Microorganisms

Archaea (11)
Bacteria (101)
Microorganism (35)
Parasite (7)
Virus (6)

Synopsis: Microorganisms:

and their leaf litter feeds the acidic soils that nurture networks of microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria,

Indeed, architects are already proposing that microorganisms may power our cities. For example, Alberto Estevez's Genetic Barcelona proposes using synthetic biology techniques

In the near future our buildings may also be grown by industrial-strength microorganisms. Some of these may form the basis of self-healing materials such as, Henk Jonkers'biocrete,

where bacteria are mixed into traditional cement and form solid plugs when activated by water that seeps in from fine cracks in the material.

Larsson's plan involves harnessing the metabolic powers of a sand-particle-fixing species of bacteria to produce sandstone

the value of harnessing the transformational powers of communities of microorganisms, called bioprocessing, is being realised in wastewater gardens.

These may be thought of as bacterial cities within our own, which are fed with and transform our waste organic matter into useful substances.

the bacteria grows to a point where it just goes bad. He then stops and chuckles, admitting he never really expected to know so much,

However, this is not the only way of increasing photosynthesis. Scientists are also exploring the idea that genes from the ancestors of modern-day plants might boost the ability of crops to harness the sun. It is well known that primitive plants known as cyanobacteria have a talent

they achieved a 20%increase in tobacco plants after adding a single cyanobacteria gene called inorganic carbon transporter B (Ictb.

which has been engineered with genes from daffodils and bacteria to produce beta-carotene, a nutrient that the body can convert into Vitamin a.

A multibillion-dollar bailout and Wall street s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers

and identify whether malarial parasites are present. In October 2011, Ford demonstrated three SYNC apps offering in-car health monitoring for drivers to track chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma and hay fever.

The need for better traceability became clear after a national outbreak of salmonella illness in spring 2008 that sickened more than 1, 300 people across the country.

when it detects bacteria associated with plaque buildup, cavities or infection. It could also notify your dentist,

the researchers have used already it to identify bacteria in saliva associated with stomach ulcers and cancers.

and turn a color#orange, say, for E coli. Then you could knock it out with a stronger disinfectant. 27.

when a parasite is detected in water; goats with spider genes that produce super-strength silk in their milk;

and synthetic bacteria that decompose trash and break down oil spills and other contaminated waste at a rapid pace.

and helping conduct research on how to rewrite the metabolic pathways of microorganisms to produce useful substances.

a soya bean equipped with a bacterial gene that allows it to tolerate a Monsanto-made glyphosphate herbicide known as Roundup.

Bacteria that uses a tiny molecular machine to kill attacking viruses could change the way that scientists edit the DNA of plants,

and the engineering of energy-producing microbes, #says Luciano Marraffini of Rockefeller University. The biotech revolution that created drugs like EPO for anemia

The ability to make modular changes in the DNA of bacteria and primitive algae has resulted in drug and biofuel companies such as Amyris and LS9.

The bacteria used to culture milk are particularly prone to becoming infected with viruses that kill them, lowering productivity.

For decades, researchers had realized that bacteria had strange, repeating patterns of DNA sequence scattered throughout their DNA, known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR).

The bacteria were keeping track of telltale bits of genetic code from viruses that might try to infect them,

Horvath recognized that this knowledge could be used to create bacteria that were more resistant to infection,

somehow the bacteria had the ability to target specific bits of genetic code. If scientists could harness that,

Horvath and Barrangou s paper set off a race to figure out what the bacteria s mysterious secret weapon was.

they found that the bacteria combined Cas9 with genetic material to create#oehoming molecules#that attack viruses.

Bacteria, like human beings and almost every other living thing, keeps its genetic code in a library of DNA molecules.

and it teems with earthworms beneficial insects and microorganisms. The change is due to several key farming practices including cover cropping and no-till farming

Also reducing the accumulation of bacteria and other microbes in medical tubing could greatly reduce a patient's risk of infection.

We are investigating methods to fabricate rice leaf and butterfly wing-inspired films for applications requiring low drag self-cleaning

PHA is a biodegradable polyester that is produced naturally inside some bacteria under the conditions of excess carbon and limited nutrient availability.

