7. energy

Atomic energy (108)
Coal (28)
Electricity (6)
Energy (506)
Fuels (211)
Gas system (2)
Oil (113)
Power companies (7)
Solar energy (54)
Wind generation (1)

Synopsis: 7. energy:

and deposit it on the seafloor to restart nature's eons-long process of creating fossil fuels.

and will produce the natural gas equivalent of 100,000 barrels of oil per day. While few groups could afford to build a floating city capable of weathering such storms

We are already researching ways to harvest food and energy in deeper, more remote parts of the ocean.

Future cities built from scratch will be more dynamic, energy-efficient and flexible. These cities of the sea could use algal biofuel production

and store energy from wind and the Sun. As designs improve oe and get cheaper oe the idea of a home on the ocean will become more affordable.

they consume fossil fuels and transform them into energy, carbon dioxide and industrial pollutants oe which, on an industrial scale, produces a world

which Rachel Carson, author of the seminal environmental book Silent Spring, noted is not quite fatal.

In recent years we've looked to renewables to avoid the need for using fossil fuels oe

but the percentage of our energy provided by these alternatives remains small compared with our overall consumption.

but we would also benefit from not having to rely on fossil fuels and central power grids to provide street lighting.

In the near future our buildings may also be grown by industrial-strength microorganisms. Some of these may form the basis of self-healing materials such as, Henk Jonkers'biocrete,

Techniques similar to those used in the offshore oil industry have been used for years by archaeologists on the ground to spot buried structures.

zero-energy system for keeping camel milk cool in soaring temperatures that commonly reach 45c (113 Fahrenheit).

One of these is a US company called Promethean Power systems which has its eyes on India oe a country that currently produces

Like Kisaalita, they thought about using solar power, but it proved to be too expensive, at least for now.

From dogs to cows, scientists rushed to clone a menagerie of animals using Wilmut's technique, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT.

And like the guar, other attempts to clone endangered species through somatic cell nuclear transfer tended to be one-offs.

A group led by British-born plant scientist Stephen Long is trying to improve the ability of plants to harness energy from the sun. Their aim is to turbocharge photosynthesis,

they found a strain that did not waste precious energy trying to elongate itself above the waters when submerged by a flash flood,

DEVICE WORKS ON SOLAR POWER The system is suitable in areas where there is no electricity supply

because it can be powered by a simple solar panel that generates five volts of energy, he said. oeit is a simple technology

and external wind generators for power, these self-contained farming silos can be constructed in desolate climates, deserts, on rocky ground,

#The Sahara Forest Project A Renewable Energy Oasis The Sahara Forest Project The Sahara Forest Project is a unique combination of proven environmental technologies,

Can you imagine harnessing sufficient quantities of solar power to supply electricity to cities in Africa and cities in Europe?

their proposal to combine two innovative technologies, Concentrated Solar power (CSP) and Seawater Greenhouses, to produce renewable energy,

water and food in an area of desert known to be one of the hottest places on earth.

Multitasking renewable solutions It has often been said that there will be no one solution to solving the climate crisis and all those issues that surround it, such as energy sources, food prices and water supply.

and Concentrated Solar power and how theyre being used to great effect. It is the fact that they are being used together in the same place,

and optimize their operating capacities to produce energy and water and by proxy vegetation. This sense of collaboration is echoed in the team of people behind the proposal:

an engineer Bill Watts of Max Fordham & Partners, an engineering firm that focuses on energy efficient systems for the built environment.

What Does concentrated Solar power do? CSP is seen currently as one of the most exciting and powerful ways of harnessing the suns energy to create power.

Like the Seawater Greenhouse, CSP works well in hot arid areas where the sun is at its most powerful.

It has been proposed that the energy created by CSP in the Sahara could be transported to Europe with minimal loss via high voltage DC power lines.

only about 25%of the collected solar energy is converted into electricity. If combined with sea water another 50%of the collected energy,

normally released as heat, can be used for desalination. This way, up to 85%of the collected solar energy can be used.

In conclusion the Sahara Forest Project works on many levels. By combining the benefits of Concentrated Solar power

and Seawater Greenhouses the design team has scaled vastly up the positive outputs of renewable energy, food production and fresh water supply.

