Economy†(ITIF, December 2010), http://www. itif. org/files/2010-refueling-innovation-economy. pdf,
He is also the author of the books Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (Yale university Press, 2012) and The Past and Future of America†s Economy:
Long Waves of Innovation that Power Cycles of Growth (Edward Elgar, 2005. Dr. Atkinson received his Ph d. in City and Regional Planning from the University of North carolina at Chapel hill in 1989.
Stimulating the Domestic Economy 114 10.1 Agri-food 115 10.2 Marine 118 10.3 Tourism 119 10.4 Retail 121 10.5 Construction and Housing 125 11.
Developments in Financial services 133 11.4 Internet of things 133 11.5 Innovative/Advanced Manufacturing 134 11.6 Green Economy 135 11.7 National Institute for Bioprocessing Research
And we are setting a goal to bring employment to 2. 1 million by 2018 †2 years earlier than our original target †effectively restoring all jobs lost during the economic crisis.
To achieve our vision of a stable and prosperous economy, we need to continue to make progress on our other goals:
We will embrace all good suggestions that help us build a stronger economy by continuing to seek out
Our work with the Global Irish Network and with our industry partners will continue to help identify promising actions across our economy.
This Spring we will bring forward an updated overall macroeconomic strategy to grow the economy, deliver full employment and to maintain responsible management of the public finances.
We will also set out a medium-term capital plan designed to address emerging economic and social infrastructure bottlenecks that could constrain the economy.
as well as strategies for a number of other specific sectors. 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 5 This Government has worked hard to return stability to the economy and to the labour market.
The idea that our economy could put 100,000 extra people back to work by 2016 was met with questioning,
The response of Irish entrepreneurs, managers and workers to the challenge of rebuilding our economy has been so strong,
Looking ahead I believe that the next wave of jobs will be driven by small Irish companies †the type of SMES that tend to create up to two-thirds of all new jobs in a growing economy.
To stimulate the domestic economy and generate employment in locally traded sector 4. To build an indigenous engine of growth that drives up the export market share of Irish companies 5. To build world-class clusters in key sectors of opportunity In addition,
To stimulate the domestic economy and generate employment in locally traded sectors Spend by IDA assisted firms in the local economy up 13%from 2011 Since 2011,
the numbers of people at work has grown by in agriculture 24,000 in accommodation and food services 23,000 OPEN in retail, construction, healthcare,
billion in The irish economy in 2013 Source: DJEI SPD Source: DJEI SPD Source: DJEI SPD APJ STRATEGIC AMBITION 5:
and transforming Ireland†s economy and in reforming the way we support business and job creation in Ireland.
In 2012,2013 and 2014, on a quarterly basis we have reported in detail on the implementation of measures in the Action Plan for Jobs to support the transformation of the economy
and underpin the New Economy built on enterprise innovation, technology and skilled people. The achievement of 100
Beyond this, we need to set an even more challenging goal for the country †we want to replace all of the jobs lost during the economic crisis
innovation and entrepreneurship and in fostering new sources of growth for the economy. The objectives and actions set out in this Plan are designed to achieve specific impacts in terms of jobs,
and stimulate the domestic economy through local employment in sectors such as construction and retail, tourism, hospitality and agriculture and food.
Actions are set out to expand reform measures to boost entrepreneurship across all areas of the economy and society.
and been challenged by, a wide range of stakeholders including the National Competitiveness Council (NCC), entrepreneurs and the enterprise sector generally, with representative bodies and unions.
and support of effective research that produces outputs of maximum impact for Ireland†s economy and society.
ï§An updated overall macroeconomic strategy to grow the economy, deliver full employment and balance the public finances,
ï§A strategy for financing enhanced economic growth, and for ensuring that credit demand from growing businesses can be supplied;
using collaborative funding initiatives to ensure skills supply meets demand to underpin the New Economy.
The creation of new jobs in agency supported firms have important spillovers to other sectors of the economy through expenditure on Irish materials and services.
It is estimated that every direct job created in agency assisted firms indirectly supports another job in the wider economy thereby making a strong contribution to the overall target of getting to full employment in 2018.
Increasing Sales and Exports Our recovery since 2011 is founded on a deliberate policy of driving export growth across the economy and supporting successful Irish based enterprises in international markets.