Researchers are developing processes to make PHA at a commercial scale typically involving bacteria strains that have been modified genetically to boost production

The microorganisms feed on the plant-derived sugars and produce PHA. The PHA is separated then from the bacteria

and made into pellets that can be molded into plastic products. However that approach has several shortcomings:

Mango Materials'process uses bacteria grown in fermenters to transform methane and oxygen along with added nutrients (to supply excess carbon) into PHA.

Eventually the PHA-rich bacteria now literally swollen with PHA granules are removed from the fermenters

and the valuable polymer is separated via proprietary techniques from the bacteria. The PHA is rinsed then cleaned

In addition the process relies on a mixed community of wild bacteria that are obtained through natural selection rather than genetic engineering Using wild bacteria that are altered not genetically alleviates some people's concerns about genetically modified organisms.

And the use of a mixed community of wild bacteria reduces production costs because it eliminates the need to sterilize equipment.

and gasoline-producing bacterial reactors to new methods for making light-emitting diodes and synthetic enzymes for capturing carbon dioxide from industrial emissions.

coaxing digesting bacteria to work harder and longer and to produce new hydrocarbon products. It's not a lack of interest or a lack of feedstock or anything like that,

caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, can trigger abortions in goats and sheep and cause flu-like symptoms and sometimes pneumonia in humans.

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens which can cause tumours on plants shuttled foreign genes into plant genomes.

Developers then used genetic control elements derived from pathogenic plant viruses such as the cauliflower mosaic virus to switch on the genes.

And Agrobacterium is not essential either; foreign genes can be fired into plant cells on metal particles shot from a'gene gun'.

Now we can foresee this loophole getting wider and wider as companies turn more to plants and away from bacteria and other plant-pest organisms.

Nevertheless, Agrobacterium is still industry's tool of choice for shuttling in foreign genes, says Johan Botterman, head of product research at Bayer Bioscience in Ghent, Belgium.

But Agrobacterium isn't suitable for some new techniques. Many companies are developing'mini-chromosomes'that can function in a plant cell without needing to be integrated into the plant's genome.

unlike the near-random scattering generated by Agrobacterium. In 2009 researchers at Dow Agrosciences in Indianapolis, Indiana,

prevented food from being contaminated with dangerous bacteria, bolstered surveillance used to detect contamination problems earlier,

from seeds to microbes, prompting them to revisit terminator-like technology.""If I were at Monsanto and

That is the strategy of Ginkgo Bioworks, a four-year-old synthetic biology company in Boston, Massachusetts, that develops made-to-order microbes to churn out marketable chemicals.

Founder Jason Kelly says that the company plans to charge customers on the basis of how much they use the microbes.

Schouten argues that his product should not be regulated in the same way as genetically modified (GM CROPS that are engineered with bacterial or VIRAL DNA.

At that time, GM CROPS were engineered nearly always using Agrobacterium tumefaciens a bacterial pest that can insert DNA into plant genomes.

In 2011, APHIS regulators announced that a herbicide-tolerant Kentucky bluegrass would not fall under their purview,

because the lawn-and-garden company developing it did not use Agrobacterium or any other plant-pest DNA to engineer the grass.

is trying to use genes from grape varieties to engineer a wine grape that is resistant to Pierce s disease a condition caused by a bacterium that has made it difficult to grow wine grapes in the state.

He notes that Agrobacterium inserts genes more efficiently than the gene-gun method. Although zinc-fingers are appealing for their specificity

This was used because he Agrobacterium to insert the genes it did not matter to regulators that no trace of Agrobacterium DNA remained in his plants.

Now some bacteria or virus that infect humans on earth take a long time to actually show up

Sadly this gives this type of bacteria or virus the strong ability to spread across humanity.

The workers of the moon eventually come back home to earth and spread across the earth these new bacteria.

My question to you is do you have antibiotics that kill resistant bacteria's and viruses?

and bacteria to deliver the genes into the corn so that it can produce Delta Endotoxin.

A study was published recently examining adverse effects of Bacillus thuringensis (aka the Bt toxin) that Monsanto builds into their corn and soy.

and his team had reconfigured a Hewlett-packard Deskjet 550c to print with E coli bacteria. Then they graduated to larger mammalian cells farmed from Chinese hamsters and lab rats.

