Gases

Gas (143)
Liquid gas (3)
Natural gas (72)

Synopsis: Chemistry & chemical compounds: Gases:

Meanwhile, Shell is preparing to anchor the world's largest floating offshore structure oe  the Prelude Floating Liquefied Natural gas facility oe  off Australia's northwest coast in 2014.

and will produce the natural gas equivalent of 100,000 barrels of oil per day. While few groups could afford to build a floating city capable of weathering such storms

And what is Shell going to do with Prelude once all the natural gas runs out? Â The infrastructure for a marine community will be waiting to be used.

A key part of this grand ambition lies in the lines of test tubes frozen in liquid nitrogen in a Californian zoo.

which are crucial to todays oil and gas exploration efforts. Agriculture is powered increasingly by software as well,

In some industries, particularly those with a heavy real-world component such as oil and gas, the software revolution is primarily an opportunity for incumbents.

The limited amount of oil and gas remaining are utilised still as energy source, but will only be used in niche industries where its unique combustible elements are still in demand.

as well as a gas used to make car tires. Other applications are being studied in the laboratory: biosensors that light up

It will use a donut-shaped magnetic field to contain gases that will reach temperatures comparable to those at the core of the sun, in excess of 150 million degrees C (270 million F),

The technology uses liquid nitrogen rather than liquid helium as a coolant, which lets the system run somewhere between 63 and 77 Kelvin (minus-321 to minus-346 Fahrenheit, the zone in

and stopping your gas-powered lawnmower by grabbing the spark plug barehanded. What we did was cannibalize a Hotshot that some people buy

They need to remove barriers for their competitors so they can join them in moving away from gas-fueled cars.

and ultimately it will need to be easier than owning a gas fueled car. In order for the laggardsthe most risk-averse group of allto come along,

and generate no greenhouse gases. So what s theâ power source? Human muscles. These vehicles are powered by the students legs and sometimes arms.

(4100 kilograms) of greenhouse-gas emissions would be avoided. If 5 percent of the U s. population were to switch from automobiles to human-powered vehicles for most of their trips the aggregate difference would be a reduction of 31 million tons (28 million metric tons) of greenhouse

gases and a savings of more than 3 billion gallons (11 billion liters) of gasoline. It is true that this represents a small fraction of total U s. greenhouse-gas emissions

but it is a significant tonnage nonetheless. Â Studies have shown that people who commute by bicycle live longer

What if we could reduce greenhouse gas emissions while replacing up to 30 percent of the world's plastics with a biodegradable substitute?

Scientists at Stanford university and a Palo alto Calif.-based start-up company called Mango Materials have come up with a new way to make PHA from waste methane gas.

After the products made from the PHA have reached the end of their useful life the plastic can be degraded anaerobically (without air) to produce methane gas.

By using methane gas as the feedstock we can significantly drive down costs of production Morse says.

A new landmark study in the journal Science found that the U s. Environmental protection agency's (EPA) inventory of greenhouse gases is undercounting total U s. methane emissions by roughly 50 percent.

In the years immediately after it's released methane is a potent greenhouse gas. It causes 86 times as much global warming over a 20-year period as carbon dioxide the single largest contributor to climate change.

At the same time that the scientific community is finding evidence that methane is being undercounted the newly released draft version of the U s. EPA's national greenhouse-gas emission inventory presents data showing that methane emissions from natural gas

The new draft inventory also revised downward estimates for past years because of new information about reduced emission well completions (the process that gets natural gas to start flowing) and other voluntary mitigation steps received from companies.

This treatment of methane emissions from natural gas is difficult to reconcile with the new Science study by Adam Brandt of Stanford university

The EPA greenhouse gas inventory uses data from bottom up studies to develop emission factors for different components of the entire natural gas system from production (extraction from the ground) to processing transmission and distribution.

These emission factors are part of an attempt to calculate representative quantities of pollution released with each of the activities that make up the natural gas system.

The emission factor is multiplied by the number of well completions of each type to estimate their contribution to total emissions from the natural gas system.

A limitation of the bottom-up studies upon which the EPA inventory relies is a requirement that researchers obtain access to natural-gas operations.

