Synopsis: Education: School: Schoolwork: Academic assessment:

European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 45 Best Practices in Universities†Regional Engagement. Towards Smart Specialisation Cristina Å ERBÄ NICÄ

European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 47 2. Research Method This study is aimed at highlighting universities†contribution to the success of regional

European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 49 3. Research Results Denmark is represented in the fourth group by its capital region-DK1 †Hovedstaden

European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 51 excellent young researchers to Vienna for founding their own research group (Regional

European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 53 European commission (2011: Connecting Universities to Regional Growth: A Practical Guide

European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 55 PT17 Portugal Lisboa Leader low SE11 Sweden Stockholm Leader †high

the international medical community for evaluation and accreditation, which may allow its use worldwide As stated at the beginning of this section,

accreditation. The case has helped also increase from 21%to 66%of school pupils achieving good secondary school results, assist more than 6, 200 residents into

Technology also has large role to play in new certificates, qualifications & accreditation of formal

create immersive and game-like experiences in a range of methods and for a range of learning outcomes and

Here specific issues such as assessment and accreditation will matter for future network models. The potential is

and not to official accreditation The quest to learn example widens education in a different way †by making subjects accessible with a different, and

quality of education. Further, quest to learn demonstrates the value of experimenting with ICT enabled education formats and to provide the possibility for such diversity in the educational approaches

accumulation of social capital Museums and their representatives can play a leading role in this endeavour.

the accumulation of designer capability which provides the basis for continuously improving product design The following takeaway points from

advice while adhering to a strict code of practice Design Leadership/Designing Demand Programme Country: UK Funded by:

8. 3 Alternative accreditation and certification methods...59 8. 4 Public-private partnerships...60 8. 5 Policies to support youth entrepreneurship...

administer professional accreditation certifications; elevate awareness of local and regional activities and; build community and provide opportunities for accessibility professionals to engage with each

new accreditation models that are expanding ways to recognize skills 148 Andrew J Milne,"Chapter 11:

and improves learning outcomes. As a model, collaborative learning undergirds many significant ICT initiatives such as the open source model

known as â€oebadges. †Badges have become an alternative form of accreditation, led by the Mozilla Foundation and its Mozilla Open Badges.

level of granularity that is unavailable in other forms of accreditation. The importance of badges rests on

education,(2) supporting non-formal channels of learning,(3) supporting alternative accreditation systems,(4) advancing public-private partnerships,

8. 3 Alternative accreditation and certification methods A key factor in the success of alternative learning pathways is recognizing the skills and knowledge people

only traditional certification and accreditation systems are appropriate. Conventional accreditation and certification systems represent agreed upon standards,

often sanctioned by authorities created to guide the work of education granting organizations and institutions.

8. 3 Alternative accreditation and certification methods 8. 4 Public-private partnerships 8. 5 Policies to support youth entrepreneurship

à Provide link between academic evaluation and evaluation reports (more professional, consultancy based, etc à Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills

229) Assessment as learning, including peer reviews and real time evaluation methods to promote cross-pollination such as NESTA€ s

Graduate school, University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the

398) Accreditation, search and recruitment of public innovators by commercial headhunters or government agencies. For example, with

a Health Information Accreditation Scheme in the UK which gives kite marks to organisations that produce information and moderate websites

does not have any special accreditation such as an authorized economic operator status WHAT THE TRADING ACROSS BORDERS

challenges to EU education policy and organisation (e g. accreditation of virtual institutions), although there were disagreements about the exact future trajectory of these changes

ECTS), are important gateways of critical knowledge and information (Giuliani & Bell, 2005 Thus while ICTS may generate critical location-driven synergies,

ECTS complement them by bringing in diverse, novel knowledge inputs 4 From a resource based view (RBV) the network encompassing ICTS and ECTS of a firm can

be seen as its resource pool, contributing to the firm†s technical know-how, trade contacts, and

This is particularly true for ECTS because assimilating knowledge elements from non-local partners requires distinct capabilities to those

and maintain ECTS, to take chances with these ties, and to proactively uncover new opportunities (Covin & Miles, 1999).

examine their specific roles in generating innovative gains through ICTS and ECTS Proactiveness represents a â€oefirst mover†orientation of the firm,

an indirect effect on innovation through ICTS and ECTS, while risk taking affects innovation directly, as well as by reinforcing the positive innovation effect of a firm†s ties

Such ties (ECTS) not only bring new insights to a firm, but also enable it to think out of the box such that the firm is able to adopt new

firm that makes little investments in its ECTS. While both ICTS and ECTS carry risks, the risks

associated with the latter are likely to be higher due to the relatively higher differences in business practices, norms and such like between the partners.

risk taking may also be higher in respect to ECTS, given the potentially novel and non-redundant

ties (ECTS. We argue that ICTS and ECTS can be the sources of distinct knowledge.