Although some microorganisms living in the Earth's crust would survive the majority of life would enjoy only a brief post-sun existence.

Certain strains of bacteria the kind that live in the dirt may live longer perhaps indefinitely.

In fact it saves lives by preventing deadly bacteria from forming. Nuclear radiation is used safely countless times every day in numerous ways in medical and diagnostic procedures on humans;

The land of the jungle where the mosquito sang her weird song of death unmolested for four hundred years vying with the germs of dysentery typhoid fever and pneumonia in the destruction of human life;

and the water supply is polluted and pregnant with disease germs. This is the condition of things now in the surrounding country

#New vaccine against lung diseases in goats and sheepan intranasal spray was developed using local isolated bacterium in Malaysia

and it was found to provide better protection against infections by Mannheimia haemolytica bacterium than imported vaccines.

or respiratory diseases of goats and sheep caused by bacteria. It was developed and produced using sophisticated recombinant technology

which unlike the imported vaccines has been demonstrated to provide protection against bacterium infection in the small ruminants like goats and sheep.

Therefore STVAC7 was developed using local isolated bacterium that was found to be able to provide protection against infections by Mannheimia haemolytica bacterium A2 A7 and A9.

Prof Zamri said the pneumonic diseases brought about by the bacterium usually caused a mortality rate of 30%during the rainy season

The method published under the title Transmitting Plant viruses Using Whiteflies is applicable to such at-risk crops as tomatoes and common bean plants.

and her colleagues write that numerous genera of whitefly-transmitted plant viruses (such as Begomovirus Carlavirus Crinivirus Ipomovirus Torradovirus) are part of an emerging and economically significant group of pathogens affecting important food

This insects alongside some fungi bacteria and viruses cause annual loses of between four and ten percent of all the stored grains worldwide mainly corn wheat sorghum rice and beans.

However only a very small number of plants most notably legumes (such as peas beans and lentils) have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere with the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria.

Professor Edward Cocking Director of The University of Nottingham's Centre for Crop Nitrogen fixation has developed a unique method of putting nitrogen-fixing bacteria into the cells of plant roots.

when he found a specific strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in sugar-cane which he discovered could intracellularly colonise all major crop plants.

It is a naturally occurring nitrogen fixing bacteria which takes up and uses nitrogen from the air.

Plant seeds are coated with these bacteria in order to create a symbiotic mutually beneficial relationship and naturally produce nitrogen.

The solar steam sterilization system uses nanomaterials to convert as much as 80 percent of the energy in sunlight into germ-killing heat.

and pressure created by the steam were sufficient to kill not just living microbes but also spores and viruses.

In the PNAS study standard tests for sterilization showed the solar steam autoclave could kill even the most heat-resistant microbes.

At the same time the pathogens in wastewater such as viruses fungi and bacteria could destroy the algae themselves

and safer wastewater reuse (e g. photocatalytically-enhanced disinfection biofouling-resistant membranes and biofilm-and corrosion-resistant surfaces).

Therefore it is important to understand how engineered nanoparticles interact with microorganisms which form the basis of all known ecosystems

The biocatalysts used to release the hydrogen are a group of enzymes artificially isolated from different microorganisms that thrive at extreme temperatures some

The natural or engineered microorganisms that most scientists use in their experiments cannot produce hydrogen in high yield

because these microorganisms grow and reproduce instead of splitting water molecules to yield pure hydrogen. To liberate the hydrogen Virginia Tech scientists separated a number of enzymes from their native microorganisms to create a customized enzyme cocktail that does not occur in nature.

The enzymes when combined with xylose and a polyphosphate liberate the unprecedentedly high volume of hydrogen from xylose resulting in the production of about three times as much hydrogen as other hydrogen-producing microorganisms.

The energy stored in xylose splits water molecules yielding high-purity hydrogen that can be utilized directly by proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

This phenomenon is known as parasitic power loss and it will drive up the cost of electricity by lowering the amount of electricity a plant can produce for sale.

and the use of waste heat--can reduce parasitic power loss from about 35 percent to around 25 percent.

and a single integrated column that the team hopes can further economize CO2 capture by increasing efficiency and reducing parasitic power loss.