Furthermore they tell us that oethe scheme would also have the restorative effect of returning areas of desert to forested land

two (Charles and David Koch) expanded a medium-size family oil business into a billion-dollar industrial conglomerate,

Bill gates, likewise, devotes most of his energy and intellect today to his foundation s work on causes ranging from supporting charter schools to combating disease in Africa.

think of BP CEO Tony Hayward, who complained of wanting to get his life back after the Gulf oil spill

Wind Turbine Repair Techs The proliferation of windmills around the world will dramatically drive the demand for repair techs who are not afraid of heights

Space-Based Power system Designers At some point, the burning of earth s natural resources for power will become a thing of the past.

Mass Energy Storage Developers As a society, we have become very good at generating electricity,

Once mass energy storage systems are developed and installed, our total energy needs will drop precipitously. 51.

Earthquake Forecasters Everything we know about the inside of the earth has been developed through indirect evidence. We have no maps of the center of the earth.

a senior researcher at HP Labs in Palo alto. The company is under contract with Royal dutch shell to install 1 million matchbook-size monitors to aid in oil exploration by measuring rock vibrations and movement.

judged by market capitalization, surpassing Exxon mobil). And, perhaps most telling, you cant have a bubble

Oil and gas companies were early innovators in supercomputing and data visualization and analysis, which are crucial to todays oil and gas exploration efforts.

Agriculture is powered increasingly by software as well, including satellite analysis of soils linked to per-acre seed selection software algorithms.

In some industries, particularly those with a heavy real-world component such as oil and gas, the software revolution is primarily an opportunity for incumbents.

Los angeles is testing advanced flywheel technology as a way to reap wasted energy from braking trains

And Pavegen is building sidewalk tiles designed to capture energy from walking pedestrians. As for mind-reading headsets that measure our brain activity and recognize our facial expressions:

Mr. Nicholas and a friend, Brent Miller, were inspired to form a company. We were going to make another million

#Brent Miller said. His father took out a second mortgage. Revenue is now coming in, with 3,

and almost all of the precise work is done by robots that string together solar cells and seal them under glass.

it s easy to write off some modern energy innovations#like solar panels #because they haven t hit the big time fast enough.

But, like his absurd statements on climate change and renewable energy, his focus on high-tech agriculture,

and invisible cars and windmills will all be possible. Ford had its Evos concept car on display at CES 2012 turning heads with style and design,

The limited amount of oil and gas remaining are utilised still as energy source, but will only be used in niche industries where its unique combustible elements are still in demand.

In 2013, Futurist Thomas Frey at Colorado s Davinci Institute predicted that friction-free technologies

otherwise harmless beams of energy will intersect at some point in space creating a source of energy) as the main source of vehicular power.

A smart grid links all household appliances directly to energy distribution systems, enabling real-time pricing based on supply and demand.

and most devices are now highly energy efficient. Nanotech-based manufacturing is used widely, altering the economy as products (from micro-batteries to phones

It ends with robots harvesting our bodies for energy.##Levandowski understands the sentiment. He just has more faith in robots than most of us do.#

and inspected the damaged nuclear reactors at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. Seconded by a brilliant young engineer named Chris Urmson,

When Highlander began to lose power because of a pinched fuel line, Stanley moved ahead. By the time it crossed the finish line,

they d use half the fuel and a fifth the road space of ordinary cars#nd far more flexible than buses or subways.

a renewable energy source usually made from corn.##oeyou can now build a cell the same way you might build an app for your iphone,

On Wednesday, Amyris announced another milestone#a memorandum of understanding with Brazil s largest low-cost airline, GOL Linhas Aereas, to begin using a jet fuel produced by yeast starting in 2014.

They compare the spread of bio-factories to the large-scale burning of coal at the turn of the 20th century#a development with implications for carbon dioxide emissions

including synthetic versions of fragrances extracted from grass, coconut oil and saffron powder, as well as a gas used to make car tires.

When fed sugar, it produced energy and excreted alcohol and carbon dioxide. Humans have harnessed this power for centuries to make wine, beer, cheese and other products.

Carson mentions ways that science can solve the environmental hazards we have endured through years of use of fossil fuels and petrochemicals.#

#oeit ends with robots harvesting our bodies for energy.##Google is still not saying much to reporters (including this one) about its plans,

drafting resulted in average fuel savings of 10 to 15 percent#ut that, too, is seen as the tip of the iceberg.

Wayne Gerdes, the father of#oehypermiling,#can nearly double the rated efficiency of cars using fuel-sipping techniques that could be incorporated into auto-driving software.

and other forms of passive energy, our future water networks will be operate with far more efficiency and convenience than anything imaginable today.

Eolewater http://www. eolewater. com/Living in the Caribbean in 1997, inventor Marc Parent came up with the idea of using a windmill to extract water from the air.

