but also requires improvements across other pillars such as higher education, training and technological readiness. Figure 2: Defi ning Competitiveness, Comparison of European Regions, 3 Top 10 Countries in Innovation Globally Source:
The Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 1 2 5 6 7 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Labor market efficiency
Defi ning Competitiveness The 12 Pillars of Competitiveness Institutions Higher education and training Technological readiness Infrastructure Goods market effi ciency Market size Macroeconomic environment
and high school/university professors or students to ensure we progress towards decreasing the gap between education and the marketplace.
Masters Thesis. Omona and Ikoja-Odongo (2006. Application of information and communication technology (ICT) in health...
Mcgraw-hill Higher education. Gulati, R. 1999. Network location and learning: the influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation.
especially the commercialization and exploitation of intellectual property derived from university research are just a portion of the firm‘s overall interactions with the higher education system.
The overall premium to higher education has increased sharply as the main drivers of these economies, the knowledge-based industries, demand higher levels of skills in the workforce with
1) higher education;(2) extensive work experience;(3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system;
Tertiary education as%of labour force (2008) 29.8 24.9 High-tech manufacturing as a%of employment (2008) 4. 8 2 Knowledge-intensive services as%of employment (2008) 28 9 26.9 Active
but also of low levels of formal tertiary education (see Table 1). Low labour productivity has also a dent on regional GDP per capita,
and higher education institutions (HEIS) have traditionally been the main sources of R&d spending, whilst the private sector lags behind
National Institute of Statistics (INE) Figure 6. R&d expenditure by sector in EUR 000s (1987-2008) Private sector Public Administration Universities and HEIS Source:
Industry-university relationships With its nine public universities, 17 000 teaching and research staff and 250 000 students, higher education institutions (HEIS) take the lion‘s share in the R&d system (Fig
and 61%of researchers in the region are employed by the HEI system. Hence, universities have the key role of trickling down the R&d benefits to the private sector in the development strategy of the region.
With the advent of the knowledge economy, the overall premium to higher education has increased sharply (Carnoy, 1994.
Higher education is of course critical for R&d and technological creativity, and may also contribute to the longevity of start-up firms, especially those outside of skilled service sectors (Bates 1990,1995;
1) higher education; 2) extensive work experience; 3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system;
instead mostly the first, the role of higher education and university-industry linkages, rather than the latter three.
Spain in the global context Spain and the rest of EU countries are immersed currently in a major higher education reform aimed at harmonizing
The Bologna process seeks to harmonize the different European higher education systems and to promote collaboration and technology transfer between universities and the private sector.
Grado (4 year undergraduate degree), Master (1 or 2 year graduate education) and Doctorado (3-4 year postmaster graduate education.
Still, there are returns to higher education: college graduates constitute 29%of the employed population in Andalusia,
a) the restructuration of the European higher education system due to the Bologna process; b) a renewed focus in innovation, technology transfer, public-private partnerships and knowledge-based activities due to the Lisbon strategy;
The 2009 Academic ranking of world universities, elaborated by the Institute of Higher education of Shanghai China, places the first Spanish centre, the University of Barcelona, in the 151-202 band.
5 Erasmus is the EU flagship higher education program enabling 200 000 European students to study in a university from another member country each year.
it includes skills training of one-two years for youth unable to graduate high school, high school graduates,
and (4) conducting research on promoting entrepreneurship in higher education (Laurent, Periáñez, and Petit de Gabriel, 2010).
but it also targets students (in high school, vocational training schools and universities) and women. ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE has more than 200 business incubators (Centros de Apoyo al Desarrollo Empresarial,
high schools, baccalaureate programs, and vocational training schools, teaching students how to create and manage cooperative firms.
