Pachyderm

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Mammal (10)
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Pachyderm (93)
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Synopsis: 4.4. animals: Mammals: Pachyderm:

he and other scientists are dreaming up ambitious plans to resurrect long-dead animals from pigeons to Tasmanian tigers and wooly mammoths.

As a first step, Ryder and a team of stem cell scientists have reprogrammed the skin cells from a northern white rhinoceroses named Fatu, one of seven still alive,

I can think of that would prevent the extinction of the northern white rhino, Â Ryder says.

Flash-frozen remains of wooly mammoths have been found preserved under the Siberian permafrost, and scientists hope their bones could be a source of DNA-containing marrow cells for cloning.

and predicted they would be able to clone a mammoth within 5 years. They hope to insert nuclei from the mammoth cells into egg cells from its closest living relative, the elephant,

and carry the mammoth embryo in an elephant's womb. However, some scientists have cast doubt about

whether this is possible. Hendrik Poinar, a palaeo-geneticist at Mcmaster University in Hamilton, Canada, and his team have uncovered similarly well-preserved mammoth bones and never found viable cells or nuclei."

"The likelihood of finding an intact cell that can be rejigged to life oe it's not that it's an impossibility oe

 Poinar says that genome engineering offers a more realistic shot at resurrecting woolly mammoths and other long-extinct species. Ten thousand-year-old cells and their nuclei may be degraded too to be used in cloning,

the code of a woolly mammoth's genome differs from an African elephant's by roughly 240,000 DNA letters out of a total of 4 billion,

An elephant ips cell engineered to contain those mutations would theoretically be capable of producing woolly mammoth sperm.

the woolly mammoth stem cells could be implanted besides an elephant embryo early in development, producing a chimera animal with some tissues made from elephant cells and others from mammoths.

In some individuals the mammoth cells would contribute to sperm or eggs, and these cells be used to create a genuine mammoth through IVF.

In the absence of a living mammoth, scientists are reconstructing some of its most vital components from DNA fragments to discover how it adapted to life at subzero temperatures.

Scientists could go one step further and test woolly mammoth red blood cells made from ips cells, Poinar says.

Reality check If the idea of mammoths roaming the Earth still sounds a bit farfetched, it should.

Resurrecting a mammoth or indeed any extinct species would require a dizzying list of technological leaps in genome engineering, reproductive biology,

and asked Poinar to quit his academic job and work full time on bringing back woolly mammoths.

 Harvard's Church says his goal is not necessarily to fill the planet with mammoths

"If there's enough people enthusiastic about bringing an extinct species like a mammoth or passenger pigeon,

But this is the kind of technology that one would use to bring back Neanderthals or, for that matter, mammoths, when their actual DNA is lost to time.

or an elephant (in the case of the mammoth) to match a prehistoric relative. If you want to bring back ice age animals,

and the woolly mammoth (extinct over 3, 000 years ago) roaming the earth again? It will probably come as a surprise to most to learn that the first revival of an extinct species has occurred already.

when he recommended the slaughter of 40,000 elephants to help prevent desertification, only later to realize that elephant grazing itself was highly beneficial to thwart the encroachment of the desert.

Brand ended his talk with, #oehumans made a huge hole in nature, and we have a moral obligation to repair the damage.#

whether it s elephants in Africa or Hereford cows in Las Cruces, New mexico. You will have seen this,

#Cold war Nuclear Radiation Creates Anti-Poaching Tool (ISNS)--Radioactive carbon atoms created during 20th-century nuclear bomb tests could help save elephants

In their new study Uno and his team tested the radiocarbon dating technique on the tusks of two elephants that died in 2006 and 2008 as well as elephant and hippo teeth monkey hair and oryx horn.

when an elephant died. Currently the radiocarbon test costs about $500 and takes about one month to complete.

and comes at a crucial time for elephants which are being slaughtered at a rate that could drive them to extinction this century.

For example if used in combination with other methods that use DNA to determine the geographical origin of an ivory sample the carbon-14 dating technique could help investigators determine how recently hotspots for elephant poaching have been active.

#How Bomb Tests Could Date Elephant Ivory Bomb tests generations ago could indirectly help fight illegal poaching of African elephants new research shows.

and then deposited in the bodies of herbivores like African elephants. By looking at the levels of this carbon isotope known as carbon-14 in elephant tusks and ivory researchers can find out how old they are.

In the United states for example ivory taken prior to a 1989 worldwide ban on African elephant tusks may be traded legally

while new ivory is illegal to traffic said Kevin Uno a researcher at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University in New york. I don't necessarily think this will save the elephants

but it's a critical tool to fight poaching of elephants said Uno co-author of a study detailing the technique published today (July 1) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The best way to stop the killing of elephants is to identify the major poaching hotspots

Elephant Images: The Biggest Beasts On land Poaching getting worse Poaching of African elephants is as bad as it's ever been

and getting worse Uno said. There were an estimated 46.5 tons (42200 kilograms) of ivory seized in 2011 with even higher numbers suspected in 2012 Wasser said.

