Lecturer Accounting Sciences and Finance Department Nicholas Kakava Coordinator in Consumer Sciences Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe Corresponding author:
Virtual Environments Innovation and R&d Activities, University of Technology Malaysia, Malaysia. Essentials, 1999. Entrepreneurship development, 2: 1 http://www. essentials-on-entrepreneurship. pdf. Accessed 25 october 2012 Ettlie, J. E. & Rubenstein, A. H. 1987, Firm size and product
Reid, M. G. S. &garnsey, E. 1996), Innovative Management in Small Hi-tech Firms, Cranfield University, Cranfield.
Questions from a user's perspective Ruud Smits Department of Innovation Studies, University of Utrecht, P o box 80125, NL 3508 TC Utrecht, The netherlands Received 26 february 2001;
Roads and Challenges'potentially important role of‘Cultural Industry'in our economic system was pointed out 7. When accepting his professorship in‘Cultural Industry'at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam,
and universities as well, being asked to account for themselves more specifically. Justification is expected often in terms of contributing towards solutions to societal problems.
has been cast back to those university groups operating at the absolute forefront of science. Many other university researchers will see an increase in the number of requests to set out
what they are able to do for the economy and the society of the future. As a follow-up to the above, there is the demand for management of the knowledge infrastructure.
The increasing trend for universities being expected to account for themselves is only one manifestation of an expansive phenomenon that is emerging in the international dimension:
Table 1 sets out the main differences between Mode 1 and Mode 2. This gives rise to a dilemma for universities and public research organisations 42.
Universities, because the demand for more specific orientation towards the problem in question calls for a multidisciplinary approach,
Technology Assessment (Constructive Consumer Technology Assessment), Dissertation, University of Twente, 1994.36 J. W. Schot, Constructive technology assessment and technology dynamics:
Towards an integral technology policy), Dissertation, Free University, Kerckebosch, Zeist, 1991.38 J. Grin, H. van de Graaf, R. Hoppe, Technology Assessment Through Interaction
of a New Discipline), address at the opening of the academic year, Utrecht University, 1999.52 K. Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy, Viking Books US/Forth Estate, UK, 1998.53 H. J. Brouwer,
Long-term Foresight Studies in Policy Exercises), address Tilburg University, Samson H. D. Tjeenk Willink, 1993.57 I. Mayer, Participatory policy analysis:
Debating technologies, Dissertation, Tilburg University, Tilburg Univ. Press, 1997.58 J. Dijck, Ondernemen tussen vermarkting en vermaatschappelijking (Running a Business Between Commercialisation and Communalisation), Farewell
speech, Tilburg University, 2000.59 W. van Rossum, Innovatie en de ontwikkeling van bedrijven (Innovation and the Evolution of Businesses), Inaugural address, Twente Univ. Press
But Not Always the Technology it Needs), Address, Tilburg University, Tilburg Univ. Press, 1994.61 B. Martin, Foresight in science and technology,
The hague, 1999.65 F. Bongers, Participatory policy analysis and group support systems, Dissertation, Tilburg University, yet to be published, 2000.66 F. Bongers, R. Smits, J. Geurts, C. Holland,
Ruud Smits is‘Professor of Technology and Innovation, more particularly the Strategy and Management of Innovation Processes'of the Department of Innovation Studies of the University of Utrecht.
which involve universities, public R&d laboratories and firms. The aim of this policy is to enhance the innovative capability of the host region by strengthening the ties among scientific, technical and institutional agents.
universities and research institutions involvements are stronger. 1 In spite of these initiatives, one must not forget that cooperative agreements are based on technology transfers
clients, suppliers, other firms (than clients and suppliers), professional and technical centres, educational institutions (university, engineering school, technical college), research institutions (CNRS, INRA, INSERM and CEA.
-0. 5025(-1. 629)- 0. 4138(-1. 392) Technical centre 0. 3034 (0. 936) Engineering and technical school/university 0 213 (0.
Some results were discussed also at the seminars at the Universities of Orléans (LEO) and Strasbourg (BETA.
in SMES Harold Welsch1, David P. Price2, Michael Stoica3 1depaul University 2, 3washburn University, 1700 SW College avenue, Topeka KS 66621 USA
, Susette University of Basel Burkert, Frank Bayer AG Leverkusen Chavunduka, Gordon Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers Association Correa, Carlos University of Buenos aires Cottier
, Thomas University of Berne Cueni, Thomas La Roche Daele, Wolfgang van den Science Center Berlin Döbert, Rainer Science Center Berlin Dutfield, Graham
Bill Wallace, CH2M HILL Akao Yamanaka, Hitachi Chemicals Regional partners René van Berkel, Curtin University of Technology (WASIG) Liesel Gutierrez, BCSD
As a result, global buyers instead of universities are gatekeepers of knowledge. This enhances the likely impact of global value chains on the level of innovation.