The universities offer office 12 More recently, Chalmers University of Technology and the University of Gothenburg have joined forces to teach entrepreneurship at the higher education level in the region, with the support of the Swedish government
OECD Directorate for Education Programme on Institutional Management in Higher education. Madsen, H.,Neergaard, H, . & J. P. Ulhøi. 2003.
they tend to draw upon research results from the higher education system or national laboratories as a source for potential innovations or product modifications.
however, the recent self evaluation report prepared for the OECD review of higher education in the region notes that the relation between the universities‘research priorities
had few employees with higher education degrees and few of them had R&d departments. Among the remaining 305 firms that collaborated with universities,
especially the commercialization and exploitation of intellectual property derived from university research are just a portion of the firm‘s overall interactions with the higher education system
The policy implications of this research suggest the need for greater support on the part of the higher education system for a less R&d-intensive form of interaction between the universities
OECD Reviews of Higher education in City and Regional Development. Seville: General Secretariat for Universities, Research and Technology, Regional Ministry for Innovation, Science and Enterprise, Junta de Andalusia.
%and augment the share of the population aged 30 34 having completed tertiary education from 31%to at least 40%;
However, the cluster has benefited also from the global connections of both Scotland‘s academic community and the business community.
The academic community is part of a much broader global network of scientific knowledge and has been an important contributor to key global breakthroughs in a diverse range of medical fields, most famously in the genetics area.
hence, it emphasises the role of public and private investments in R&d, improved tertiary education, fostered co-operation between industry and university, stronger entrepreneurship, etc.
as a result, the regional government should seek to strengthen further participation in higher education; ii) the potential contribution of vocational education and technical skills to entrepreneurship and innovation is appreciated not sufficiently in the region;
in the knowledgebased economy there are greater returns from higher education. College graduates make up 29%of the employed population in the region,
therefore a heavier toll on the youth with lower qualification than those with tertiary education. There seems to be also a significant divide between the regional innovation system and the vocational education system.
the harder the regional government will find to impose an agenda that is more oriented towards the needs of the industry than towards the professional interests of the academic community.
so as to ease knowledge transfer between HEIS and firms, including of small size. The network of university technology transfer offices (OTRI) appears most suited to taking up this challenge together with RETA.
profitabilityit 0 1 ln Sizeit 2levit 3deo HEI 4dco BEI 5deo BEI 62 deo he dummy variable coded 1 for firms with an entrepreneurial orientation
111 8. 8 Nation Master 114 8. 9 Comparing indicators using clusters of countries 117 9. CONCLUSIONS 119 REFERENCES
Dashboard of Sustainability 114 8. 8 Nation Master The following internet site is not strictly for composite indicators.
Nation Master is a vast compilation of data from such sources as the CIA World Factbook, United nations, World health organization, World bank, World Resources Institute, UNESCO,
A snapshot from the Nation Master Levels vs. growths When a composite indicator is available for a set of countries for at least two different time points,
while 1, 200 graduates leave higher education per year. In comparison, the closely related sector of IT and software employs 14,000 people with 2, 200 graduates annually (Innova, 2008.
Nortel alone accounts for almost 20 percent of all industrial R&d expenditures in Canada and hires one third of all Masters and Ph d. graduates in electrical engineering and computer science from Canadian universities.
Nortel hires 1/3 of all masters and Phds in electrical engineering nationally Cluster features Large
The Walloon region has 9 universities and 13 higher education colleges with courses related to applied sciences. These knowledge institutes have developed relationships with the local industries over time,
Nanocyl), but academic entrepreneurship should be promoted to a higher scale. The chemical-plastics industry traditionally spends a large share of in-house R&d paid with own funding,
Changsha is one of the key higher education and research bases in China. There are many new and well established universities.
which represented the creation of 27,000 jobs), the Business Incubation Service Centre of the Changsha High-tech Industrial Development Zone (specialised in supporting academic entrepreneurship of returning students, young Phds and post-docs,
it is observed that investments in higher education in Europe have deteriorated over the last decades, leading to a lower number of graduates and researchers in some fields of natural sciences.