That suggests as many as 50000 elephants were killed to provide the ivory seized in 2011. With a total population of 400000 elephants this is a very serious situation Wasser said.

In other words if the rate of poaching isn't slowed African elephants could be gone mostly within 10 years.

Trafficking is carried out in part by large criminal networks and is a multibillion-dollar industry. It's driven largely by demand in China for ivory and rhino horns

which are valued for the supposed medicinal benefits. The United states also is a destination for illegal ivory according to the study.

Two things must be done to stop poaching said Richard Ruggiero an expert on elephant poaching with the U s. Fish

Secondly we need to be much better at providing security for elephants to assure detection apprehension

The passenger pigeon the dodo and the woolly mammoth are just a few of the species wiped off the Earth by changing environments and human activities.

Woolly mammoths next? Other scientists dream of bringing back a beast that roamed the Earth hundreds of thousands of years ago:

the woolly mammoth. Well-preserved mammoths have been dug out of the Siberian tundra containing bone marrow skin hair and fat.

If a living mammoth cell were found it could be grown in a lab and coaxed to form an embryo.

The embryo could be implanted into the closest living relative of mammoths an elephant which would give birth to a baby mammoth.

Images: 25 Amazing Ancient Beasts Finding a living mammoth cell is very unlikely. But South korean biomedical engineer Insung Hwang hopes to find just a cell nucleus and produce a clone from it like Dolly the sheep.

The nucleus would be implanted into an elephant egg whose nucleus had been removed. But this is no easy feat no one has harvested yet successfully an elephant egg.

The challenges aren't trifling. Even if researchers succeed in creating a mammoth passenger pigeon or other extinct creature it has to survive in the wild.

or woolly mammoth has a strong appeal to the public's imagination Temple said. But the species that are hyped often don't meet those criteria at all he said.

when woolly mammoths existed. Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitter and Google+.+Â Follow us@livescience Facebook & Google+.

and infrared goggles to kill elephants in the dead of night. What if unmanned arial vehicle (UAV) developers could imagine their inventions through the eyes of conservation field staff?

Already authorities are using fixed-wing conservation UAVS to successfully keep track of hard-to-see rhinos in Nepal

and to monitor elephant habitat and prevent the illegal expansion of palm oil plantations in Sumatra.

providing future generations with the awe that comes from knowing that iconic animals like elephants rhinos

ranges of animals such as the tiger elephant rhino and orangutan; and floral diversity according to a statement from Eyes on the Forest.

Although the long time between satellite images makes it difficult to actively search for threats to tigers he said Google technology has been helpful in illustrating the pace of deforestation in the region and its effects on tiger and elephant habitat.

Elephant tracks Despite many efforts to curb elephant poaching including a 1989 agreement among CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

since the 1980s when an estimated 100000 African elephants were killed each year by poachers these massive mammals face additional threats posed by human activities such as commercial logging

Save the Elephants a Kenya-based organization dedicated to elephant protection and research is using Google technologies to help protect elephants from some of these dangers.

The group uses GPS collars to track elephants in Africa providing the organization with live detailed information about the animals'location and movements.

Save the Elephants then uses Google earth to visualize all of the data: By leveraging the application's satellite imagery researchers can zoom in on certain regions to follow the elephants in real time.

We've been using Google earth as a very easy way to find out what our elephants are up to

and where they are going Save the Elephants founder Iain Douglas-Hamilton said in a video hosted on Google's Outreach page.

It links in perfectly to our remote tracking system so the information is a continuous stream of the elephants'whereabouts.

The real-time updates and alerts are delivered via Save the Elephants'ios and Android apps to researchers in the field or via Google earth to be viewed in more detail on a computer.

With knowledge of the elephants'routes the organization can better protect the animals from poachers

and other dangers and help take action if a threat is detected Douglas-Hamilton said. 12 Strangest Sights on Google earth

When an elephant stops moving we can then send a Google earth file indicating the place where the elephant is stopped he said.

Then the Kenyan Wildlife Service can send out a patrol to go out and investigate. We're at a crucial stage now where we can act

Sunarto a tiger and elephant specialist with World Wildlife Fund-Indonesia collaborated on the paper with Kelly Professor Emeritus Michael Vaughan

In its perfect crystalline form graphene (a one-atom-thick carbon layer) is the strongest material ever measured as the Columbia Engineering team reported in Science in 2008--so strong that as Hone observed it would take an elephant balanced on a pencil to break through a sheet

Also known as elephant grass miscanthus is one of a new generation of renewable energy crops that can be converted into renewable energy by being burned in biomass power stations.

Scientific efforts to resurrect mammoths and other extinct species through cloning technology point toward a cheaper solution,

Russian and Japanese scientists announced early in December that they hoped to clone a mammoth within five years,

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