Therefore we see that ICT and ECT development should be treated as an investment that enhances

ECTS are looked upon for advice and up to date knowledge by fellow firms who do not maintain

with its ICTS with ECTS that bring in information and knowledge that is locally not available Bathelt, 2004;

Interplay of ICTS and ECTS with Entrepreneurial Orientation To be successful, a firm must possess a certain ability to continually build

that emphasize the importance of ICTS and ECTS (Giuliani & Bell, 2005) and the literature on

of proactiveness and risk taking in relation to a firm†s ICTS and ECTS. However, prior literature

influences of proactiveness and risk taking on a firm†s network ties (ICTS and ECTS) in the

The Mediating Roles of ICTS and ECTS We argue that proactiveness contributes to a firm†s innovative performance indirectly through

the firm†s ICTS and ECTS because firms with high levels of proactiveness find opportunities

The resulting ICTS and ECTS therefore represent an important resource for the firm (Eisenhardt & Schoonhoven, 1996), with more such ties providing access to potentially

through its effect on ICTS and ECTS H1a. The effect of a firm†s proactiveness on innovative performance is mediated by its intra

How Does Risk Taking Moderate the Effect ICTS and ECTS on Innovative performance Establishing network ties do not necessarily mean that a firm is fully tapping into the

effective use of firms†ICTS and ECTS. When ICTS and ECTS are supported by an adequate

degree of risk taking though investment of time, money, and effort, the rate of innovation will

The interplay between risk taking on the one hand and ICTS and ECTS on the other can contribute to innovation, right from the discovery of an opportunity or the conception of an idea

and ECTS. Within a cluster there is certain degree of mutual interdependence, implying that 11 firms need to honor their commitments

taking less salient for ICTS compared to for ECTS. We therefore propose the following two

ties (both ICTS and ECTS) on innovative performance H2b. A firm†s risk-taking orientation has a greater moderating effect on the impact of its

ECTS, compared to its ICTS, on innovative performance Hypothesized Research Model Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework that explains the relationships proposed in our

hypotheses, depicting how the interplay between ICTS, ECTS, proactiveness and risk taking affects innovation Figure 1 Innovative performance and the interplay between ICTS, ECTS, Proactiveness and Risk-Taking

METHODS Proactiveness Intra-cluster ties Extra-cluster ties Innovation Risk taking H1a H1b H1a H1b

so ICTS and ECTS constitute key resources for the firms Biggs & Messerschmidt, 2005 Research Design and Data Collection

and ECTS by determining the number of partners with which the producers interact (Giuliani & Bell, 2005.

We constructed ICTS and ECTS variables as the number of a firm†s diverse set of partners, such as suppliers, distributors

while that of ECTS is much smaller at about 5. Correlation coefficients are all within acceptable limits, further

while ECTS may be mediating the effect of proactiveness on innovative performance, ICTS may not be playing such a role.

n s.).This confirms that ECTS fully mediates the effect of proactiveness on innovative performance, in support of our hypothesis 1b.

whether risk taking moderates the effect of ICTS and ECTS on innovative performance, we added to the variables in model 4, the interaction terms ICT x Risk taking and

firm†s ECTS, compared to its ICTS, on innovative performance. Coming to the results on control

Figure 2 The Moderating Effect of Risk-Taking on the Relationship between ECTS and Innovative

effect of ECTS on innovative performance. It shows the predicted innovative performance across a range (from low to high) of ECTS for high-and low-risk taking firms.

The horizontal axis measures the number of ECTS, and the dotted and solid lines respectively represent firms with

high and low risk taking. Both lines have a positive slope indicating the positive effect of ECTS

on innovative performance. However, the slope of the dotted line is much more steep than that of

the other line, underscoring that risk taking substantially moderates the impact of ECTS on innovative performance.

from increasing the number of their ECTS Robustness checks In addition to the tests described earlier, we conducted further tests to conclude that the

importantly, ECTS (Giuliani & Bell, 2005. We argued that the EO traits of risk taking and

proactiveness interact differently with a firm†s ICTS and ECTS. On the one hand, proactiveness is likely to influence innovative performance indirectly through the creation of a firm†s ICTS and

ECTS. Risk taking on the other hand positively moderates the impact of ICTS and ECTS We empirically tested our conjectures on a sample of 120 SMES in a creative-industry

manufacturing cluster in an emerging economy, Indonesia. Our analysis, based on primary data collected through interviews

found that ECTS mediate the proactive orientation of firms. A proactive-oriented firm is particularly adept at seeking resources from outside its cluster, increasing the diversity and

though ECTS We found that risk taking strengthens the relationship between ECTS and innovative performance.

