2012) Social innovation does not refer to any particular sector of the economy, but to innovation in the creation of social outputs, regardless of where they emanate.
and of the social economy at large3. Social entrepreneurship seems to be one of the most considered avenues
and minimize its effects on the economy and society. The first two editions focused on the best social innovation solutions to help people move towards work or into new types of work.
2) European commission (2013) Social economy and social entrepreneurship-Social Europe guide-Volume 4. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union.
which provide incubator services, training for social economy, and access to international networks to nurture
Social innovation does not refer to any particular sector of the economy, but to innovation in the creation of social outputs, regardless of where they emanate.
http://ec. europa. eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/state-of-the-union/2013/state of the innovation union report 2013. pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none EC (2013) Social economy and social entrepreneurship.
Both the U s. and European economies have taken the lead in establishing some early concepts and policies for realizing the smart grid.
and a relatively low economy of scale when compared to the transmission systems. Several legislative mandates have provided various opportunities for the modernization of the electric grid in the U s. Fig. 1 shows a timeline of some events related to the electricity grid in the U s. that have served as harbingers to important changes via mandates
In the EU, the smart grid strategy is motivated by concepts of innovation with regard to social and environmental reforms for an interactive economy.
We believe that accountants bring value to economies in all stages of development. We aim to develop capacity in the profession
and seek opportunities for long-term success. By focusing on the critical role professional accountants play in economies at all stages of development around the world,
and enhance the role the accountancy profession plays in supporting a healthy global economy. www. accaglobal. com/accountants business  The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants,
and prospects for, the global economy. The increasing emphasis placed on the role of the digital capability for the European recovery (European commission 2010b) raises the question of how the digital agenda can effectively engage the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector
Q3, 2011, online report,<http://www2. accaglobal. com/general/activities/library/economy, accessed 26 september 2011.
We believe that eco-innovations in SMES will contribute to a making a green economy work in Europe and worldwide.
new markets•New business models•Enhancing quality of life•Creating new and sustainable jobs•â€oematerial security†•Resource justice•economy environment society politics Figure 2:
and impacts •by limiting extraction of virgin resources and by limiting â€oeunused†extraction Consider renewable and secondary resources (circular economy) •Reduce cost by improving efficiency of extraction •Comply with
Associa-tion for Sustainable Economies in Hungary disseminates case study books to help SMES invest in environmental measures that generate economic returns. www. environmental-savings. com Learning Resources Eco-innovate!
Towards the circular economy. Economic and business rationale for an accelerated tradition. 7 WEF 2012:
and can be found online. www. oecd. org/innovation/green/toolkit The •Guide Towards The Circular Economy of the Ellen Macarthur Foundation offers interesting guidance on how businesses can benefit from adopting new
practices based on the circular economy philosophy. www. thecirculareconomy. org. Several in depth case studies also provide insights on how companies have changed their material inputs,
and examples. •www. defra. gov. uk/environment/economy/products-consumers/green-claims-labels/Learning Resources Eco-innovate products
economy and society. www. eco-innovera. eu Ecopol is a transnational public partnership that aims to accelerate the implementation of eco-innovation policies across Europe.
To quote the social economy Strasbourg Declaration of 16 january 2014:''Europe's social model needs to reinvent itself.
and environmental sphere (Social Economy & Social Entrepreneurship, 2013). The Innovation Union supports social innovation,
BOOSTING EU COMPETITIVENESS IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY CEPS TASK FORCE REPORT CHAIR: MARIA ANVRET Senior Executive Scientific Expert and Advisor, Prof.
85 i FOREWORD he European union is challenged in the global arena by emerging economies as well as by the US
emerging economies in terms of research, development and innovation (R&d&i. The 2009 European Innovation Scoreboard has shown positive signs in some regions,
or 4%of GDP to the EU economy. Various reasons account for Europe†s gap certainly including the current fragmentation of the Internal Market and the absence of well-developed venture capital;
The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is to be a key driver of sustainable European growth and competitiveness through the stimulation of world-leading innovations with a positive impact on economy and society.
