ENTREPRENEURISM INTERNATIONALISATION GREEN ECONOMY Catalonia 2020 Strategy  Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia Ministry of Economy and Knowledge
http://www. gencat. cat/economiaiconeixement April 2012 Catalonia 2020 Strategy 4 This document, which establishes the guidelines for the
5. 6. Green economy 6. Shaping policy: strategic lines of action 6. 1. Improving employability
6. 6. Fostering the transition to a more resource-efficient economy 6. 7. Modernising the Administration
competitiveness of the Catalan economy (2005-2007 and 2008 -2011), the Government of Catalonia has drawn up the Catalonia 2020
the long-term competitiveness of the Catalan economy and better employment, establishing a roadmap for economic recovery whilst
the Catalan economy, ECAT 2020 identifies six priority areas employment and training; social cohesion; innovation and knowledge
and the green economy ECAT 2020 is organised around eight strategic lines of action. These are broken down into operational objectives and quantifiable targets
challenges facing the Catalan economy In its report, CAREC describes the situation and prospects for the Catalan economy
and identifies the priorities that should guide policies aimed at helping Catalonia to recover and begin growing again.
economy recover from the crisis and move towards balanced, sustained growth Moreover, it also identifies the four great challenges
the Catalan economy develops: employment, finance, productivity and confidence The CAREC report stresses that the strategy for the competitiveness of the Catalan
economy should revolve around four basic ideas -Taking advantage of the crisis to thoroughly overhaul the Catalan economy
-Back to basics, that is relaunching the project for an entrepreneurial Catalonia with a strong and firmly-rooted industrial base in order to attract more sectors with high
and rigidity that prevent the Catalan economy from growing. The public authorities should foster entrepreneurial activity,
initiative designed to help the European economy recover from the crisis and to emerge stronger from it by promoting competitiveness, productivity and growth.
Europe 2020 calls on the European economies to launch new engines to boost growth and jobs,
-Developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation (smart growth -Promoting a more resource efficient, greener and more competitive economy
sustainable growth), and Catalonia 2020 Strategy 11 -Fostering a high-employment economy that can ensure economic, social and
territorial cohesion (inclusive growth ECAT 2020 follows the roadmap laid down by the Europe 2020 Strategy,
the Catalan context and the priorities of its economy 3. 2. Previous strategic agreements Catalonia has had experience with two previous strategic agreements for the
competitiveness of the Catalan economy since 2005. These proved to be valid tools for cooperation between the Government and economic and social stakeholders
Competitiveness of the Catalan Economy. This strategy established eighty-six measures to be implemented over the 2005-2007 period to promote competitiveness
competitiveness of the Catalan economy and employment. ECAT 2020 takes its inspiration from the Europe 2020 Strategy,
The Ministry of Economy and Knowledge, which acts as the technical secretariat for ECAT 2020, is supported also by other units with transversal functions.
priorities of the Catalan economy Equivalence between the Europe 2020 Strategy flagship initiatives and headline
The greatest challenge facing the Catalan economy is to create employment. The Government must provide a stable,
Resource-efficient Europe Green economy Sustainable growth Innovation Union Innovation and knowledge Smart growth An industrial policy for the
Resource-efficient Europe Green economy Sustainable growth Innovation Union Innovation and knowledge Smart growth An industrial policy for the
adopt measures to combat the informal economy and undeclared work. A commitment should also be made to reducing segmentation
Promoting the social economy is a basic means of correcting inequalities. In the present economic climate, public spending caps greatly restrict the public authoritiesâ€
The creation of new business initiatives in the social economy †which has a long tradition in Catalonia†is essential to bring out the full potential of
Catalan economy. Biotechnology and biomedicine provide an example of the success of public policies for innovation based on research and highly qualified personnel
strongest points of the Catalan economy. Businesses must maintain or intensify their activities, increasing in size and number
5. 6. Green economy The Catalan economy, like that of the rest of Europe, has taken up the challenge of
moving towards more efficient use of resources. Industry needs to speed up the process of transition towards an economy that produces low levels of greenhouse gas
emissions and promotes an efficient use of energy and resources. This transition towards a more sustainable production model represents a new opportunity for
The green economy offers great economic opportunities to industry, the energy sector farming and tourism.