The current oil and gas boom has been unleashed by a wave of technological innovation allowing for cost-effective directional drilling hydraulic fracturing and other emerging techniques like acidizing.

Nature Newsozone experts are exploring ways to curb powerful greenhouse gases of their own making under the Montreal Protocol,

but are also powerful greenhouse gases. Although in this respect many are less potent than their predecessors,

As greenhouse gases, they are covered under the Kyoto Protocol, but many believe that they could be eliminated much faster

explicitly citing the potential to further reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The US Environmental protection agency says that the resulting greenhouse-gas reductions could equate to around 2. 6 billion tonnes of CO2,

akin to taking more than 68 million vehicles off the road for 30 years, depending on which chemicals fill the void.

Although they represent less than 1%of the greenhouse-gas forcing, HFC emissions are rising by about 15%per year,

which is 11,700 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas (M. Wara Nature 445,595-596;

By contrast, the Lieberman-Warner climate legislation introduced in the US Senate last year proposed a stricter phase-down for HFCS than for other greenhouse gases,

by applying either the treaty itself or its framework to other powerful greenhouse gases such as perfluorocarbons (PFCS) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), both

Emissions of both gases are limited to relatively small and specialized industrial sectors which lend themselves to the kinds of rapid technical assessment

Chemicals in early refrigerants contributed to the hole in Earth's ozone layer-->Â See also Correspondence'Time running out to deal with banks of greenhouse gases

Or what if the very possibility of using geoengineering to mitigate climate change gives political leaders cover to say that greenhouse gases aren't a problem?

-gas emissions 墉 largely approving commitments made in last year's Copenhagen Accord. See page 875 for more.

Hall (pictured) has made it clear that he will take a hard line against attempts to regulate greenhouse gases.

China long ago passed America as the leading emitter of greenhouse gases. Developed world emissions have leveled off

reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and produce the economically-attractive technologies that developing nations must have access to

and natural gas by 2035. Since taking office, electricity production from wind and solar sources has doubled already more than in the United states. We are boosting our use of cleaner fuels,

America has regained its position as the world s leading producer of natural gas. My administration is promoting the safe,

responsible development of America s near 100-year supply of natural gas that will help support more than 600,000 jobs.

but instead to facilitate responsible use of all energy sources from oil and coal and natural gas, to nuclear and hydropower and biofuels, to wind and Solar energy development, economic growth,

-and-trade system to limit greenhouse-gas emissions remains one of the key failures of Obama s first term.

Since then, her agency has developed the first US greenhouse-gas standards for vehicles, tightened air-quality standards and proposed emissions limits for power plants.

Christine Gregoire, Bob Perciasepe A former governor of Washington, Gregoire signed a 2010 law setting up greenhouse-gas reporting requirements

if unexpected, reduction in US greenhouse-gas emissions during his first term. The decline is in part a result of the economic slowdown and a shift in electricity production from coal to natural gas,

which has become cheap and plentiful in recent years. But policies have helped. These include federal greenhouse-gas standards for vehicles

As a next step, Obama s administration is expected to impose two greenhouse-gas regulations targeted at power plants

encouraging the shift towards natural gas. Other rules could target the oil and gas industry by limiting emissions from refineries and drilling sites.

But these piecemeal regulatory efforts will not be sufficient to reduce emissions by 83%by mid-century a target promised by Obama at the Copenhagen talks.

thus lowering greenhouse-gas emissions. Energy spending Investment in renewable energy technologies still falls short of the level needed to clean up the global energy system

"Its use produces greenhouse gases and it ruins soil fertility rather than improving it. He points out that many smallholders in Sub-saharan africa can scarcely afford to buy mineral fertilizers anyway.

With data from the robotic vehicles Palau can add downed aircraft to an inventory of the country's rich underwater sites something previously unattainable for an office that can barely afford to buy gas for a boat.

A new study from Colorado State university geology professor Ellen Wohl finds that these beaver meadows store carbon temporarily sequestering greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

AND anaerobic decomposition as you would get with buried plant matter would produce methane which is a much more potent greenhouse gas than CO2.

Power plants contribute one-third of this country's greenhouse gases so this is a good place to start.

The Supreme court has held several times that the Environmental protection agency can regulate greenhouse gases and that means you can control carbon dioxide emissions without passing any new laws.