Stimulating the Domestic Economy through local employment We will take a range of measures to ensure that the success in international markets is mirrored in the domestic economy
and provide significant stimulus to local economies. EI will support 28 significant food industry investments, including five from foreign multinationals.
As the economy moves into a new phase of growth, there is now an opportunity to address both cyclical and structural constraints in the financing of the SME sector and the continuing issue of the need for prompt payments.
and virtually every sector of the economy, showing growth; ï§Regions with history of high unemployment such as the South East †which Government has brought a new focus to,
The aim of the Action Plan for Jobs is to create the conditions to support private sector-led, export-oriented economic growth and job creation.
and skills system to ensure the future needs of the economy are met. It highlights the importance of stimulating productivity,
investment and growth in domestic sectors of the economy to help in addressing the employment challenge,
These reforms have impacted on job creation capacity and potential in the economy, but we have more to do to achieve the target of 100,000 jobs by 2016.
The long-term trend of declining sub-supply purchases in the economy by foreign subsidiaries has been reversed
Enterprise Agency Strategic Ambition Enterprise Ireland and IDA Ireland are embarking on new strategic drives to support enterprise and investment in the economy over the coming years.
Foreign owned firms contribute substantially to Ireland†s exports, jobs, expenditure in The irish economy and to Exchequer funds.
Net exports have continued to contribute to overall economic growth. A number of structural weaknesses remain that we will continue to address as part of the Action Plan process including diversifying our export base and destination markets and sources of inward investment,
and we need to build on the progress so far on deepening of trade links with the world†s leading developing economies,
Domestic Economy (retail, construction, tourism, agri-food) Current job creation performance in the domestic economy is improving,
with the CSO data indicating that some of the largest employment increases have been in the domestic economy 5 Framework for the Evaluation of Enterprise Supports (2011), Forfã¡
We need to continue to ensure that work incentives are adequate across the economy if we are to support unemployed jobseekers,
in the energy sector and in the property market as rapid increases in prices have the potential to produce adverse knock-on consequences in terms of prices and wage expectations across the entire economy.
Credit and Investment for Growth Limited funding flows in an economy damage the environment for entrepreneurship
and training system and employers to deliver on skills needed to build the New Economy. ï§Attract
and training provision with the skills needs of Ireland†s economy. Over 60,000, or 29 per cent of higher education students are enrolled in Science
The OECD has called skills the new global currency of 21st century economies and many countries have placed a major focus on human capital development
It is critical that we continue to nurture talent to meet the needs of an advanced economy.
and the economy at regional and national level and to ensure that individuals have the right skills to participate fully in society
ï§Deliver the skills needed to underpin the New Economy built on Enterprise Innovation and Technology
ï§Develop new Apprenticeships in response to proposals from key sectors of the economy. It is estimated that the economy has a long run average requirement of between 3, 500 and 4, 000 annual registrations in the existing apprenticeship trades, both construction and non-construction.
The Government is committed also to expanding apprenticeship into new areas and this will be the focus of the work of the Apprenticeship Council over the coming years;
and Training Services Plan. 2015 Actions A Step Change in employer engagement to build skills for the New Economy. 1 Review the National Skills Strategy
SOLAS, ETBS, HEIS) 16 Develop new Apprenticeships in response to proposals from key sectors of the economy.
This framework provides a model for coordinated action across public bodies and other stakeholders to maximise the potential of each region to support enterprise development and jobs growth, based on the strengths and assets
Direct engagement with industry and entrepreneurial stakeholders has highlighted the key issue of broadband provision for economic growth, innovation and entrepreneurship in regional locations.
based on consultation with key stakeholders at regional level and on the analysis of the strengths of each region, commencing with the publication of strategies for the Midlands and South East regions.
and academia stakeholder consultation in order to determine a future research strategy for Ireland. The Government has established also a new Horizon 2020 Strategic Research Proposals Group to identify large-scale EU funding opportunities for businesses
and the EU€ s progress towards a low-carbon economy and society built on innovative research, effective strategic planning and an emphasis on timely and appropriate action.
and provide a focal point for liaison with stakeholders. DJEI, DCENR, DECLG, DAFM and relevant Agencies) 54 Promote Ireland as Europe†s Energy Innovation Hub,
This end-to-end approach to research strategy will provide the strongest potential for the research sector to contribute to national energy policy priorities and to job creation in the wider economy through the development of innovative commercial products, processes and solutions.