6. Fostering the transition to a more resource-efficient economy 7. Modernising the Administration 8. Promoting strategic infrastructure
and the green economy Targets, budgets and monitoring indicators for each product and service will be
productivity and the competitiveness of the economy. In their twofold function †social and economic†education and training should enable people to acquire the skills they
Catalan economy. On this point, all international organisations stress the vital role played by career guidance in integration into employment
within the Catalan economy 6. 2. 3. Improving job quality and conditions of employment In order to foster sustained economic growth based on productivity, it is crucial to
global economy The world economy is currently facing two great challenges: technological change and globalisation. To meet these challenges successfully,
the advanced countries are implementing policies to increase their competitiveness. These policies revolve around two main priorities:
-ductive economy It is not easy to transfer the results obtained from research to the production system
6. 4. 4. Increasing the internationalisation of the economy Internationalisation is a key driving force for economic recovery.
Tourism is a strategic sector of the Catalan economy. The Government seeks to foster tourism both in emerging and mature markets,
to the global economy 4. 1. Improving efficiency and effectiveness in the R&d and innovation system
economy 4. 3. Fostering innovation in business 4. 4. Increasing the internationalisation of the economy
4. 5. Fostering the transition of businesses to activities with higher added value 4. 6. Promoting improved business and personnel management
The rural economy has a high margin for generating added value, and public policies should reinforce this potential by promoting the introduction of new products (such as
economy, has been the most rapidly growing tourism segment in Catalonia. Rural destinations, with their rich natural, historic, artistic and cultural heritage, and where
In line with the need to adapt the economy towards sectors that generate higher added value and to encourage technology transfer to the production sector,
the social economy is vital for fostering the integration of groups most at risk of social
encourage new business initiatives in the sphere of the social economy 6. 6. Fostering the transition to a more resource-efficient eco
more resource-efficient economy, as much out of necessity (decreasing dependency on fossil fuels, rising energy prices, security of supply, reducing emissions of
economy in terms of use of resources. This can be achieved through such measures as: promoting voluntary agreements for sustainability;
efficiency in all sectors of the economy 6. 6. 3. Promoting renewable energy sources Renewable energy sources generate business opportunities and employment and
-efficient economy 6. 1. Promoting sustainability in the production system 6. 2. Promoting more efficient use of energy and other resources
of the economy in general. Moreover, unnecessary red tape has a negative effect on company productivity, something that is especially serious in the case of SMES.
make to the competitiveness of the Catalan economy In order to design the long-term policies and major public investment projects needed
manage infrastructure that is vital to the competitiveness of the Catalan economy, or at least to play a decisive part in the management of such infrastructure
economy and as local economic motors, it is important to increase the connectivity of Catalan airports, opening up new routes and developing the air cargo industry.
to a pervasive, omnipresent backbone for society and the economy. In my eyes its main
economy are oriented towards the creation of and the engagement with effective experiments of social innovation, promoting their scalability and transferability
†Contribute to a low-carbon economy, for instance by lending, exchanging and reusing goods at scale, across geographic boundaries (collaborative consumption
economy (e g. Wikipedia †Users of online communities interested in knowing more about their data and in
The transformation of societies and economies following the diffusion of digital technologies, with increases in productivity, the redistribution of international divisions of
has questioned the way the world economy has been organised, the way business can be done, and the way income and wealth are
citizen and economy by linking it to the Internet of things (Iot), sensor network and cloude services in order to support open online social media and distributed knowledge co
innovation, smart communities, resilient societies and economies, deploying ad hoc networks of citizen experts around client's needs
maintenance of integrated records, reduction in the number of specialists, and attaining economies of scale
contributing to a growing economy-has become even more pertinent as Europe endures a financial crisis that impacts the entire
economy, society and identity, and an asset that is at the core of museum work today
sustainable and inclusive economy in regard to the cultural sector? How do museums fit into the EU's strategy for culture?
expected to supply to a creative economy Two presentations focused specifically on the EU's cultural policy and the crucial role of
'knowledge economy'as WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) defines it The opportunity for a museum to succeed in
economy and to social innovation. Mr Verwayen also emphasises the crucial importance of providing people with access to
creative economy and to social innovation Why has culture been collected in museums audiovisual collections, libraries and archives
knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social
'economy; low carbon emissions; efficiency of resources; and competitiveness 3. Inclusive growth-enlarged labour market and specialisation;
high employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion Tracking the progress of growth within each
However, if all revolves around the economy 49 and job creation, and the word'culture'is
economies on inequality by redistributing global wealth through welfare In addition to all of this, Europe is being called
constitutesâ oneâ ofâ theirâ keyâ strengthsâ forâ theâ Europeanâ economy. Â Ourâ focusâ inâ thisâ reportâ isâ onâ
consumptionâ areâ essentialâ forâ theâ sustainabilityâ ofâ entireâ economies. Â Â ï Climateâ changeâ willâ driveâ innovationâ acrossâ theâ economyâ andâ society.