BOOSTING EU COMPETITIVENESS IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY INTRODUCTION. TOWARDS EUROPE 2020 he word â€oeinnovation†lies increasingly at the core of the EU agenda.
and are of systemic relevance to economies. KETS are important for several reasons: •They are the driving force behind the development of goods
innovation and the EU knowledge-based economy. •They modernise the industrial base and further strengthen the research base. •They create related ecosystems of SMES.
while maintaining openness in the EU economy. Also the conclusions of the Competitiveness Council of 28 may 2009 â€oewelcomed the Commission†s initiative to develop a proactive policy for enabling high-technologiesâ€.
Available data testify to a European †lag†vis-Ã-vis the United states, Asia and several emerging economies in terms of research, development and innovation (R&d&i.
US firms seem to be more active than EU firms. o Inventive collaboration in ICT R&d with Asian economies is still relatively low,
impact on economy and society. The EIT is the first European initiative to integrate fully the three sides of the †knowledge triangle†(Higher education,
Yet, the internet economy, globalisation and industrial cycles have been producing a growing number of patent applications.
Helping business compete in the global economy, 2008, p. 25.24 Data are available in the Communication from the Commission to the European parliament
which can complete the transformation of Europe from the old economy to the new, innovation-based economy, with value-added, intellectual capital intensive activities.
The adoption of the green economy as a new paradigm for a fresh start in environment-compliant entrepreneurial activities has seen recently a growing interest in fostering an economic development based on eco-efficient technologies, not just in terms of cost
and fields of research that are need in of financial support because of their expected ability to produce the kind of economic results that fit the green economy standard of environmentally-friendly innovation.
demonstrated the clear benefits of standards and standardisation to the wider economy. Standards may play a role in facilitating the sharing of common technological solutions,
Principal Economist DG ENTRE European commission hasan. alkas@ec. europa. eu Mr. Emmanuel Bentejac Veolia Environment emmanuel. bentejac@veolia. com Mr
Permanent Representation of Sweden to the EU per. tervahauta@foreign. ministry. se Mr. Kristian Uppenberg Senior Economist European Investment Bank-EIB k. uppenberg@eib
and competitiveness in today†s business and economy are the main generators of the cooperation
, especially in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced greatly the competition spurred by the globalization of the world economies.
and in certain instances worrisome, situation since SMES play a key-role in most economies,
22 5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies...22 5. 3 Protection of Intellectual Property rights...
R. Tiwari and S. Buse (October 2007) Page 4 of 31 1-Introduction Technological advancements, especially in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced greatly the competition spurred by the globalization of the world economies.
and in certain instances worrisome, situation since SMES play a key-role in most economies,
Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the price-oriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
while elaborating the crucial role that SMES play in the economy. 2. 1 Innovation Innovation,
even though SMES play an important role in the national economy as discussed in the following.
2 These data exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany†s economy.
For detailed discussions on SMES€ role in the German economy see Hamer (1997), Bundestag (2002), Gà nterberg and Kayser (2004),
and find themselves faced with tough price-oriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies in Asia
Moreover, blocking foreign firms from doing business in the country may lead to trade retaliations abroad that could severally affect an export-oriented economy like that of Germany.
and other developed economies we conducted a new set of investigation. The methodology and selected results of this study are explained in the following. 3. 2 Findings of the Survey â€oeris-Hamburg†To identify barriers to innovation in SMES in the Metropolitan Region of Hamburg we at first conducted an empirical study in form
the survey targeted mainly SMES from the fields of IT, Media, Civil Aviation, Electronics, Machinery Manufacturing, Maritime Economy, Medical Equipments, Logistics,
emerging economies in Asia are rapidly taking over the role of â€oelead markets†by their openness for consumption
More and more people in emerging economies are having financial resources to buy high-end products (EIU, 2004), and the number of the middle class consumers is growing rapidly in emerging countries particularly China and India.
2007). 5-Challenges of Global Innovation The section above has given us a broad overview over how global innovation may be used as a chance to mitigate the effects of innovation barriers prevalent in Germany and inter alia in advanced economies.
%The shortage of qualified personnel is also felt in the booming economy of China, where German firms are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit local technicians,
2006). 5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies The cost advantage of many â€oeemerging†nations with booming economies is disappearing in many respects, for instance,
In this respect the internationalization of R&d seems to be a useful instrument to mitigate the effects of barriers to innovation often faced by SMES in Germany, the EU or anywhere else in industrialized economies.