This innovative approach to funding SMES will enhance the long-term potential of the sector to drive economic growth and job creation in Ireland.
Furthermore, both of these key financing institutions have the potential to leverage additional private sector investment into the economy,
and where manufacturing accounts for a significant share of economic activity. The characteristics associated with our ambition for manufacturing include Ireland being:
develop new Apprenticeships in response to proposals from key sectors of the economy. DES, SOLAS, HEA, Apprenticeship Council, Employers and Education Bodies) 82 Enterprise Ireland will support a total of 115 firms across all levels and activities, through its Leanstart, Leanplus and Leantransform Programmes.
policy must take into account the full data value cycle and the role of all stakeholders. By focusing on developing a coherent ecosystem Ireland can bridge the gap between R&d
D/Justice and Equality, OPW) 95 Engage intensively with EU partners and stakeholders in relation to ongoing negotiations on Data protection regulation.
DSP) 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 61 4. Finance for Growth The Government has identified clearly SMES as the lifeblood of our economy
As the economy moves into a new phase of growth there is now an opportunity to develop a policy agenda that addresses both cyclical and structural constraints in the financing of the SME sector and the continuing issue of the need for prompt payments.
Furthermore both of these key financing institutions have the potential to leverage additional private sector investment into the economy,
As such we will ensure a continued emphasis on implementing a comprehensive and integrated communications strategy involving the widest possible range of stakeholders in both the public and private sectors.
The overall vision of the Seed & Venture capital Scheme (2013-2018) is to increase the availability of risk capital for SMES to support economic growth through the continued development of the Seed
and will target investment in the wider information and communications technologies and life sciences sectors of the economy.
EI) 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 69 119 The Department of Finance to work with the relevant stakeholders in raising awareness of the EII Scheme and promoting it as vehicle for channelling investment to grow enterprises and support employment.
In part this will involve exploring how best to leverage the research capabilities within the public system through closer collaboration on specific projects with the Strategic Policy Division (DJEI) and the Economics and Tax Divisions in the Department of Finance,
The economic crisis has presented significant challenges across enterprise in Ireland, but for SMES in particular the issue of late payments is of critical concern.
The introduction of the PPC will continue the Government†s drive to get credit flowing in The irish economy by encouraging prompt payment for all business transactions.
In previous recoveries economic growth was described as jobless, not because employment did not grow but because it took a long time for this growth in employment to translate into a commensurate reduction in the numbers of people on the Live Register.
and reform of the State†s public employment services to help ensure that the number of people on the Live Register is reduced as the economy recovers
DCYA) 132 Progress work on implementing the EU Recommendation on Recognition of Non-formal and Informal Learning in consultation with relevant Government departments and other stakeholders.
ducation and ths or more. e economy w including dig ut what is pla Design
which continued economic growth and sustainable employment creation across the country will be built. Enterprise Ireland supported companies created more than 19
The strategy will outline the key actions required to ensure that the agri-food sector maximises its contribution to economic growth and exports in an environmentally sustainable manner over the coming decade,
Entrepreneurs are heroes of the economy, creating businesses, jobs and growth, and Ireland has some amazing entrepreneurs,
Startup Ireland will leverage its stakeholder partnerships and its national and international network to coordinate
investment in infrastructure to underpin economic growth, enhancing firm level productivity, decreasing the costs of doing business,
This should help stimulate the economy by providing certainty to those seeking to invest in new
Government undertook to focus on competitiveness in all areas of economic activity. This is aimed at enhancing Ireland†s competitiveness, particularly in the area of costs,
as well as supporting the longer term competitiveness of the economy. In addition, much of this capital spend will help make Ireland a better place in
since 2010, tackling barriers to investment in high growth sectors is vital to support real and sustainable productivity growth leading to increased employment. 102 The ramping up of world trade as we emerge from the global economic crisis presents the potential
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is concerned with the impacts an enterprise has on its stakeholders, the environment,
A Stakeholder Forum was established to progress the objectives of the Plan and the vision that Ireland will be recognised as a Centre of Excellence for responsible and sustainable business practice through the adoption and implementation of best practice in CSR in enterprises and organisations as widely as possible.
which businesses operate. 104 255 Through the CSR Stakeholder Forum and its subgroups, progress the objectives of the National Plan on CSR, and specifically:
DJEI, CSR Stakeholder Forum) 8. 6 Decreasing the Cost of Doing Business Generating sustainable broad based export-led growth is essential to rebuilding The irish economy.