 Emergingâ economies,  suchâ asâ Indiaâ andâ China,  areâ movingâ upâ theâ valueâ chainâ andâ
economy in the digital age 4 OJ L 283,29. 10.2011, p. 39 5 COM (2010) 245 final/2
the information society and the knowledge-based economy -the vital importance of ensuring the long-term viability of Europeana,
An economy in transition: from digital to digitally-driven...8 Vision and objectives...13 Vision...
economies. They enable economies to create more jobs, improve people's lives and build better and greener societies.
Citizens enterprises, universities and governments become increasingly connected in the digital world. Digital is changing people†s lives:
in various sectors of the European economy Michel Catinat Head of Unit Key Enabling Technologies and ICT
With a GDP of circa 13 trillion euros in 2011, the European economy is by far the leading
economy worldwide. With almost 74%of the EU GDP, the service sector dominates, compared to industry with around 25%and agriculture with only 2%of GDP
SMES1 are the backbone of this service-driven economy From Table 1, it is clear that the typical EU enterprise is a SME,
economy, both in terms of number of enterprises and employment 6 Table 2 illustrates the size of six different industry clusters2 in terms of the percentage of the total
†entrepreneurial perception†between the two economies has reduced surprisingly as the image of European citizens towards entrepreneurs slightly improved(+4)
said that an economy almost fully driven by (micro) SMES could be the ideal catalyst to make the
An economy in transition: from digital to digitally-driven There is no debate over whether digital innovation is a profound force in our economy.
The digital economy isn†t just about speeding up communication across borders or changing the skills
workers need; it is about changing the very nature of consumption, competition and how markets
-driven economy 3 Definitions see Annex Quenching customer insight: Gatorade †Mission Control†Gatorade is an important player in the sports-themed food and beverage products market.
innovations are changing economies and markets, and reinventing relationships between organisations, suppliers and customers thus becoming critical elements for growth, innovation
SME-driven economy ï§To actively support and promote the connection between traditional industries and the
in Figure 4, cover the transformation to a digitally driven economy, digital entrepreneurship5 high-tech skills and talent, access to finance
Governments and policy makers are recognising the important role of digital in the economy and efforts are being made to foster digital entrepreneurship.
Europe†s economy, one has to realise that the way of doing business in the digital age differs
and innovation-driven economy will have a clear dependence on technology, high-tech skills and human capital are required arguably also for
New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy 10 IDC (2009. Post crisis: e-Skills are needed to drive Europe†s Innovation Society
national economies. The Singapore Entrepass is geared especially towards entrepreneurs who might not pass the severe visa requirements regarding education and salary.
Green paper on long-term financing of the European economy 24 European commission (2013. Strengthening the environment for Web entrepreneurs in the EU
Generally, central and northern economies are more digitised and those economies lead Eastern and Southern Europe in all but one industry (†real estate, rental & leasingâ€.
The gaps between regions tend to be the largest in Europe†s traditional, non-service oriented economies like
†chemicals†and †basic manufacturingâ€. Given the link between the extent of digitisation in a
market in Europe as the European business landscape is a patchwork of national economies and
the U k. to emerge as a leading centre in the new high tech economy and to be the best
new technologies and Sweden being connected the most economy in the World ï§Role models and big exits were â€
towards a low-carbon economy, and inclusive, with a strong emphasis on job creation and poverty reduction
economy. According to the European commission, full implementation of the updated Digital Agenda would enhance growth with a 5%expected increase of European GDP by 2020
infrastructure construction in the short term, rising to 3. 8 million jobs throughout the economy in
3. Access to finance and capital †to improve lending to the real economy by better
political will to recognise the central role of SMES in the EU economy. It puts into place a
overall EU economy. Its goal is to improve the effectiveness of public SME policies in fostering
on smaller enterprises, the ultimate beneficiary is the entire European economy The first results are remarkable.
This section looks into options for policy action in all industries and sectors of the economy as
the economy, some differences are observed in the degree of digital transformation among traditional businesses and SMES or start-ups.
referring to lagging-behind other economies (primarily the US) in applying science into marketable technological applications.