2 staff of a financial institute and 2 university staff were interviewed. The information was counterchecked with information from active members of associations and interviews of 3 key researchers on innovation in small firms, clusters and handicrafts in Yogyakarta province.
%which is why the sector refers to Out of Asia as‘the university of craft'.
#37, now a university teacher: I joint Out of Asia in 1998. There were not many trading companies at the time.
, 5 1, 5 1, 9 1, 5 Government 2, 3 2, 0 2, 8 2, 2 Universities 1, 9 1
as university graduates are trained not in market-oriented industrial design. 2) Number of departments. Having marketing,
a (ANOVA significance) 0. 000 a (ANOVA significance) 0. 000 0 Constant 0. 313 0 Constant-0. 007 1 University dummy 1. 953
often provided by the government in association with university staff and associations. In addition, many entrepreneurs train their own staff,
%Other firms 9, 7%8, 8%9, 1%9, 1%Government 6, 5%0, 0%9, 1%3, 0%Universities
The main knowledge institutes are universities, especially the institute of arts (ISI. Universities are debit to the quickly growing absorptive capacity of firms,
as many staff graduated from one of the 70 universities. They are seen as too theoretical to directly benefit the sector,
but all universities increasingly pay attention to entrepreneurship and community services. At ISI, students can choose between more artistic and more commercial art studies.
But their role in innovation interactions is limited to teaching. There is no joint design development or innovation platform.
I have a master in cartography at Gadja Mada University from 1980 and was graded the best student of my year.
'He was the first university graduate starting a business, at least ten years before a host of other university graduates joined him.
What changed? The first change is that the ease of doing business improved. Yogyakarta Province offers the highest ease of doing business in Indonesia.
whose entrepreneurs have a university degree (table 15. Firms with a medium level of absorptive capacity have a much lower innovation level than those with a high level,
591 Entrepreneur characteristics Age enterpreneur (mean) 39 41 42 University education (dummy) 15%63%68%Global Value Chain characteristics Exporters
HIS Erasmus University Rotterdam: Rotterdam. Gereffi, G. 1999. International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain.
University Library Groningen. Ismalina, P. 2011. An integrated analysis of socioeconomic structures and actors in indonesian industrial clusters:
University Library Groningen. Ivarsson, I, . and C. G. Alvstam. 2010. Upgrading in global value chains:
United nations University-Maastricht Economic and social Research and training centre on Innovation and Technology, 2008-044.
Center for Industry and SME studies, Faculty of economics, University of Trisakti, 4. Tambunan, T. 2006. Transfer of technology to and technology diffusion among non-farm small and medium enterprises in indonesia.
Center for Industry and SME Studies, faculty of economics, University of Trisakti, 3. Tambunan, T. 2005. Promoting small and medium entreprises with a clustering approach:
market, Bantul, Yogyakarta Lecturer, ISI (university of arts), Yogyakarta Ahmad, Director, Siji, Yogyakarta Ahmed Assegaf, Director, Tropical Handicrafts, Yogyakarta Aloysius Brata, researcher.
Deputy Director Academics and Research, faculty of economics and Business, University of Gadja Mada Pandit Pintoro, Director, Narti's Silver, Yogyakarta Poniyat, Director, Niyat Ceramic, Kasonan
, Yogyakarta Poppy Ismalina, Director, Faculty of economics and Business, University of Gadja Mada Priyo Salim, Director, Salim Silver, Yogyakarta Robertus Agung Prasentya, Director.
and design, Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta Triningsi, wife and business partner, Doni Silver, Yogyakarta Tumijo, silver artisan, Katogede, Yogyakarta Umer Setiadji
Government Universities Finance Instiit. Exporters Local firms Chamber of commerce 1, 684**,460**,529**,319**,267**-075,158 Business Association, 684**1, 441**,605**,272**,326**-113,205
*Cluster Association, 460**,441**1, 519**,301**,298**-019,199 Government, 529**,605**,519**1, 351**,308**-080,219*Universities, 319**,272
‘For instance, I drove Lund University's intelligent speed adaptation Volvo demonstrator in about 1998-9,
and 26 at the universities) were created in the research institute network and at the universities,
At the same time the planned decrease in the volume of university courses in economic-,legal-and social sciences may influence the innovation absorption capacity of the economy.
the research readiness of the university and academic sector and the research needs of the industry are not the same,
the responsiveness of the university and academic sector is slow). Outdated and scattered infrastructure and often missing new supply of researchers;
University-business co-operation is getting stronger in some segments. Leading researchers use international sources, infrastructure and databases.