Low rates of inflation (or possible deflation) across the whole euro area increase the difficulty of extending improvements in cost competitiveness through price reductions.
and international economic downturns rather than being driven across the broad economy. The Council has stated that The irish economy has reached a turning point in terms of cost competitiveness.
As previously emphasised by the Council, further structural or policy induced changes are necessary to ensure that prices do not escalate
and erode competitiveness as The irish economy returns to stronger rates of growth. The key issues raised by the National Competitiveness Council include:
Energy and Natural resources is pursuing the energy efficiency agenda across all sectors of the economy. A number of important landmarks were achieved over the lifetime of previous Action Plans,
The Energy efficiency Fund was established in early 2014 with the primary objective to address one of the predominant barriers to economic activity in the sector †the availability of credit that is structured properly and of appropriate term.
This financing gap is being experienced across all sectors of the economy, not least the public sector. The Fund is established with investment from the Government, Glen Dimplex and London and Regional Properties.
DTTAS) 263 In order to ensure legal business models are informed better, better established, better operated, better regulated, better for consumers and enterprise and better for the economy,
and to the goal of developing a competitive national economy, through the stimulus given by innovation to high value economic activities and jobs.
By encouraging the development of new economic activities RD&I policy measures strengthen Ireland†s competitive advantage and build potential new areas of economic activity.
In the interim, resource constraints and the economic downturn nationally and globally meant that, de facto, policy has been focused mainly around four core strategic policies:(
and support of effective research that produces outputs of maximum impact for Ireland†s economy and society.
Given this ambitious target and the increased level of competition for these funds it will be necessary for all stakeholders
and marine biotechnology research/industry stakeholders and establish links with the wider food research/industry community including Food for Health Ireland.
Stimulating the Domestic Economy The preceding sections outlined the measures the Government will take in 2015 as part of our continuing export-led approach to employment generation.
As a result of Action Plan 2014, this is no longer the case. 2014 saw other supporting measures for the domestic economy such as the launch of Construction 2020, a strategy for a renewed construction sector
and sustained in local businesses as essential elements of our communities and domestic economy. Whether operating in agri-food, tourism, retail or construction,
The 2025 Agri-Food Strategy will set out the key actions required to maximise the contribution of the sector to economic growth
The proposed measures for inclusion in the draft RDP were designed on the basis of extensive preparatory analyses and extensive stakeholder consultation over a period of 18 months.
and EU level with the banks to respond to price volatility in the dairy and other commodity sectors.
and ï§Offer spectacular tourism and leisure opportunities and a rich maritime culture and heritage. 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 119 The direct economic value of Ireland's ocean economy
Given Ireland†s small population, the nation is heavily dependent on the exporting sectors to generate the level of economic activity required to maintain our living standards
including a programme of trailway development in National parks and Nature Reserves, in partnership with key stakeholders.
DAHG, UCD, DCU) 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 121 10.4 Retail The Wholesale and Retail sector accounts for the largest share of employment in The irish economy, with approximately 270,000
The Government†s Statement of Priorities up to 2016 stresses the importance of supporting the recovery of the domestic economy to create jobs,
and should have clear benefits for all sectors of the economy, and in particular for Retail.
It is also an essential part of the Government†s effort to return the economy to full employment in 2018.
and work in these inner city locations. 2015 Priorities We have made strengthening the domestic economy and prioritising new jobs for the unemployed a particular priority for this Government.
competitive and sustainable construction sector, capable of contributing to economic growth and job creation, and equipped to meet the future infrastructure needs of the country,
bod on each of th o mirror each ation. itive impact nnes of CO2 e one for the G s (see Section en Economy 015 ACTION e
Nevertheless, all economies must be aware of and adjust to global trends, and the challenges and opportunities that they present.
