European credit transfer and accumulation system

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European credit transfer and accumulation system (76)

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S. Firms Size of Ball Reï ects Amount in US$ of R&d Expenditure Novartis Roche Sanofi-Aventis GSK Astrazeneca Pfizer Merck Johnson & johnson Lillybms

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G#5v 4056 European credit transfer and accumulation system 0#6#ects European credit transfer and accumulation system 0#6#european credit transfer and accumulation system European credit transfer and accumulation system 0#6#european credit transfer system European credit transfer and accumulation system

G#4v 4057 Study programme G#5v 4058 Doctoral programme 0#6#doctoral program Doctoral programme 0#6#doctoral programme Doctoral programme

G#5v 4059 Full-time study 0#6#full-time study Full-time study G#5v 4060 Graduate programmes 0#6#graduate program Graduate programmes

0#6#graduate programme Graduate programmes 0#6#graduate school Graduate programmes G#5v 4061 Interdisciplinary study 0#6#interdisciplinary study Interdisciplinary study

ECTS), are important gateways of critical knowledge and information (Giuliani & Bell, 2005 Thus while ICTS may generate critical location-driven synergies,

ECTS complement them by bringing in diverse, novel knowledge inputs 4 From a resource based view (RBV) the network encompassing ICTS and ECTS of a firm can

be seen as its resource pool, contributing to the firm†s technical know-how, trade contacts, and

This is particularly true for ECTS because assimilating knowledge elements from non-local partners requires distinct capabilities to those

and maintain ECTS, to take chances with these ties, and to proactively uncover new opportunities (Covin & Miles, 1999).

examine their specific roles in generating innovative gains through ICTS and ECTS Proactiveness represents a â€oefirst mover†orientation of the firm,

an indirect effect on innovation through ICTS and ECTS, while risk taking affects innovation directly, as well as by reinforcing the positive innovation effect of a firm†s ties

Such ties (ECTS) not only bring new insights to a firm, but also enable it to think out of the box such that the firm is able to adopt new

firm that makes little investments in its ECTS. While both ICTS and ECTS carry risks, the risks

associated with the latter are likely to be higher due to the relatively higher differences in business practices, norms and such like between the partners.

risk taking may also be higher in respect to ECTS, given the potentially novel and non-redundant

ties (ECTS. We argue that ICTS and ECTS can be the sources of distinct knowledge.

Therefore we see that ICT and ECT development should be treated as an investment that enhances

ECTS are looked upon for advice and up to date knowledge by fellow firms who do not maintain

with its ICTS with ECTS that bring in information and knowledge that is locally not available Bathelt, 2004;

Interplay of ICTS and ECTS with Entrepreneurial Orientation To be successful, a firm must possess a certain ability to continually build

that emphasize the importance of ICTS and ECTS (Giuliani & Bell, 2005) and the literature on

of proactiveness and risk taking in relation to a firm†s ICTS and ECTS. However, prior literature

influences of proactiveness and risk taking on a firm†s network ties (ICTS and ECTS) in the

The Mediating Roles of ICTS and ECTS We argue that proactiveness contributes to a firm†s innovative performance indirectly through

the firm†s ICTS and ECTS because firms with high levels of proactiveness find opportunities

The resulting ICTS and ECTS therefore represent an important resource for the firm (Eisenhardt & Schoonhoven, 1996), with more such ties providing access to potentially

through its effect on ICTS and ECTS H1a. The effect of a firm†s proactiveness on innovative performance is mediated by its intra

How Does Risk Taking Moderate the Effect ICTS and ECTS on Innovative performance Establishing network ties do not necessarily mean that a firm is fully tapping into the

effective use of firms†ICTS and ECTS. When ICTS and ECTS are supported by an adequate

degree of risk taking though investment of time, money, and effort, the rate of innovation will

The interplay between risk taking on the one hand and ICTS and ECTS on the other can contribute to innovation, right from the discovery of an opportunity or the conception of an idea

and ECTS. Within a cluster there is certain degree of mutual interdependence, implying that 11 firms need to honor their commitments

taking less salient for ICTS compared to for ECTS. We therefore propose the following two

ties (both ICTS and ECTS) on innovative performance H2b. A firm†s risk-taking orientation has a greater moderating effect on the impact of its