European economy ï§Develop a scorecard with indicators for monitoring the key aspects across Europe
but are expected to have a high impact on the economy. These projects are described in Table 5
European economy, consisting of more than 60%of traditional, service-orientated companies, there is a huge potential to be
digital in the economy and efforts are being made to foster digital entrepreneurship However, despite these efforts, there are still
Green paper on long-term financing of the European economy -European commission (2013. Strengthening the environment for Web entrepreneurs in the
smarter economy -OECD (2010. ICT Skills and employment 72 Annex Industry clusters Table 7-Industry clusters in Europe(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster
added-value to The irish economy by adding another dimension to its ecosystem of innovation supports and while also bringing this innovation
to The irish economy. It is established well that innovation is a key driver of organisational competi
to develop competitive advantage, by export-orientated economies and as key enablers of innovation strategies
Globalizing Learning Economy Bengt-Ã ke Lundvall, March 2009 Th e D es ig n
and Experience Economy. †STEP 01 Companies that do not use design STEP 02 Companies that use design for styling
and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012 Design Finland Programme. P. 8
economist Anders Rune, who conducted the analysis Sweden Research commissioned in 2008 by the Swedish Industrial Design
Finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012
Council and the Global economy Design Management Journal Vol. 7, No. 3, P. 10-14 34
-orientated economies e g. New zealand (Export-Orientated Economies Where market failure is evident and intervention is necessary, in the case
where the allocation of goods and services by the free market is not efficient and effective i e. low export performance of SMES (Market Failure;
Given the size of New Zealand†s domestic economy and its lack of scale and critical mass, helping export businesses access new
global economies. The review, endorsed by the Chancellor, recom -mended support for the Design Council†s programme and called
Building a Balanced Economy on a Secure Manufacturing Base 71 Intriguingly, a survey conducted in 2010 by the same organisation
charged with developing the economy and enterprises in Flanders the Dutch-speaking northern part of Belgium.
/Neil Cooney, Senior Economist/Policy Adviser, Enterprise Ireland /Eugene Forde, Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment
Building security, protection and trust within society and the economy...30 1. Greater online protection for citizens and companies...
economy within the European union and across the globe We advocate the continuing development of the global
our economy and society. Increasing public confidence therefore involves securing communication via digital networks, protecting access,
more to the economy than the traditional industries such as mechanical engineering or automotive. The sales figures
espionage is ever present †not only for our economy and citizens but also for the state.
economy is based. The use of encryption and other security mechanisms is necessary to ensuring Internet safety. Com
-sive impact at the very heart of our economy. Networked production or â€oeindustry 4. 0â€oe has the potential to recast
economy and provide stimulus for social progress 2. Supporting the young digital economy By bringing together established businesses and young
global data economy. In particular, we are evaluating ways of preventing market-dominant platform operators from
economy and social system. By 2030, Germany†s economi -cally active population threatens to decline by several
within society and the economy VI. Building security, protection and trust within society and the economy
31vi. BUILDING SECURITY, PROTECTION AND TRUST WITHIN SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY The Federal government has set itself the task of ensuring
that the network is secure in order to reap the full benefits of digitisation for German society and its economy.
People will not trust new digital services and offerings unless their data is protected and they can operate with maximum
economy zz We will modernise and harmonise European data pro -tection law in the digital internal market in order to
the economy in the digital age. This requires a strategic realignment of the cyber security architecture and better
economy. Nathalia holds a Master of science In public Policy and Management and a Bachelor of arts in Economics The authors wish to thank Susan Schorr, Head, ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau Special
an even wider range of opportunities brought about by the growth of the â€oeapp economy, †mobile phones
in some developing economies, meaning they are unemployed, in irregular employment †most likely in the informal sector,
Developed Economies & EU 13.5 12.5 13.3 17.3 18.1 18.0 18.0 17.7 17.2 16.5 16.0
policymakers in developed economies face. In Japan and the United states, NEET rates were 9. 7 and 15.6
Developed Economies & EU Central & Southeastern Europe (non-EU) & CIS East asia Southeast asia & the Pacific
separation of production and consumption of services and the possibility for emerging economies to contribute for the first time to the world†s services industry,
knowledge economy. 74 This industry offers a good salary, career development opportunities for graduates and professionals,
A common way through which an economy can enter the offshore services value chain is by establishing call centre operations.