#Lack of energy an enemy to antibiotic-resistant microbesrice University researchers cured a strain of bacteria of its ability to resist an antibiotic in an experiment that has implications for a longstanding public health crisis. Rice environmental engineer Pedro Alvarez

and his team managed to remove the ability of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganism to resist the antibiotic medication tetracycline by limiting its access to food and oxygen.

Over 120 generations the starving bacteria chose to conserve valuable energy rather than use it to pass on the plasmid--a small

A lot of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria originate in animal agriculture where there is overuse misuse and abuse of antibiotics.

We started with the hypothesis that microbes don't like to carry excess baggage he said. That means they will drop genes they're not using

The Rice researchers tested their theory on two strains of bacteria P. aeruginosa which is found in soil

and E coli which carries resistant genes directly from animals through their feces into the environment.

and/or oxygen through successive generations they found that in the absence of tetracycline both microbes dumped the resistance plasmid though not entirely in the case of E coli.

When a high level of tetracycline was present both microbes retained a level of resistance One long-recognized problem with antibiotics is that they tend to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory.

If any antibiotic-resistant bacteria are part of a biological mix whether in a person an animal or in the environment the weak microbes will die

and the resistant will survive and propagate; this process is known by biologists as selective pressure.

So there is incentive to eliminate the resistance plasmid from bacteria in the environment as close to the source as possible.

That may not kill the bacteria but it's enough to have bacteria notice a deficiency in their ability to obtain energy from the environment and feel the stress to dump resistant genes.

Alvarez has been chipping away at the problem since moving to Rice from the University of Iowa in 2004 even without American funding for research.

Microorganisms in the rumen--the largest chamber in the cow's stomach--modify most of the ingested fats and turn them into saturated fats.

A dairy cow becomes restless four hours after it contracts bacterial mastitis. Simultaneously the other symptoms of a steadily progressing inflammation such as increased body temperature

Vierstra previously determined the structure of a similar phytochrome from light-sensing bacteria which guided his work in plants.

and the University of California Berkeley has discovered that a process that turns on photosynthesis in plants likely developed On earth in ancient microbes 2. 5 billion years ago long before oxygen became available.

This research concerns methane-forming archaea a group of microbes known as methanogens which live in areas where oxygen is absent.

This innovative work demonstrates the importance of a new global regulatory system in methanogens said William Whitman a professor of microbiology at the University of Georgia who is familiar with the study

Understanding this system will provide the tools to use these economically important microorganisms better. Methanogens play a key role in carbon cycling.

When plants die some of their biomass is trapped in areas that are devoid of oxygen such as the bottom of lakes.

Methanogens help convert the residual biological material to methane which other organisms convert to carbon dioxide--a product that can be used by plants.

Methanogens also play an important role in agriculture and human health They live in the digestive systems of cattle

Efforts to control methanogens in specific ways may improve feed utilization and enhance the production of meat

Methanogens are additionally a factor in human nutrition. The organisms live in the large intestine where they enhance the breakdown of food.

Some have proposed that restricting this activity of methanogens could help alleviate obesity. The team investigated an ancient type of methanogen Methanocaldococcus jannaschii

which lives in deep-sea hydrothermal vents or volcanoes where environmental conditions mimic those that existed on the early Earth.

Since methanogens developed before oxygen appeared on earth the evidence raises the possibility that thioredoxin-based metabolic regulation could have come into play for managing anaerobic life long before the advent of oxygen.

#Electrical generator uses bacterial spores to harness power of evaporating watera new type of electrical generator uses bacterial spores to harness the untapped power of evaporating water according to research conducted at the Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired

A soil bacterium called Bacillus subtilis wrinkles as it dries out like a grape becoming a raisin forming a tough dormant spore.

The last thing they need to be introducing into their system are extra toxins and parasites.

like the microbes. What won survive are many of the animals we care about, and our civilization.

and bacteria are the two most important biofuel technologies of the 21st century. As a replacement for oil, algae is extremely practical,

In a period of ten weeks the team created a bacteria, Auxin, that they believed would be useful in solving desertification

They engineered E coli bacteria to contain sets of genes with growth hormone and also with malate, a root detector.

The bacteria were able to swim towards roots, become absorbed by the roots, and then release hormones to stimulate growth.

Jay Keasling, says that oeanything that can be made in a plant can now be made in a microbe.

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