-Promoting higher education and training in the fields of KETS is essential in order to serve KETS with the skilled personnel they need.
World share of S&e graduates, researchers, GERD, high-impact publications and patent applications, 2000 and latest year Science and technology graduates from tertiary education (ISCED 5 and 6
and other higher education establishments have come to understand how their intellectual property can yield value through market channels.
But they also present stark challenges to CIOS. Once the masters of their domains this digital world is challenging them to change
several overall observations can be made from this global pool of 100 leading CIOS. Multidisciplinary studies The majority hold at least a master's-level degree,
DANSK IT 1975 1982 Master of Economics, University of Aarhus 1989 MDP program, Cranfield University Diego Calegari IBM 2013 today Spanish South america CIO Executive
1994 1995 General manager Singapore, Sanofi-Winthrop 1983 to 1986 Bachelor in Accounting and Master in Finance ESC Lille School of management Darryl West Barclay's 2013 today CIO
and consultation through in-region workshops, presentations and one-to-one meetings with Department of Transport (Dot), the business community and Higher education Institutes (HEIS).
and sectoral diversity and/or clustering Skills & Education an analysis of the skills, educational attainment and education resources Knowledge and Innovation research and development investment and activity, collaborations and inter-linkages between HEIS and firms,
Innovation Many of the regional stakeholders view HEIS as the primary source of innovation, although international research shows that it is one source only (and not a primary source) 20.
In relation to the role of HEIS, stakeholders highlighted the real challenges for SMES to access and absorb the‘appropriate'Intellectual Property.
The presence of important research centres at UCC, CIT and Moorepark contribute to make the region one of the best performing areas of the country in terms of Higher education Research and development (HERD) There are many initiatives underway within the region
OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 23 Figure (ii) Convergence Opportunities Key Actions (Extract) Consider how best to enable companies (particularly small companies) to access technologies and research from HEIS, at a basic level such as:
and/or acquire technologies Restructuring HEI research websites so that they are more easily searchable in terms of technologies
and their applicability as opposed to by Research Institute/Centre Providing a directory of providers (HEIS
OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 24 HEIS to consider work placement where students would take up opportunities in a flexible
but it does demonstrate some potential for improving HEI-industry cooperation to increase innovation in the region.
Building on the Túsnua initiative, continue to develop a more structured approach for ongoing and proactive communications with the HEIS (in terms of innovation,
and regional approach to the development of indigenous enterprise The small portion of the total R&d spend in the higher education sector (HERD) underlines the importance of establishing linkages
and networks, including with relevant HEIS and research institutes beyond the region (nationally and internationally).
Regional Performance in Expenditure on R&d (Percentage of National Total) Business Expenditure on Research & development 2005 Higher education Research & development 2006 Border 3. 9 0. 8 Dublin
Forfás, Higher education R&d Survey, 2006 Figure A3. 3: Total SFI Commitment by Research Body to 30/06/08 Source:
collaborations and interlinkages between HEIS and firms, between firms and customers Economic Infrastructures transport and broadband infrastructures recent investments and ongoing infrastructure needs Quality of life based on factors relevant
The higher education institutes in the region have adopted also a proactive approach with industry in terms of applied research,
The Southeast accounts for a very small portion of the total R&d spend in the higher education sector (HERD)( under 2%in 2006.
and networks with relevant HEIS and research institutes beyond the region. Significant developments such as the awarding of an SFI Strategic Research Cluster to WIT (the first of the Iots to establish such a cluster) represent a key step in enhancing research and innovative capacity within the region.
amongst firms and between firms and knowledge providers (HEIS, research institutes etc.)become critical. Core competencies within the Southeast in engineering, food production,
The limited scope for industry collaborative research within the region will require a continued outward focus by the HEIS on developing links beyond the region.