It works by exploiting the fact that certain frequencies of electromagnetic waves facilitate ease of energy transfer

as of this writing, is searching for an appropriate stretch to build the first tube. 1. Sustainable Fusion reactor Nuclear fission (the process by

which nuclear power plants produce energy) is much easier to control than nuclear fusion (the process by which the sun burns, and nuclear weapons work).

but a large-scale, sustainable fusion reactor has yet to be attempted#ntil now. A consortium of seven member bodies (the US, EU, Russia, China, Japan, South korea,

And while even its champions concede it could be decades before it s dispensing energy,

but with the brains, time, energy and passion to ride herd on a moonshot-class mission. Someone, maybe, like Daryl Oster.

Among other uses, the system could transport oil more cheaply than through pipelines, he said.

winning back much of the acceleration energy through an analog of a hybrid car s regenerative braking system.

and recapture of acceleration energy makes it hugely efficient. Oster says ET3 is 50 times more efficient than the best electric cars or trains;

Nor can we continue our extravagant waste of limited fossil fuels.##Today, the U s. population is 50%larger;

Nuclear energy. The interstate highway system. The Internet. But right now we don t have any of that excitement going on,

Oil exploration drone used in Norway Aerial drone technology is advancing exponentially and much of

Nigeria s major oil-producing city, grows cassava and a kind of leafy spinach in a field she leases.

In the mid-2000s, Uganda s largest cooking oil company, the Mukwano Group, rapidly enlisted 100 000 small farmers to grow sunflower seeds by using text messaging

however, provides fuel for reformers. In highly fertile Uganda, where ample rains permit three growing seasons annually,

called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), involves taking the genetic material from the adult cell and placing it in the nucleus of an egg that has had its own genetic material removed.

and the engineering of energy-producing microbes, #says Luciano Marraffini of Rockefeller University. The biotech revolution that created drugs like EPO for anemia

and Fandex Family Field Guides Energy Meters for the home Museum Adventure Pass Music Tools Park & Read Pass Science to Go kit Stories to Go:#

#Home Energy Evaluation Kits##oeto help residents save money on utility bills while helping the environment, the Jacksonville Public library partnered with the local utility company (JEA) to circulate Home

Energy Evaluation Kits#backpacks filled with tools to test the energy efficiency of homes. Over 1, 300 kits were loaned in the first year.#

And we need to incorporate zero-waste and low-energy technologies into the task of food production.

in order to take advantage of the sun s energy, or grow indoors with the help of artificial lights.

and energy and improve crop yield. It takes advantage of the vertical space of city buildings rather than turning over wide expanses of land to agriculture and uses advanced greenhouse technology:

The cost of growing Vertical farming s biggest limitation is energy consumption. Considerable energy is required to power a closed, indoor greenhouse facility s artificial lighting, heating and cooling

and hydroponic or aeroponic growing systems. The amount of energy required per unit of product is an important factor for ensuring

not only that the farm is sustainable, but that it is economically viable. Recently, more and more studies have focused on pairing solar panels

lower power consumption, generate less heat, and can produce light of varying intensity. Because it produces less heat,

This increases efficiency, not just in terms of energy use but by allowing layers of growing plants to be packed more densely, making more efficient use of space.

How long will it be before we begin a full-scale effort to dismantle the national power grid?

Mass Energy Storage We are now entering the early growth stages of what will surely become a huge global industry energy storage.

In what year will we see the first mass energy storage system capable of storing enough energy to power a city of 1 million people for over a month?

How will that impact the price of power? 29. Large scale 3d printing In April the Chinese company, Winsun Decoration Design Engineering, created the first 3d printed house.

Invisible fences, invisible screens, invisible cars and windmills will all be possible. What kind of market will there be for invisible netting like this?

which allows efficiently reprogramming unicellular life to make fuels, byproducts accessible from organic chemistry and smart devices.

produce energy, provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and our environment. Scientifically viable in 2013;

vertical farms could augment natural light using energy-efficient lighting. The advantages are numerous, including year-round crop production, protection from weather, support urban food autonomy and reduced transport costs.

I want activity, energy, vitality I want to be able to get places quickly. I want there to be a concentration of activity that

Two miles north on Meeting Street, workers are putting the finishing touches on a 13,000-square-foot renovation of the long-vacant 1926 Standard oil regional headquarters building that soon will be home to about a dozen small creative businesses.

things like sustainable energy and resource sharing are emerging as Purpose Economy markets. By thinking of these as markets, we can imagine powerful new ways to create value by helping people and the planet.

and focused their energies on selling and servicing them in unique ways. For example, Tesla understood the busy schedules of their customers,

and connected to venture funding, a proximity that ultimately increased investment in batteries and renewable energy.