The globalisation of research and development, Economist Intelligence unit. Ernst, D. 2006: Innovation Offshoring: Asia†s Emerging Role in Global Innovation Network, East-West Center Special reports, No. 10/2006.
growth of E-commerce in Europe. pdf. txt D B Economist Intelligence Unit reaping the benefits of ICT 2004. pdf. txt Ë,
through ICTS 2008. pdf. txt-@F Enhancing the Competitiveness of SMES in the Global economy Strategies and Policies. pdf. txt!
G Entrepneurial Orientation and Network Ties innovative performance of SMES in an emerging-economy manufacturing cluster. pdf. txt H Entrepreneurship and SMES Innovation in Romania-Nelu
. pdf. txt Þ) Ö The antecedents of SME innovativeness in an emerging transition economy. pdf. txt=× THE BIG IDEA CREATING SHARED VALUE. pdf. txt Ø
G#2v 2355 Economy G#3v 2356 Dynamic economy 0#4#dynamic economy Dynamic economy G#3v 2357 Economy
0#4#economist Economy 0#4#economy Economy G#3v 2358 Global economy 0#4#global economy Global economy
G#3v 2359 Local economy 0#4#local economy Local economy G#2v 2360 Fiscal policy 0#3#fiscal policy Fiscal policy
G#2v 2361 Gross margin 0#3#gross margin Gross margin G#2v 2362 Gross profit 0#3#gross profit Gross profit
G#2v 2363 Inflation G#3v 2364 Inflation 0#4#inflation Inflation G#3v 2365 Inflation rate
0#4#inflation rate Inflation rate G#2v 2366 Liquidity 0#3#liquidity Liquidity G#2v 2367 Macroeconomics
G#3v 2368 Capital account 0#4#capital account Capital account 0#4#financial account Capital account G#3v 2369 Macroeconomic
0#4#macroeconomic Macroeconomic G#3v 2370 Macroeconomics 0#4#macroeconomics Macroeconomics G#2v 2371 Marginal cost
0#3#marginal cost Marginal cost G#2v 2372 National income 0#3#national income National income G#2v 2373 Opportunity cost
0#3#opportunity cost Opportunity cost G#2v 2374 Reflation 0#3#reflation Reflation G#2v 2375 Shareholder
networks and other infrastructure, the knowledge economy, energy and SMES are 10/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
economies. European Bank for reconstruction and development has 63 member countries and also the European union and the European Investment Bank are participating.
local economy and satisfy both EBRD's environmental standards and those of the host country The EBRD supports projects in 29 countries.
positive effects to the regional economy Cities, municipalities or other similar self-governmental regions and local-level
http://www. femern. com/home/economy/who-pays http://www. femern. com/home/finished-tunnel/traffic--capacity
or cluster serving the local economy and society, if local and regional authorities implement smart specialisation strategies to
the knowledge based economy, Integrative city development and Technical support. It should be noted here that The City of Vienna encourages application-oriented research
service innovation in one or several important areas of the regional economy or in developing cross-sectoral approaches (EC COM 2010/553
and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 945†974 European commission (2010: Regional Policy contributing to smart growth in Europe 2020.
The Role of Universities in Innovation Systems and Regional Economies Expert meeting on â€oethe future of academic researchâ€, Vienna University of Economics and
) These results hold across four large EU economies with a high SMES intensity such as Italy, France, Germany, Spain and UK (Griffith et al. 2006
Economy, Massachussets: MIT Press Holzl W. 2009), Is the R&d behaviour of fast-growing SMES different?
employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education After the references section, there are also three annexes
x Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society x Health x Health 3. Health x Education x Education 4. Education
x Finance and economy Bottom-up criteria for determining the types of cases In order to ensure that a relatively broad and representative range of cases are investigated, wide
Sharing Economy (and sharing society x Exchanging time and talent x Activating the value of dormant assets
Sharing economy and sharing society 1. Improved matching and exchanging of time and talent increasing economic benefits
7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 8. Other Health 1. Increase in health and wellbeing (numbers of people and duration
Sharing economy Focus area Case Social needs addressed Exchanging time and talent Athens Time Bank (EL) Meeting all types of basic daily needs for people in poverty
models in the Anglo saxon countries, aspects of which many of the former command economy countries of Eastern europe have tended to adopt.