For SMES in particular, external knowledge is a key source of innovation (Jacob & Szirmai, 2007;

their ECTS such that they are able to draw potentially valuable external resources. We however found that risk taking negatively moderates the effect of ICT on innovative performance.

network of ICTS and ECTS, encompassing suppliers, distributors, government agencies, research centers, financial institutions, and universities. In future research we hope to explore the

The quality of universities needs to be enhanced The university system †10 public universities with a total of approximately 230 000 students â€

would allow overcoming the current bureaucratic obstacles to the recognition of degrees and movement of students, researchers, faculty and staff within European universities.

Graduate programs also attract an increasing number of foreign students to Andalusia universities: 20%are of foreign origin, with 8%coming from

Self evaluation Report. Paris: OECD Directorate for Education Programme on Institutional Management in Higher education Madsen, H.,Neergaard, H,

however, the recent self evaluation report prepared for the OECD review of higher education in the region notes that the relation between the universities†research

The self evaluation report concludes that †this shows that the universities do not have their

Self evaluation Report. OECD Reviews of Higher education in City and Regional Development. Seville: General Secretariat for Universities, Research and

The European commission adopted in February 2008 the Code of conduct for Responsible Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Research 6

and a long story of accumulation of technological, organisational, management, and engineering capabilities which can be

WIT also delivers strong undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in software development. Based on its excellent track record in telecommunications software and

Provider Programmetitle NFQLEVEL ECTS Years Iot Carlow Certificate in Computer systems Level 6 60 1 Iot Carlow Certificate in Mechanical engineering Level 6 60 1

which is a significant postgraduate programme. WIT is also active in providing part-time courses, which accounted for 18 percent of enrolments in 2009-2010, as

from increased industry placements during their graduate programme, the current environment could provide opportunity to take a proactive, regionally based and creative

WIT also delivers strong undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in software development. Based on its excellent track record in telecommunications software and

People, the first tuition-free, fully online four-year university to be granted accreditation http://www. uopeople. org

of teaching effectiveness as well as learning assessment (ELI, 2011 Research further suggests that learning is increasingly a process of social engagement.

learning outcomes. Innovative educators have an opportunity to blend face-to-face and digital learning models to advance an engaged, effective, efficient and affordable model of learning in the

communication, the constraints on the educational process, and the learning outcomes Recommendations for educational innovation based on this emerging paradigm include the

-ties as Dynamic Accumulation Pro -cesses, †Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory 10, 271†296

the quality of the educational system†where the country continues to trail its top 10 peers at 28th

Although the quality of education in Hong kong is good (12th), participation remains below levels found in other advanced economies

large market size (19th) and high educational standards in particular its high enrollment rates (it is ranked 20th on

longstanding challenge and the quality of education 116th) does not seem to match the increasing need for a skilled labor force.

quality of education in the country (77th), and its low research and innovation capacity (70th. As the economy

highest in the world (11th), the quality of the educational system is assessed as poor (122nd. This and the low

of the quality of education. If not addressed, poor educational quality†particularly in math and science 89th) †could undermine the country†s innovation

and the quality of the educational system receives mediocre marks. Yet it is clear that by far the biggest

à Provide link between academic evaluation and evaluation reports (more professional, consultancy based, etc à Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills

3.'Cluster'in depth case studies and peer reviews: to move beyond the figures that are available for comparison, more qualitative studies can be carried out on activity domains

Certifications/accreditations Industrial Phds Support to creativity Innovation benchmarking Emerging instruments Competitiveness poles Competence centres

bases, ad hoc surveys, peer reviews, and more rarely, regional or national statistics. If the programmers use the latter,

'twinning+'methodology that combines elements of traditional peer reviews and twinning in small learning groups of interested agencies

Collective learning includes the regional accumulation of knowledge which is shared freely and transferred among the participants through social interactions

timely exchange of information and accumulation of knowledge†(Feldmann 1994: 27 also partly explains regional clusters of innovative firms.