These trends, sluggish global economic growth, and elevated levels of debt and unemployment at home, all increase the importance of developing new sources of economic growth.
Action Plan for Jobs looks to the future to ensure that steps are taken now to prepare a path for further progress.
For example, rapidly ageing populations combined with natural resource constraints mean that growth in advanced economies will increasingly depend on productivity-raising innovation.
Specific opportunity areas identified include Smart Ageing, Design, Financial services, the Internet of things, Additive Manufacturing, the Green Economy,
this section sets out specific activity for these new and emerging sources of economic growth where early,
and develop further Ireland†s 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 131 capabilities in business-related design across all sectors of the economy
clusters and incubators across the island of Ireland to stimulate economic growth and encourage investment and collaboration in the design sector. ï§Create a startup investment platform for creative industry entrepreneurs,
DCCOI, ID2015) 345 Promote enterprise opportunities in universal design working with key stakeholders including NSAI, professional bodies, education sector and industry.
DCCOI, ID2015) 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 133 347 Establish a Steering Group of relevant Stakeholders to evaluate the design
DCCOI, DJEI) 11.3 Developments in Financial services With over 35,000 people employed across the IFS industry throughout Ireland this is a valuable sector to The irish economy.
Given the value of this industry to the economy and the appointment by Government in July 2014 of a Minister of state with specific responsibilities for the sector
IDA, EI, SFI) 11.6 Green Economy The Green Economy continues to hold potential as a new source of growth for Ireland.
The Green Economy encompasses a range of activities, spread across different sectors of the economy,
which have the common objective of providing goods and services in a sustainable way that reduce the impact on the environment.
A number of actions elsewhere in this Plan will help 136 to support the development of the Green Economy †in particular in relation to our Energy Innovation Hub Disruptive Reform
Ireland is ranked 11th in performance in the Global Green Economy Index 201410, but ranked only 33rd in terms of how it is perceived to perform.
and to communicate the performance of Ireland†s Green Economy more effectively in order to encourage greater investment in the sector in Ireland.
The opportunity will also be taken to explore the potential for the development of new employment opportunities in the Green Economy at regional level as part of the development of Regional Enterprise Strategies.
The Consultative Committee on the Green Economy, which was established as part of Delivering Our Green Potential, the Government†s Policy Statement on Growth and Employment in the Green Economy,
will also continue to explore areas of opportunity to support job creation in the Green Economy. 2015 Actions 357 Carry out Cleantech Trade missions
or include the Cleantech sector in multi-sectoral trade missions to highlight the products and services available from Irish companies in the sector and to develop export opportunities for them.
and appropriate tools to communicate the performance of Ireland†s Green Economy to global audiences more effectively to encourage greater investment in the sector in Ireland.
DJEI, EI and relevant actors) 10 http://www. dualcitizeninc. com/global-green-economy-index/2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 137 361 Consult with the Office of Government Procurement
DJEI, EI, OGP) 362 In developing Regional Enterprise Strategies, explore the potential for the development of new employment opportunities in the Green Economy at regional level.
DJEI) 363 Through the Consultative Committee on Jobs in the Green Economy, continue to identify new opportunities to support job creation in the Green Economy.
DECLG) 377 Facilitate, in conjunction with industry stakeholders and statutory agencies, the transition of voluntary Construction industry Register Ireland to a statutory register by end 2015.
ï§To stimulate the domestic economy and generate employment in locally traded sectors Objective Baseline (2011) Current Performance (2014) 2015 Targets Relevant APJ Sections To support 100,000 additional jobs by 2016 Decrease in numbers
11-New Sources of Growth 1. 2 Increase in proportion of exports to high growth economies Exports to BRICS in 2009 of â 469m.
and emerging markets to reach 20%in 2014.16%of greenfield projects 2013.20%of greenfield projects in 2014.2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 143 2. Stimulating the domestic economy (retail, construction, tourism
Targets Relevant APJ Sections 2. 1 Increase local economy employment Q1 2012 ï§Retail: 264,800 ï§Construction:
. 7-Trading Online 4-Financing Growth 10-Stimulating the Domestic Economy 2. 2 Increase in the domestic expenditure by exporting firms on payroll, and
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