Proximity to the major concentration of activity in the Cork area demonstrates the potential to develop a critical mass in the South by stimulating strategic interregional linkages-through wider industry networks, HEI-industry research
The HEIS in the region will have a key role to play in developing and delivering programmes providing for up-skilling relevant personnel as well as ensuring that mainstream undergraduate programmes evolve to meet the needs of the sector. 22 Forfás (2009) Health Life sciences in Ireland-An Enterprise Outlook FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA:
and training Ease of access to harness the capabilities of HEIS and support to invest in infirm innovation Spirit of Enterprise Forum The Spirit of Enterprise Forum is integrated an,
SEEPP Southeast Enterprise Platform Program Ideagen Ideagen is new initiative involving a collaboration between four HEIS in the Southeast (IT Carlow, WIT, NUI Maynooth (Kilkenny Campus) and Tipperary
and adapt new technologies developed by others (such as HEIS), or by their understanding of the benefits of collaboration with others in a way that realises the value of complementary capabilities (rather than direct competition in the same‘space),
higher education and local government and it seeks to facilitate the supply of appropriately skilled labour to local employers by identifying regional skills needs
Ongoing and structured communications between the enterprise agencies and the HEIS (in terms of innovation technology transfer, skills needs etc) is required focused on a clear agenda, objectives and actions.
SOUTHEAST 33 HEIS and firms, by promoting awareness of existing initiatives, such as: the Industry Led Research Platform programme, Competence Centres Initiative, etc.
agribusiness and environment/life sciences), working with the relevant industry associations and the HEIS. Promote interaction between indigenous SMES
Consider how best to enable companies to access technologies and research from HEIS, for example: HEIS and research institutes to provide information on their websites from the perspective of the end-user (including industry interests in research)
so that research capabilities are demonstrated and searchable in terms of technologies and their application to'real'industry problems/potential (and not by research department) Stimulating Entrepreneurship The relatively high level of early stage entrepreneurial activity in the Southeast offers potential for future
industry & HEIS), course development etc. Develop a specific collaborative regional initiative on upskilling and reskilling (considering innovative delivery/access)- focusing on people in the labour force with basic/sector-specific qualifications who are seeking to broaden their potential employment options.
and facilitate linkages with HEIS (through Innovation, Industry-Led Research Platform and Business Networks programmes,
and Labour Activation Measures 45 6. Business Process Outsourcing & Shared Services and the South East Region 50 7. Higher education and Research 63 8. Local
Bord Bia, Teagasc, Fáilte Ireland) the planning and development expertise within the local authorities, the Higher education Institutes (HEIS),
Leveraging regional Higher education strengths There are a number of HEIS serving the South East region, including institutes of technology (Iots) in Carlow,
There is scope for greater HEI/enterprise collaboration and to build further on the success to date in research commercialisation to underpin enterprise growth in the region.
-identify research partnerships with other HEIS nationally in order to develop critical mass; -explore how regional HEIS can individually
and collectively better support early stage start-ups and the marketing of the region for mobile investment particularly in emerging sectors (including cleantech, biotechnology, Cloud, digital media (& egames) and advanced manufacturing.
While the region has research strengths in the higher education sector, in particular in the ICT sector, given the structure of the region's current industrial base there are absorptive capacity weaknesses to work with the research teams
A growing level of research activity relevant to the sector is being undertaken within the region's HEIS:
HEI-industry research partnerships and through labour market dynamics. The South East is placed well to leverage its particular strengths in manufacturing to support the next generation of production.
The HEIS in the region will have a key role to play in developing and delivering programmes providing for up-skilling relevant personnel as well as ensuring that mainstream undergraduate programmes evolve to meet the needs of the sector.
The limited scope for SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS industry collaborative research within the region will require a continued outward focus by the HEIS on developing links beyond the region.