Spatial Clustering, Local Accumulation of Knowledge and Firm Competitiveness. Geografiska Annaler, 78 B (2), 85-97

accumulation, i e. embodied technical change is the key driver of growth E-business in the transport & logistics industry

more and more difficult to manage due to the accumulation of specific developments performed for AIT and the overall complexity of the solution

Accreditation is the gateway to PIP. Since 1999 the PIP includes a number of incentives to encourage practices to keep up

Government funding support and vendor accreditation are recognised generally as key factors in influencing health IT adoption in

peer reviews and twinning. An example of this is the pre-commercial procurement that in many countries is a new approach on demand

2. Carry out peer reviews (mandatory) to search for better practices in providing innovation support services. The main objective of this task

was to organise peer reviews through visiting programmes aimed at assessing current support mechanisms and searching for better practices

peer reviews and twinning. An example of this is the pre-commercial procurement that is a new approach on demand side support in many

2. Work package 2 included peer reviews of European agencies and programmes in order to identify and to analyse good practises

5. Work package 5 included peer reviews of good practices at innovation agencies outside of Europe

panels and as hosts for peer reviews. This has extended the community of users beyond the

•Peer reviews have been beneficial for identifying good practises and it seems like it has been easier for the group to engage in

the conduct of peer reviews •However, there are areas for improvement such as how to elaborate on transferability and

•Peer reviews outside of Europe are more challenging due to language issues, incentives and shorter time frames for reviews.

of peer reviews Twinning •Twinning has been successful and three out of four of the countries that were involved actively

•Peer reviews cannot completely analyse transferability and hand over design recommendations; instead, the design recommendations have to be developed as a

peer reviews of The irish initiative for High -Potential Startups, the Scottish Proof of Concept programme, the Finnish VIGO-and Young

performing peer reviews, twinningâ's and EFQM -assessments do not happen automatically Continuation of these activities will probably

This will be complemented by external reviews of regulators†performance against the Framework. The self-assessments and external reviews of regulator performance will

be publicly available Public consultation on the Framework was undertaken in September 2014. We anticipate releasing a final Framework in October as part of 2014 Spring Repeal Day.

and 3) Policy workshops to carry out peer reviews of policy schemes. The Innobarometer is an opinion poll conducted among enterprises to gather their appreciation of innova

of Management offers individual courses related to innovation and also post graduate programmes "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES

ï Accreditations, qualifications, certifications ï Processes, systems, IT, communications ï Cultural, attitudinal, behavioural ï Management cover, succession

ï Accreditations, etc ï Processes and systems, etc ï Management cover, succession Opportunities ï Market developments

The University offers a Master's and Doctoral program, as well as a KM Graduate Certificate program ï http://www. knowledgemedia. org

and the achievement of transformation skills, self evaluation and crea -tion of learning communities. The use of the right metaphors in combination with the appropriate les

B. Self evaluation Competency Description Your comment †tolerance of ambigu -ity†an attitude of in situations which are not clear

'twinning+'methodology that combines elements of traditional peer reviews and twinning in small learning groups of interested agencies

motivational factors affecting the transfer of expertise, Stanford university Graduate school of Business Describes the complexities of tacit and explicit knowledge

and higher capital-accumulations. Stockholders, on the other hand, advocate for lowering the capital accumulation of the firm.

Actually, the ownership structure of SMES is different from that of larger corporations. SMES are owned often by a small number of partners

transferable and facilitates the accumulation of specific human capital (Ballot and Taymaz 1997). ) Such mechanisms lead to competence-building,

Graduate school of Business Administration, Harvard university Lei, D. T. 1997. Competence building, technology fusion, and competitive advantage:

Graduate school of Business Administration, Harvard university Mazzarol, T. and Reboud, S. 2008. The role of complementary actors in the development of

F. W. Olin Graduate school of Business, Babson College, Babson Park Massachusetts, USA Trippi, R. R. and Desieno, D. 1992.

societies evolve through the daily accumulation of inventions--â€oeinnovationsâ€--which gradually alter the lot of human behaviour.

external review schemes, and in general the adoption of an †evaluation culture†for innovation support; this has been done in several of the INTERREG IVC projects that are

or other external review schemes, and overall the adoption of an †evaluation culture†for innovation support;

Structural change, not just the accumulation of capital, is a driver of economic growth. As such smart specialisation aims to accelerate structural change by encouraging the

introduction of peer reviews and a more deliberate use of foresight and scenario planning, not least since high-tech regions like Brainport are operating in highly dynamic and unpredictable

and accreditation testing infrastructure. The latest stage prioritized the enhancement of local industry technology capabilities to help commercialize fusion and convergence photonics

and accreditation services locally. The foundation of future development of local clusters, the regional network of industry, universities and research institutes emerged through project implementation.