Brent Johnson a corn and soybean farmer in Calhoun County in central Iowa, purchased a drone in 2013 for $30, 000 that is already paying dividends on his 900-acre farm.

They operate above the fray, independent of the frenetic energy of today s highways, airports, train, and bus depots.

Mass Energy Storage Developers We are still terrible at storing energy from one day to the next.

Once mass energy storage systems are developed micro grids become infinitely more viable. 92. System Transitionists 93.

Space-Based Power system Designers At some point, the burning of earth s natural resources for power will become a thing of the past.

#Cold war Nuclear Radiation Creates Anti-Poaching Tool (ISNS)--Radioactive carbon atoms created during 20th-century nuclear bomb tests could help save elephants

Nuclear bomb testing Carbon-14 is produced naturally by cosmic rays interacting with atoms in the Earth's atmosphere.

But in the 1950s and 1960s the United states and the former Soviet union conducted hundreds of aboveground nuclear bomb tests that nearly doubled the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere.

Preventing the build up of biological matter on a ship's hull for example could increase the efficiency of the ship's movement ultimately leading to more efficient fuel usage.

None of the vehicles uses a drop of gasoline. They don t use batteries that are charged via the electric grid.

They are nonpolluting use zero fossil fuel and generate no greenhouse gases. So what s theâ power source?

but run on gasoline and get about 1300 miles (2100 kilometers) per gallon. Yet the ASME HPVC stands out among all of these competitions in part because of the structure of the competition itself which gives student teams much more design freedom to innovate

gases and a savings of more than 3 billion gallons (11 billion liters) of gasoline. It is true that this represents a small fraction of total U s. greenhouse-gas emissions

 Students participating in the HPVC are designing transportation solutions for a world faced with economic stress and poverty climate change and strife over energy supplies.

Fueling better farming is a practice known as precision agriculture which uses extensive data from a farmer's field

and powered by novel processes such as photosynthesis-mimicking solar energy systems. For vegetarians printed meat somewhat circumvents concerns about harmful or destructive use of animals for food.

and prevent the illegal expansion of palm oil plantations in Sumatra. The technology also has tremendous potential for patrolling coastal fisheries.

or to arrest poachers saving thousands of dollars in fuel that is normally spent cruising the ocean in search of poachers.

Cinnamon oil is another natural product that has been shown to delay postharvest rotting in bananas and extending their storage life for up to 28 days.

#The Mystery of the Missing Methane (Op-Ed) Chris Busch is director of research at Energy Innovation:

According to our analysis at Energy Innovation the methane missing from the EPA's inventory in terms of the contribution to global warming over a 20-year time period would be equivalent to the greenhouse gas emissions of 252 coal power plants.

The current oil and gas boom has been unleashed by a wave of technological innovation allowing for cost-effective directional drilling hydraulic fracturing and other emerging techniques like acidizing.

Through this effort the organizations hope to illustrate how deforestation in Sumatra fueled by demand for products like palm oil

For instance Defenders of Wildlife is utilizing Google maps API to help demonstrate the impacts of the BP Deepwater horizon oil spill

And we need to incorporate zero-waste and low-energy technologies into the task of food production.

in order to take advantage of the sun s energy or grow indoors with the help of artificial lights.

and energy and improve crop yield. It takes advantage of the vertical space of city buildings rather than turning over wide expanses of land to agriculture and uses advanced greenhouse technology:

Vertical farming s biggest limitation is energy consumption. Considerable energy is required to power a closed indoor greenhouse facility s artificial lighting heating and cooling and hydroponic or aeroponic growing systems.

The amount of energy required per unit of product is an important factor for ensuring

not only that the farm is sustainable but that it is economically viable. Recently more and more studies have focused on pairing solar panels

They re also physically small have a long service life lower power consumption generate less heat

This increases efficiency not just in terms of energy use but by allowing layers of growing plants to be packed more densely making more efficient use of space.

It could also reduce reliance on oil exportation as the primary economic industry of several nations in the region n

Used in refrigerants, propellants and solvents, CFCS were replaced initially with hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCS); now, chemical manufacturers have moved on to a third-generation replacement, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCS;

which is why markets will be needed to generate the kind of money necessary to realign the global energy system.

or even to provide direct support for energy efficiency projects. Steve Rayner, director of the James Martin Institute for Science and Civilization at the University of Oxford, UK, says the idea has merit.