The HEIS in the region are preparing graduates for careers in digital media and games with dedicated digital media and games courses;
and that The HEIS in the region get involved in initiatives such as the proposed game development/digital media‘hothouse'initiative,
(and other HEIS) in the digital media space in terms of course development and research activity. SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS 5. Unemployment and Labour Activation Measures Regional Unemployment Profile42 Overall, employment in the South East has declined by 37,200 relative
had good participation by South East HEIS. Data on the level of enrolments are not yet available.
KPO typically requires people with higher education, specific skills, and specialised business experience. KPO services include activities such as business research services, data analytics, patent research services etc.
with 25 percent considered Master operators compared with a global average of just eight percent;
Masters view their shared services as high performance businesses in their own right, and they invest in the practices
voice-of-the-customer surveys and external benchmarking were the three best practices shared by all of the masters.
In contrast, less than 50 percent of the non-master shared service organisations used key performance indicators and less than 40 percent used voice-ofthe-customer surveys and benchmarking practices
Ireland's strong cohort of SSC Masters should be leveraged, sharing best practice, standards and benchmarking to raise the capabilities and quality across the entire sector here (both foreign and indigenous).
SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS 7. Higher education and Research Waterford Institute of technology (WIT) Waterford Institute of technology is particularly strong among Iots in terms of enterprise relevance and linkages.
Full time Phd 37 47 49 Full Time Masters Taught 219 278 319 Full Time Masters Research 124 126 91 Certs
173 1037 Part Time Phd 3 4 7 Part Time Masters Taught 244 290 253 Part Time Masters Research 11 11
as set out in Table 1. WIT accounted for 17 percent of total Masters/Phd enrolments in the Iot sector in 2010.
and honours degrees (levels 7&8), 120 SET Masters graduates and 5 SET Phd graduates from WIT.
In HSS disciplines WIT, had 234 Masters graduates and 896 ordinary/honours degree graduates in 2010.
Through its Masters in Communication Services the TSSG has delivered up-skilling and training for staff in local companies.
The School of education and Professional Development collaborates with Enniscorthy Enterprise Support Unit to deliver a range of further and higher education programmes in Wexford.
It also offers a Masters in Therapeutic Child care. NUI Maynooth Kilkenny Campus The Kilkenny Campus was set up in St. Kieran's College under NUI Maynooth's outreach programme.
Conclusion The higher education sector in the region can play an increasing role in meeting the growing educational needs of the employed
improving education participation and attainment and a strengthening higher education research base. Much progress was made also in addressing a number of key infrastructure gaps in terms of road access, energy, broadband and availability of serviced industrial land.
Bord Bia, Teagasc, Fáilte Ireland) the planning and development expertise within the local authorities, the HEIS,
Leveraging regional HEI strengths A programme of structured engagement between the key research groups among the Iots within the region
-identify research partnerships with other HEIS nationally in order to develop critical mass; and-explore how regional HEIS can individually
and collectively support early stage start-ups and the marketing of the region for mobile investment particularly in emerging sectors (including cleantech, biotechnology, digital media (& games) and advanced manufacturing.
The German state has reacted to the study by focusing on reforming school curricula and by launching extra classes in elementary schools and high schools for disadvantaged students.
Application-based research is being carried out at colleges of higher education, for example for 72 FOSTERING INNOVATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL CHALLENGES the purpose of putting technological and non-technological innovations into practice.
Disruptive Innovation in Higher education Yet, none of these early digital innovations was fundamentally transformative or paradigm shifting.
and teachers and features many-to-many communication and multidirectional mentorship (see Figure 1). The professor is no longer in the role of the grand master of knowledge.
Featured presentation at the Technology in Higher education conference. The Qatar National Convention Center in Doha, Qatar.
Featured presentation at the Technology in Higher education conference at the Qatar National Convention Center in Doha, Qatar.
Higher education edition. Retrieved on 24 february 2014 from http://www. nmc. org/publications/2013-horizon-report-higher-ed Prince, M. 2004.