How about the green house gas which has the most impact on global warming. Know what it is?

Water vapor accounts for 75%of all greenhouse gases. Sorry bud thats a fact. Man-made climate change is quite arrogant and convenient for climatologists.

Go look into the life cycles of those two gases. My favorite point of dishonesty is when people want to claim that volcanoes put our more CO2 than humans do

-Again pollution and greenhouse gas aren't always the same topic. Stop throwing them together.

Our production of CO2 is a pollution that adds to our overall greenhouse gas. It's a considerable amount of CO2

but CO2 is compared not considerable to other greenhouse gases.@-@bob I didn't read those links yet I am just addressing Frosttty atm.

Nuclear power has prevented already 64 gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions and would prevent the equivalent of another 80 to 240 gigatons again depending on

But the main point is that nuclear power is cleaner and greener than sources that belch carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Americans Want More Energy From Wind Solar Gasno fewer than two in three Americans want the U s. to put more emphasis on producing domestic energy using solar power (76%)wind (71%)and natural gas (65%.

%Least favored is coal with about one in three Americans wanting to prioritize its domestic production. www. gallup. com/poll/161519/americans-emphasis-solar-wind-natural-gas. aspxlistenup regardless of the tone

87%Natural gas: 89%Oil: 67%Nuclear power: 65%Coal: 56%In other words generally speaking Americans want to become energy independent through ALL THE resources at our disposal. http://www. gallup. com/file/poll/161525/Energy sources 130327. pdfthis is absolutely true

and greenhouse gases accumulate. Solar's DAY; if it is to have one is now.

Rather than producing greenhouse gases Stadthaus is fighting them. While firms like Waugh Thistleton have focused on the lower end of the high-rise scale others are designing radically taller buildings up to 40 or more stories.

Structures that were once a major source of greenhouse gases could instead scrub them from the atmosphere.

In 2010 coal oil and gas supplied more than 80%of the world's total primary energy supply

The EMF27 study shows that without policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions fossil fuels will remain the major energy source in 2100 with resulting increases in greenhouse gas emissions.

These papers touch on issues as diverse as climate policy land use and agriculture and non-CO2 greenhouse gases among others.

and gas supplies in the coming decades. However our study which compares long-term scenario results across a large suite of technologically-detailed models shows that fossil resource constraints are unlikely to limit greenhouse gas emissions in this century.

Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by International Institute for Applied Systems analysis. Note:

beera discovery at Rice university aims to make vehicles that run on compressed natural gas more practical. It might also prolong the shelf life of bottled beer and soda.

The Rice lab of chemist James Tour has enhanced a polymer material to make it far more impermeable to pressurized gas

and far lighter than the metal in tanks now used to contain the gas. The combination could be a boon for an auto industry under pressure to market consumer cars that use cheaper natural gas.

It could also find a market in food and beverage packaging. Tour and his colleagues at Rice

Because gas molecules cannot penetrate GNRS they are faced with a tortuous path to freedom he said.

The researchers acknowledged that a solid two-dimensional sheet of graphene might be the perfect barrier to gas

But the overlapping 200-to 300-nanometer-wide ribbons dispersed so well that they were nearly as effective as large-sheet graphene in containing gas molecules.

and make it impermeable to gas Tour said. This becomes increasingly important as automakers think about powering cars with natural gas.

Metal tanks that can handle natural gas under pressure are often much heavier than the automakers would like.

He said the material could help to solve longstanding problems in food packaging too. Remember when you were a kid you'd get a balloon

That's because gas molecules go through rubber or plastic Tour said. It took years for scientists to figure out how to make a plastic bottle for soda.

comparisons of the energy consumption greenhouse gas emissions and total cost of ownership for the medium-duty vehicles.

and emit about 40 percent less greenhouse gases than diesel trucks for about the same total cost taking into account both the purchase price

The research team took into account the sources of electricity used to charge the electric vehicles in evaluating greenhouse gas emissions.

In every state in the U s. electric trucks provided some reduction in greenhouse gas emissions with urban routes providing the most advantage.

or duty cycle application fleet operators could enjoy higher returns on investment while saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

and land use change and our energy choices (such as biofuels oil sands and shale gas). In this talk we discuss the drivers affecting water sustainability

and create greenhouse gases. The U s. Department of energy says that hydrogen fuel has the potential to dramatically reduce reliance of fossil fuels

Unlike gas-powered engines that spew out pollutants the only byproduct of hydrogen fuel is water.