economy, asylum seekers and victims of human trafficking and youth employment x Through the European Social Fund:
people, despite the economy picking up again in the last few years. This reflects and exacerbates
economy as well as more self-regulation via, for example, project, flexible and homework, often using ICT, as well as more redundancies in this sector. 10 In some countries,
social economy, with social entrepreneurs accounting for about 10%of all businesses and for 11
12 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship/social-economy /13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promoting
-inclusion 19 which is recruiting so-called †ambassadors†from enterprises, chambers of commerce, business federations, social partner organisations, public agencies and research institutions to raise
most observers agree that innovation in the economy supported or enabled by ICT typically reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased
the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the smart places cases in the place making
Economist, 2012) reshaping each other and often becoming a seamless whole. Physical and digital worlds are becoming increasingly interwoven,
phone at a building instantly provides information about it. 34 According to the Economist (2012 the â€oegeoweb is growing thickerâ€,
Economist, 2012 There is an increasing number of digital services which are place-specific rather than general.
as well as completely new business models like the sharing economy 33 See Tepsie D8. 1, section 3. 1. 6:
The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas, as described
encouraging the growth of local solutions as alternatives to the mainstream economy Civic engagement and activism
ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme
PPCPS) and models of social economy enterprises. The case has central and local government funding, the outsourcing of ICT provision
monetary economy and has developed successfully a combined social and business model demonstrating both economic and social benefits to policy makers and investors in monetary
formal traditional economy. It uses a local currency purely to give people a means of exchanging
role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding
The sharing economy Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out
sharing economy context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT
analysis and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the sharing economy theme
In the last decade this is starting to be challenged by a new sharing economy growing from a small base, in which mainly individuals share with others an increasing range of their assets
The sharing economy is starting to supplement exclusive ownership with new forms of common collective and collaborative ownership.
The sharing economy also termed †collaborative consumptionâ€) is growing fast, worth â 85 billion in
factors factors massively boosting the sharing economy over the last six years x The economic crisis in 2007-8 made people look at the assets they owned and how to
x ICT connectivity makes the sharing economy possible on a scale never seen before 48 www. zipcar. com
50 Given the above very general definition of the sharing economy, it can be seen it potentially covers a huge range
simply attempts to explore some aspects of the sharing economy using a number of cases, most
51 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 52 http://economia. icaew. com/opinion/november-2012/global-sharing-day
economy is how to scale without over commercialisation and loss of its â€oesocial, human-centred and
The currency of the sharing economy is †peer trust†based on †reputational capitalâ€, so measuring, transporting
to replace this as the sharing economy takes off. Botsman (2010) further observes that classical
economics to date has seen the sharing economy as simply †stealing†market from the established normally big corporate, players.
The sharing economy, as most radical innovations, is potentially very destructive of existing business models and incumbent actors.
Does the sharing economy not only hijack and destroy parts of the existing market, but also create new forms of demand and thus new market value around these
thus boosting local economies and in effect decanting some economic activity from downtown to the suburbs. Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand
access economy The sharing economy is currently at the stage where this is a critical issue, For example, traditional
big corporates are starting to move in (like BMW with its car share programme) attempting to
authenticity ethos still inherent in the sharing economy. This current stage of development of the
sharing economy will also determine whether and, if so, how the sharing economy will scale and
what form will it take. Will we recognise the current characteristics of the sharing economy in ten
years At its core, the sharing economy is aimed social innovation at transforming how some of the
fundamentals of our political economy are practiced. At present, property ownership rights, while including the right to use
economy is characterised by the organised practice of exercising this right as a right to share.
become labeled as the sharing economy, started as many simultaneous initiatives in many places and in many asset domains.
In the early days of the shared economy movement, and this still remains true today, phrases such as â€oeunder-utilised assets equals wasteâ€
and to scale the sharing economy Another of the quite unique features of the development of the sharing economy movement is that
it very early on was driven by different categories of actors. For example, individuals willing to share their assets.