and improve the quality of education within the region from early childhood, to ensure that the region can sustain its skilled workforce;

but this country sees a growing use of peer reviews as a complementary assessment method It is not possible through this enquiry to assess the quality

%Foresight Peer reviews Expert assessments SWOT analyses International benchmarking Regions'use of assessment methods not at all seldom regularly

%Foresight Peer reviews Expert assessments SWOT analyses International benchmarking Countries'use of assessment methods not at all seldom regularly

ï Various kinds of technological effort which induce further accumulation of techno -logical capabilities, such as formal and informal Rand D, formal and informal (on-the

Computers that do not really help to raise the quality of education DDT, a substance that fails to free the world of famine,

A novel approach to national technological accumulation and absorptive capacity Aggregating cohen and levinthal. The European Journal of Development Research 20 (1): 56

Graduate school of Management and Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, December 30 1992), http://crito. uci. edu/papers/1993/pac-005. pdf

Graduate school of Management and Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, April 13, 2001 http://www. crito. uci. edu/git/publications/pdf/pac-037d. pdf

on innovative teaching and learning practices and their impact on learning outcomes. Such evidence-based research,

is envisioned in the study programme. 149 60.4 4. Encouraging the regular update of learning content and curricula based on research

examination, certification and accreditation strategies in order to allow innovative teaching and learning practices to further be implemented and mainstreamed (Table 4

certification and accreditation strategies in order to allow innovative teaching and learning practices to be implemented further and mainstreamed

what is envisioned in the study programme Promoting curriculum development that leaves room for teachers to work in small

and noise on learning outcomes 11a. If you have additional policy recommendations concerning infrastructure, please write them down

study programme 0. 7 3. 4 2. 0 11.4 22.1 26.8 33.6 60.4 Encouraging the regular update of learning content and

in the study programme 5. 59 1. 5 68 5. 78 1. 1 32 5. 93

potential privacy concerns) or of peer reviews that can hone and improve the analyses. Instead consumers of such research have no option but

This index is calculated as an accumulation of three factors ï online services (estimated in terms of the%of use of online services depending on the 4 degrees

à Provide link between academic evaluation and evaluation reports (more professional, consultancy based, etc à Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills

accreditations to deal with the risks of cyber threat, fraud and other security threats 6 Part One NHS Prescription Services:

manager and Capita, who hold current ISO 20000 accreditation, a recognised service management standard. The Capita contract is in its third year

accreditations to deal with the risks of cyber threat and fraud and other security threats Technology

standards (accreditation) in a cost-effective manner and its security controls ensure the confidentiality, availability and integrity of data.

inquiries, but also make business processes and knowledge accumulation more efficient. All personnel can share valuable business knowledge and experience, once entered into the office computer, simultaneously

http://www. iwf. org. uk/members/funding-council/code of practice-practice 41 •In The netherlands, ISPS, national enforcement authorities and associations of right

-and-takedown code of conduct for all content that is punishable or unlawful; 128 •In December 2009 several French internet platforms and right holders agreed on a

Typical trustmark systems consist of an accreditation mechanism with an independent supervisor for an online trader to meet the trustmark's requirements (including

The Interdisciplinary studies Journal (ISJ Special issue on Smart Cities, Vol. 3, No. 4, pages 331

-ing to the external review ordered by the Euro -pean Commission (13), the main areas for improve

The ï rst component reï ects the practices of employee involvement, external involve -ment and external networking.

The ï rst component reï ects the practices of employee involvement, external involve -ment and external networking.

-riod, probably a manifestation of the accumulation of weaknesses It is highly informative to examine the identity of

2008, and there are now five graduate schools specialising in the venture business. However, figures for 2009 may indicate a decline caused by the worldwide economic crisis

Number of graduate schools for venture business 0 5 Venture capital in 100 mio KRW New venture investments 7, 870 12,041

Graduate school of Business, SPRIE and STVP Available at http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF ENTREPRENEURSHIP REPORT 2011. pdf

2008, and there are now five graduate schools specialising in the venture business. However, figures for 2009 may indicate a decline caused by the worldwide economic crisis

Number of graduate schools for venture business 0 5 Venture capital in 100 mio KRW New venture investments 7, 870 12,041

Graduate school of Business, SPRIE and STVP Available at http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF ENTREPRENEURSHIP REPORT 2011. pdf

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