Obstacles to commercial production of hydrogen gas from biomass previously included the high cost of the processes used and the relatively low quantity of the end product.

The commercial market for hydrogen gas is now around $100 billion for hydrogen produced from natural gas

and generates a large amount of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Industry most often uses hydrogen to manufacture ammonia for fertilizers

This is just the first step in our effort to better engineer a process for capturing CO2 from flue gas at power plants said George Hirasaki the lead researcher of Rice's CO2-capture research team The researchers hope to reduce the costs of CO2 capture by creating an integrated

Hirasaki's team was one of 16 chosen by the Department of energy (DOE) in 2011 to develop innovative techniques for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.

The team's first findings appear in two new studies that are available online this month in the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control.

and natural gas account for about half of the CO2 that humans add to the atmosphere each year; these power plants are prime candidates for new technology that captures CO2 before it goes up in smoke.

That technology--a two-phase chemical process--has been used for decades to remove naturally occurring CO2 from natural gas.

In the first phase of the process gas is piped upward through a vertical column while an ammonia-like liquid called amine flows down through the column.

The liquid amine captures CO2 and drains away while the purified natural gas bubbles out the top of the column.

The CO2 that comes out of the ground with natural gas is under high pressure while the CO2 at power plants is said not Hirasaki There's also a greater volume of CO2 per unit mass at a power plant than at a natural gas well.

For these reasons and others the amine process must be engineered re if it is to be cost-effective for CO2 capture at power plants.

Other variables included the type of steam used and the size and pressure of the reactor--the chamber where the flue gas flows past the amine solution.

which the gas absorption and solvent heating occurs in a single vessel instead of two separate ones as is practiced currently.

and power lines findings that could affect the oil and gas industry as much as farmers and land owners.

and greenhouse gases vehicles must become dramatically more efficient regardless of how they are powered said Douglas M. Chapin principal of MPR Associates

In addition alternative fuels to petroleum must be readily available cost-effective and produced with low emissions of greenhouse gases.

and compressed natural gas vehicles such as the Honda civic Natural gas. Although driving costs per mile will be lower especially for vehicles powered by natural gas

or electricity the high initial purchase cost is likely to be a significant barrier to widespread consumer acceptance the report says.

Natural gas vehicles were considered but their greenhouse gas emissions are too high for the 2050 goal.

Vehicles powered by electricity will not emit any greenhouse gases but the production of electricity and the additional load on the electric power grid are factors that must be considered.

However varying amounts of greenhouse gases are emitted during hydrogen production and the low-greenhouse gas methods of making hydrogen are more expensive

when more greenhouse gases are sequestered than are released into the atmosphere explained Milne an energy assessment analyst at GCEP.

and other industries fueled by coal natural gas and oil. Capturing and sequestering those emissions could play a significant role in curbing global warming.

On the other hand biochar production that relies on forest ecosystems may result in a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions they cautioned.

and in fact require natural gas to operate. Following the 2012 negative-emissions workshop GCEP issued an international request for proposals to develop net-negative carbon emissions technologies.

#Global natural gas boom alone wont slow climate changea new analysis of global energy use economics

and the climate shows that without new climate policies expanding the current bounty of inexpensive natural gas alone would not slow the growth of global greenhouse gas emissions worldwide over the long term according to a study appearing today in Nature.

Because natural gas emits half the carbon dioxide of coal many people hoped the recent natural gas boom could help slow climate change

--and according to government analyses natural gas did contribute partially to a decline in U s. carbon dioxide emissions between 2007 and 2012.

But in the long run according to this study a global abundance of inexpensive natural gas would compete with all energy sources--not just higher-emitting coal

Inexpensive natural gas would also accelerate economic growth and expand overall energy use. The effect is that abundant natural gas alone will do little to slow climate change said lead author Haewon Mcjeon an economist at the Department of energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

Global deployment of advanced natural gas production technology could double or triple the global natural gas production by 2050

but greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow in the absence of climate policies that promote lower carbon energy sources.