Featured presentation at the Technology in Higher education conference at the Qatar National Convention Center in Doha, Qatar.
which has translated into a steady improvement in the higher education and training pillar (2nd) in recent years,
Finland occupies the top position both in the health and primary education pillar as well as the higher education and training pillar,
Its excellent educational system (ranked 5th for health and primary education and 6th for its higher education and training) and efficient markets especially its goods market (6th) are highly supportive of business activity.
continued improvements in two important areas higher education (22nd) and innovation (26th) will be necessary. Although the quality of education in Hong kong is good (12th),
Denmark also continues to receive a first-rate assessment for its higher education and training system (14th
although Canada has been successful in nurturing its human resources compared with other advanced economies (it is ranked 7th for health and primary education and 15th for higher education and training),
the data suggest a slight downward trend of its performance in higher education (ranking 8th place on higher education
Belgium also boasts an exceptional higher education and training system (4th), with excellent math and science education, topnotch management schools,
The health of the workforce and the quality and quantity of education are ranked other strengths 21st for health and primary education and 27th for higher education and training.
including its excellent health and primary education (12th) and strong higher education and training (20th), along with its well-functioning goods and labor markets, ranked 9th and 16th, respectively.
These include the country's topnotch educational system at all levels (6th and 13th in the health and primary education and higher education and training pillars
It also has one of the highest tertiary education enrollment rates (18th), which provides a large pool of skilled labor force that,
and healthcare (63rd) and higher education and training (74th), increasing the efficiency of its labor market (124th),
these result from its large market size (38th) and a solid educational system that provides easy access to all levels of education (ranked 47th on higher education and training and 54th on primary education.
Furthermore, primary education (11th) and higher education (17th) are universal and of high quality. These factors, combined with the country's high degree of technological readiness (18th), partly explain the country's remarkable capacity for innovation (16th.
placing 15th in primary education and 11th in higher education and training. Australia's macroeconomic situation is satisfactory in the current context (26th.
and basic education (35th) and enrollment figures for higher education are also on the rise, even though the quality of education in particular the quality of management schools (68th) and the disconnect between educational content
Finally, although tertiary education enrollment is one of the 12 The Global Competitiveness Report 2012 2013:
and room for improvement remains on the higher education and training pillar (40th) as well. Boosting these areas
Also critical, in view of the country's rapidly growing population and high unemployment, are investing in the healthcare system and primary education (137th) as well as higher education and training (138th.
operators co-funded by Technology Agency, Ministry of Higher education, Science and Technology, European Regional Development Fund 68 SI:
and developed in high schools, with the 25 best Call4school projects invited to participate in the fair.
which was born out of collaboration between Arduino and designers in the Master of Advanced Studies in Interaction design at SUSPI in Lugano.
This has led to an extension of entrepreneurial activities and higher education and research infrastructure to new areas such as satellites and GPS technologies. 14 Finally, radical foundation of a new domain:
and scenario-planning exercises involving the public, private and higher education sectors, the chief aim of which would be to produce a regionally-attuned smart specialisation strategy.
and tertiary education Promoting national training, lifelong learning schemes for companies and individuals Engaging regional stakeholders in external production networks Securing national infrastructure investments to enhance connectivity Source:
and research (driven by academic outputs) and are part of national academic systems that are targeted not 71 The term'university'includes all higher education institutions,
establishing a regional higher education partnership to better understand the regional situation and to overcome the barriers,
mapping the regional higher education system in terms of their degreeawarding ability, research activities and possible cooperation with regional partners, assessing the connectivity of the universities to the regional public
A platform to promote cooperation between HEI and businesses at European level, 73 Marie Curie Initial Training Networks Industrial doctorates:
Between higher education and businesses in educational issues, 75 Erasmus for all: The Union Programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport for the programming period 2014-2020.76 72 http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/activities/research-and-innovation
Develop partnerships between national and regional authorities in charge of different public policies such as economic development, employment, higher education and culture.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011