What has become the sharing economy movement includes all these types of actors, and they all seem to enhance the scale and scope of activities and
Trust and community are at the heart of the sharing economy. It promotes personal and long-term
relations in new ways creating loyalty and community around the shared economy service, and thereby making the automated systems resilient to commoditisation.
For such reasons, most sharing economy companies are based on some form of membership model, where there is partly some initial screening,
of the reasons why the sharing economy movement seemingly without effort can span across businesses and communities and unite community action and business.
Whether or not the sharing economy becomes a business, remains purely voluntary or some mix in
between, this means that the sharing economy movement comprehensively fulfils at least the mainstream definitions of social innovation.
economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com
There seem to be two main impacts of the sharing economy, First, on human empowerment by
The sharing economy has always been bed around, such as-and-breakfast holidays and holiday house swaps between teachers in the UK and Australia in the 1950s,
modern economy it has always been niche and marginal. ICT connectivity, via the Internet and
sharing economy now possible on a scale never seen before. ICT also enables scaling, diversification
the sharing economy theme 1. Exchanging time and talent One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of
54 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 64 can easily find a handyman on Taskrabbit who has the half an hour needed to do the task, and
The sharing economy is rich on initiatives that address this conundrum, ranging from neighborhood task
The basic proposition of the sharing economy is that every under-utilised asset can be turned into
important part of the sharing economy ecosystem that it has achieved the kind of dynamics where assets, tools, systems needed,
x Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 56 www. techshop. ws
Five cases are analysed in the sharing economy theme as summarised in Table 5. 1 Table 5. 1:
Sharing economy cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Exchang -ing time and talent
innovations in the context of the sharing or collaborative economy, where existing assets are shared (people†s time, talent and possessions) or new assets are created collectively to be shared
All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,
The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas, as described
7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc x All cases are scaling,
economy, but being a very small payment, it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are
sector and business participation in the sharing economy, the impact of consumption on the immediate and the global environment, democracy, representation, social security benefits reform
considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy, legal and regulatory framework is often not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to
economy, but as a very small payment it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are
considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy, legal and regulatory framework is not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to providing
the sharing economy theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the sharing
economy cases is provided in Table 5. 2 80 1. The role and use of ICT in social innovation
Important considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy,
Given the nature of these sharing economy cases, whether monetised or not, as small, bottom
Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the sharing economy theme, as well as several others, have been shown to be supported
that, despite the very broad ambit of the sharing economy movement, the basic underlying economic and social model based on access to assets rather than ownership of them, is very similar
All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,
and Europe has not yet) been able to convert sharing economy initiatives into large commercially successful companies,
and probably in most sharing economy context, is that objectives, participants, processes and outcomes need to be transparent and open to
Indeed, in the sharing economy theme, from the evidence presented above, there seem to be
67 http://www. marketingmag. com. au/blogs/collaborative-consumption-and-the-sharing-economy-shaping-the
Sharing economy case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online plat -forms
Even as the economy and much of the rest of society are being transformed in countries around the world
ever in our increasingly global economy. Commentators have begun to describe how schools are likely to look under
Economist Magazine (2012) â€oea sense of place †technology and geographyâ€, 27 october 2012 Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989) â€oebuilding theories from case study researchâ€, The Academy of Management Review, Oct
Green, C. H.,(2012) â€oetrust and the Sharing Economy: A New Business model#,White paper http://trustedadvisor. com/public/White-paper-Trust-and-the-Sharing-Economy. pdf
Harford, T. 2011) â€oeadapt: why success always starts with failureâ€, Little, Brown, London Harris K, Flouch H â€oethe Networked Neighbourhoods Groupâ€, The Online Neighbourhood Networks Study, a study of
Millard, J. 2012) â€oesocial innovation in the age of the sharing economy: local challenges that meet the network
http://www. tepsie. eu/images/documents/social. innovation. and. the. sharing. economy. workshop. report. 2012. fro
. and Byers, J. W. 2014) â€oethe Rise of the Sharing Economy: Estimating the Impact of Airbnb on the
Sharing economy 9. Changed economic dynamic between common ownership (free-rider problem and over use) and
Scaled sharing economy impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities 13. Other (specify Health 6. Increase in health & wellbeing (numbers of people & duration
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