ECTS, compared to its ICTS, on innovative performance Hypothesized Research Model Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework that explains the relationships proposed in our

hypotheses, depicting how the interplay between ICTS, ECTS, proactiveness and risk taking affects innovation Figure 1 Innovative performance and the interplay between ICTS, ECTS, Proactiveness and Risk-Taking

METHODS Proactiveness Intra-cluster ties Extra-cluster ties Innovation Risk taking H1a H1b H1a H1b

so ICTS and ECTS constitute key resources for the firms Biggs & Messerschmidt, 2005 Research Design and Data Collection

and ECTS by determining the number of partners with which the producers interact (Giuliani & Bell, 2005.

We constructed ICTS and ECTS variables as the number of a firm†s diverse set of partners, such as suppliers, distributors

while that of ECTS is much smaller at about 5. Correlation coefficients are all within acceptable limits, further

while ECTS may be mediating the effect of proactiveness on innovative performance, ICTS may not be playing such a role.

n s.).This confirms that ECTS fully mediates the effect of proactiveness on innovative performance, in support of our hypothesis 1b.

whether risk taking moderates the effect of ICTS and ECTS on innovative performance, we added to the variables in model 4, the interaction terms ICT x Risk taking and

firm†s ECTS, compared to its ICTS, on innovative performance. Coming to the results on control

Figure 2 The Moderating Effect of Risk-Taking on the Relationship between ECTS and Innovative

effect of ECTS on innovative performance. It shows the predicted innovative performance across a range (from low to high) of ECTS for high-and low-risk taking firms.

The horizontal axis measures the number of ECTS, and the dotted and solid lines respectively represent firms with

high and low risk taking. Both lines have a positive slope indicating the positive effect of ECTS

on innovative performance. However, the slope of the dotted line is much more steep than that of

the other line, underscoring that risk taking substantially moderates the impact of ECTS on innovative performance.

from increasing the number of their ECTS Robustness checks In addition to the tests described earlier, we conducted further tests to conclude that the

importantly, ECTS (Giuliani & Bell, 2005. We argued that the EO traits of risk taking and

proactiveness interact differently with a firm†s ICTS and ECTS. On the one hand, proactiveness is likely to influence innovative performance indirectly through the creation of a firm†s ICTS and

ECTS. Risk taking on the other hand positively moderates the impact of ICTS and ECTS We empirically tested our conjectures on a sample of 120 SMES in a creative-industry

manufacturing cluster in an emerging economy, Indonesia. Our analysis, based on primary data collected through interviews

found that ECTS mediate the proactive orientation of firms. A proactive-oriented firm is particularly adept at seeking resources from outside its cluster, increasing the diversity and

though ECTS We found that risk taking strengthens the relationship between ECTS and innovative performance.

For SMES in particular, external knowledge is a key source of innovation (Jacob & Szirmai, 2007;

their ECTS such that they are able to draw potentially valuable external resources. We however found that risk taking negatively moderates the effect of ICT on innovative performance.

network of ICTS and ECTS, encompassing suppliers, distributors, government agencies, research centers, financial institutions, and universities. In future research we hope to explore the

Provider Programmetitle NFQLEVEL ECTS Years Iot Carlow Certificate in Computer systems Level 6 60 1 Iot Carlow Certificate in Mechanical engineering Level 6 60 1

The ï rst component reï ects the practices of employee involvement, external involve -ment and external networking.

The ï rst component reï ects the practices of employee involvement, external involve -ment and external networking.

mechanisms and eff ects (Salter and Martin 2001). ) The usual classifi cations from the OECD

†Analysis of Chain-link Eff ects of Public Policy Eff ects on Research and Industry in Swedish Life sciences within Innovative Food and Medical

Technologyâ€. Report for the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems. VINNOVA report series available at www. vinnova. se

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