Thinking Globallyrecent advances in gas production technology based on horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing--also known as fracking--have led to bountiful low-cost natural gas.

Because gas emits far less carbon dioxide than coal some researchers have linked the natural gas boom to recent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the United states

. But could these advanced technologies also have an impact on emissions beyond North america and decades into the future?

and policy experts led by PNNL's Joint Global Change Research Institute gathered at a workshop in Cambridge Maryland in April 2013 to consider the long-term impact of an expansion of the current natural gas boom on the rest of the world.

and projected what the world would be like in 2050 with and without a global natural gas boom.

but we were surprised how little difference abundant gas made to total greenhouse gas emissions even though it was dramatically changing the global energy system said James Jae Edmonds PNNL's chief scientist at JGCRI.

Swapping out coal for natural gas in a simple model would cut greenhouse gas emissions a result many people expected to see.

â#¢Natural gas replacing coal would reduce carbon emissions. But due to its lower cost natural gas would also replace some low-carbon energy such as renewable or nuclear energy.

Overall changes result in a smaller reduction than expected due to natural gas replacing these other low-carbon sources.

In a sense natural gas would become a larger slice of the energy pie. â#¢Abundant less expensive natural gas would lower energy prices across the board leading people to use more energy overall.

In addition inexpensive energy stimulates the economy which also increases overall energy use. Consequently the entire energy pie gets bigger. â#¢The main component of natural gas methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

During production and distribution some methane inevitably escapes into the atmosphere. The researchers considered both high and low estimates for this so-called fugitive methane.

The combined effect of the three the scientists found is that the global energy system could experience unprecedented changes in the growth of natural gas production

Abundant gas may have a lot of benefits--economic growth local air pollution energy security and so on. There's been some hope that slowing climate change could also be one of its benefits

Wildland fires involve complex interactions that include fuel distribution terrain topography chemical reactions energy transfer and the associated fluid dynamics that transport moisture gas-phase hydrocarbons air

D. R. Weise The role of moisture on combustion of pyrolysis gases in wildland fires Combustion Science and Technology 185: 435-453 2013;

The next step is to explore the ultimate sensitivity of this unique technique for gas sensing.

Recyclable material absorbs 82 percent of its weight in carbon dioxiderice University scientists have created an Earth-friendly way to separate carbon dioxide from natural gas at wellheads.

A porous material invented by the Rice lab of chemist James Tour sequesters carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas at ambient temperature with pressure provided by the wellhead

Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. Development of cost-effective means to separate carbon dioxide during the production process will improve this advantage over other fossil fuels

and enable the economic production of gas resources with higher carbon dioxide content that would be too costly to recover using current carbon capture technologies Tour said.

Traditionally carbon dioxide has been removed from natural gas to meet pipelines'specifications. The Tour lab with assistance from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) produced the patented material that pulls only carbon dioxide molecules from flowing natural gas

and polymerizes them while under pressure naturally provided by the well. When the pressure is released the carbon dioxide spontaneously depolymerizes

If the oil and gas industry does not respond to concerns about carbon dioxide and other emissions it could well face new regulations Tour said noting the White house issued its latest National Climate Assessment last month and this week set new rules to cut carbon pollution from the nation

or use it for enhanced oil recovery to further the release of oil and natural gas. Or they can package

Methane ethane and propane molecules that make up natural gas may try to stick to the carbon but the growing polymer chains simply push them off he said.

Apache Corp. a Houston-based oil and gas exploration and production company funded the research at Rice

The interdisciplinary team looked at a range of possible approaches to dissipating greenhouse gases and reducing warming.

Working under the auspices of the National Science Foundation the team spent two years evaluating more than 100 studies that addressed the various implications of climate engineering and their anticipated effects on greenhouse gases.

but scientists are only now starting to appreciate its potential for tying up greenhouse gases Cusack said.

Among the technologies evaluated in situ are floor type in cattle housing use of additives in slurry storage manure turning flexible lagoons for collective slurry storage biowashers for gases at the outlet of air ducts of the sheds

but it poses numerous environmental problems like the emissions of polluting gases (ammonia nitrous oxide and methane) into the atmosphere and the polluting of soil and water by nitrates.

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