low-income countries to enter the knowledge economy 2. Upgrading within the business process segment:
80 Vili Lehdonvirta and Mirko Ernkvist. â€oeknowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy: Converting the Virtual Economy into
Development Potential, †(Washington, D c.:infodev, 2011), 28, www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 1076. html
83 The app economy refers to the range of economic activity surrounding mobile applications. The app economy
encompasses the development of and sale of apps, ad revenue or public relations generated by free apps, and the
hardware devices on which apps are designed to run. www. techopedia. com/definition/28141/app-economy
and Ernkvist, Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, 28 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
the app economy has generated roughly 752 000 app related jobs in the United states alone as of July 2013.92 The figure is
However, the verdict is out in terms of how sustainable the app economy will be, and whether it will
Sizing the number of jobs generated by the app economy is difficult. Any particular app could be created
92 Michael Mandel, â€oe752, 000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store, †(Progressive Policy Institute
July 2013), www. progressivepolicy. org/2013/07/752000-app-economy-jobs-on-the-5th-anniversary-of-the-app-store
/93 Andreas Pappas, â€oethe EU App Economy: 530,000 jobs and rising, †(Vision Mobile, September 2013
www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising /94 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012:
The New App Economy,(June 2012) 4 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app-economy
/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows
•IT-related jobs that use app economy skills†the ability to develop, maintain, or support mobile
applications •Non-IT jobs (such as human resources or marketing) which support app developers in the same
•Jobs in the local economy that are supported by app developers The following is a list of types of app economy employers95
•Large, medium, and small app developers, who may be creating apps for themselves or for
for the app economy •Accounting and IT consulting firms, who provide app development as part of a larger suite of
95 Mandel and Scherer, â€oethe Geography of the App Economy, †15 96 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012:
The New App Economy, 73 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 23 Figure 9:
Emerging app economies have potential markets that are much larger than that of English speaking regions and Europe.
For economic growth in the app economy, it is crucial for developers to be able to continuously update
Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, p51 103 Gold Farming refers to when individuals play a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players
Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly
a greener economy could generate 15 to 60 million additional jobs globally over the next two decades and
the green and smart economy pays a double dividend by encouraging job creation and accelerating the
The United nations Environment Program†s 2011 Green Economy Report makes the claim that economic progress and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand,
and that the green economy will deliver green jobs and thus lead to decreased unemployment rates.
Social Inclusion in a Green Economy,(Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012 107 OECD, â€oeict Skills and Employment:
New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, †OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 198,(OECD Publishing, 2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
108 Angelica Valeria Ospina, â€oethe Outcome of Rio+20: An ICT Perspective on †The Future We Want, †â€
/109 United nations Environment Programme, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication,(Nairobi, Kenya:
Data centres and other ICT infrastructures are increasingly vital for all sectors of the economy, and green
jobs will be related to greening the economy, such as working on the systems that operate wind farms installing and maintaining the equipment that smart buildings use to control lighting and temperature
Other areas of employment in the green economy that involve a range of ICTS from geographic
In emerging economies and developing countries, the gains are likely to be higher than in industrialized
110 United nations Environment Programme. â€oegreen Economy, Renewable Energy: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency, †(UNEP, 2011
New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy. †112 United nations Environment Programme, â€oetransition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs, †UNEP News
Centre, May 31, 2012, www. unep. org/newscentre/default. aspx? Documentid=2683&articleid=9145 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment
The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable agriculture, and energy efficiency.
Interestingly, youth participation in the green economy has not been an area of focus; however in the context of the 2012 Rio+20 conference on sustainable development
youth advocacy groups lobbied that young people should be seen as an asset for a green economy that
economy. In addition to jobs that require higher education such as engineering, the pervasive use of ICT applications from web portals, text messages (SMS), mobile phone based monitoring systems, community
is a wide range of ways that ICTS are revolutionizing all sectors of the economy
151 International Labour Office, Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa,(Geneva: ILO, 2008 Digital opportunities:
Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa. Geneva International Labour Office, 2008 International labour organization.""China Youth employment Report."
Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green Economy. Geneva: International Labour Office 2012 International Telecommunication Union (ITU.
Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy: Converting the Virtual Economy into Development Potential. Washington, D c.:
infodev, Information for Development Program, 2011. www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 1076. html Lewin, Tamar. â€oeafter setbacks, online courses are rethought, †New york times, December 10, 2013
Mandel, Michael. â€oe752, 000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store. †Progressive
New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198.
/Pappas, Andreas. â€oethe EU App Economy: 530,000 jobs and rising. †Vision Mobile. September 2013
www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising /Partnership for 21st Century Skills."
Green Economy, Renewable Energy: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, 2011 United nations Environment Programme.
Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP 2011
United nations Environment Programme. â€oetransition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs. †UNEP News Centre, May 31, 2012
The New App Economy. 2012 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app
-economy /Walton, Marion, and Jonathan Donner. Public Access, Private Mobile. Global Impact Study Research Report Series.
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