Nuclear vision: Germany's new coalition government will extend the lifespan of the nation's nuclear power plants which last year produced around 23%of the country's electricity needs beyond 2022.

But the Christian Democratic Union and its junior coalition partner, the liberal Free Democratic party, will not revise an existing ban on building new nuclear plants.

In a 24 october policy plan, the coalition also agreed to immediately lift a moratorium on evaluating the merits of the Gorleben salt dome, a controversial storage site for nuclear waste.

Funding Energy funding: The US Department of energy has awarded $151 million to 37 research projects through the recently formed Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E). Based on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,

ARPA-E is geared towards high-risk'transformational'energy research that might not be funded through traditional science grants.

Awardees included small businesses, educational institutions and large corporations that focus on everything from liquid-metal batteries

and gasoline-producing bacterial reactors to new methods for making light-emitting diodes and synthetic enzymes for capturing carbon dioxide from industrial emissions.

which spans industries such as alternative energy, conservation, pollution-scrubbing, recycling and power supply, was responsible for more than half of the rise.

$286 million to Solyndra of Fremont (photovoltaics), $82. 5 million to Tesla Motors of San Carlos (electric vehicles) and $60 million to Serious Materials in Sunnyvale (energy-efficient building materials.

says Jane Long, associate director for energy and environment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.

But any larger experiments, in which the goal is to effect even small shifts in incoming solar energy at the global scale,

Nature Newsbuffeted by the economic crisis and a drop in the oil price, US producers of corn ethanol are encountering increasing scepticism from the legislators on Capitol hill even as producers of the'greener'cellulose-derived ethanol struggle to move beyond basic research and development.

but it also included a host of incentives for energy development. Among them was a one-year extension of a tax credit giving refiners nearly 12 cents of federal cash for every litre of corn ethanol they blend into gasoline.

A tariff of more than 14 cents per litre on imported ethanol was extended also through 2011.

director of renewable energy policy for the Natural resources Defense Council in New york. There's a sort of belief in Washington that corn ethanol is one of these topics where everyone has to toe the line,

one year at least allows time for a more logical conversation about how we reform energy tax policy,

says Matt Hartwig, a spokesman for the Renewable Fuels Association in WASHINGTON DC. Salo Zelermyer, who represents ethanol producers for the legal firm Bracewell

The mandated levels of biofuel production in the United states will increase to 53 billion litres in 2011 about 8%of the country's total fuel consumption

The US Department of energy has supported biofuels through research grants, including $30 million for research into next generation biofuels announced last week,

Cellulosic ethanol producers are trying to generate fuel from biomass such as leaves and branches. These feedstocks have the advantage that they are plentiful

but doing so requires energy and specialized enzymes, or both. Mark B Â nger, research director for Lux Research in San francisco, says that most companies are still struggling with the basics:

Steve Long, a crop scientist and deputy director of the Energy Biosciences Institute in Urbana, Illinois, says companies are struggling to overcome a suite of financial,

citing oil giant BP's decision to purchase cellulosic ethanol technology from the Verenium Corporation,

to hunt for the elusive Higgs particle at the collider's current collision energies. The plan is likely to be agreed by CERN's management and council in January.

Fred Upton (Republican, Michigan) 墉 who has supported frequently environmental legislation 墉 will chair the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.

US energy boost The United states needs to triple its annual federal funding 墉 from US$5 billion to $16 billion 墉 for energy'research, development, demonstration and deployment,

'and adopt a strategic, coordinated energy policy, a report from the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) recommends.

a'Quadrennial Energy Review',modelled on an existing defence review. Oil-spill budget Scientists have welcomed a long-awaited peer-reviewed US government report on the short-term fate of the oil from the Deepwater horizon spill in the Gulf of mexico this summer.

Released on 23 november the report supersedes an'oil budget calculator'published in August, which was reviewed not peer

and was criticized for its lack of information about how calculations were carried out, uncertainties in estimates and overly optimistic press presentation.

although oil experts note a paucity of solid data on which to base estimates. See go. nature. com/j3ixm6 for more.

Oil and gas companies can still drill in the area, but federal agencies have to ensure that proposed activities don't jeopardize polar bears and their habitat.

People Murder in Iran Majid Shahriari, an Iranian nuclear physicist, was killed and his wife injured in a bomb attack on 29 november in Tehran.

Another nuclear scientist, Fereydoun Abbasi-Davani, and his wife, survived an identical simultaneous attack. See page 607 for more.

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