Capital and modern infrastructure by large companies, promising cooperation with universities. The development of (company law, competition law, consumer protection, accounting rules, intellectual property protection etc.
The strengthening of university knowledge centres more pronounced transfer of the research results into education.
The development of entrepreneurial universities satisfying social and economic needs better. The utilization of the optimization process of global resource allocation, attracting R&d-enhancing FDI.
The strengthening of dialogue between universities and large companies. The more pronounced participation of cultural institutions in disseminating the most recent RDI results.
the knowledge bases (all the knowledge bases of the universities and the Academy, the private sector and the nonprofit and community sectors) form the basis of the national innovation system, social and economic actors in the knowledge economy,
{{The barriers to KNOWLEDGE UTILIZATION utilizing (primarily business sectors University-Academy, governmental, national-foreign KNOWLEDGE BASES are the weaknesses of knowledge creation Overall HORIZONTAL weaknesses The growing regional disparities (also a global trend),
research and development organisations, enterprises, government institutions, organisations funding innovation developments, universities, high schools and vocational training establishments, research hospitals, libraries, historical archives, museums, public education
7) Coherent strategy for university research reply to the global challenges in researches. 8) The support for the institutional technology transfer infrastructure
and processes. 9) The setup of a linkage between enterprises and researchers at the academic and university sectors (partly also a task for strengthening the knowledge flow).
Indirect tax incentives by enterprises qualification, legislative rationalisation---Strengthening of research universities; technology transfer offices; assistance in international calls for proposals;
outstanding knowledge centres, research universities and higher education research and development are funded in a targeted way by the RDI strategy,
and the universities/HAS still put a pressure on the government in order to be able to use RDI resources available for other activities.
Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo Working papers on Innovation Studies. http://www. sv. uio. no/tik/Innowp/Tommy%20ipp15%20wpready. pdf Birch
University Research Management: Developing Research in New Institutions. OECD, Paris 68 bibliography 69 bibliography OFI Hungarian Institute for Educational research and Development (2011:
A magyar kutatás-fejlesztés teljesítménye és versenyképessége nemzetközi összehasonlításban The performance and competitiveness of the Hungarian research and development in international comparison Savaria University Press Vas Zs. és
Dual studies means the university course and the parallel professional practice, the purpose of which is to enable the students to get familiarized with the practical issues of their future profession according to the instructions of experienced professionals.
In consultation with the university, the capacities of the student are used by the company to carry out tasks meaningful for both parties connected to certain professional fields or probably di-70 the most important definitions 71 the most important definitions European
research centres and universities in order to define the most promising areas of regional specialization and the weaknesses hindering innovation.
an enterprise established for the purpose of commercializing the development results of a university or public (nonprofit) research organisations.
The researchers of the university or research institute and an external management usually managing the new company based on a novel product
Award of the title of research university for the outstanding universities by invitation of tender
Robert Gordon at Northwestern university and Tyler Cowen at George Mason University put forth a number of arguments to support their claims,
discussion paper no. 07-18, Simon Fraser University Department of economics, September 2007), http://www. sfu. ca/econ-research/Repec/sfu/sfudps/dp07
University of Minnesota, March 2011), http://conservancy. umn. edu/bitstream/104630/1/Vig umn 0130e 11796. pdf. For public sector literature examples, see:
Matilde Mas, ICT and Productivity Growth in Advanced Economies (working paper, University of Valencia and Ivie, 2010). 102.
Evidence from a UK Supermarket Chain (working paper, University Rovira i Virgili Department of economics, 2012), http://www. recercat. net/handle/2072/196650.121.
Costs and Benefits of Government Intervention,(University of California, Irvine: Graduate school of Management and Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, December 30, 1992), http://crito. uci. edu/papers/1993/pac-005. pdf. 163.
Lessons from the Asia-Pacific Region (University of California, Irvine: Graduate school of Management and Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, April 13, 2001), http://www. crito. uci. edu/git/publications/pdf/pac-037d. pdf. 164.
Results and Policy Implications of Cross-country Studies (working paper, University of California, Irvine: Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, February 1999), 25, http://www. crito. uci. edu/itr/publications/pdf/it-productivity-2-99. pdf. 165.
and measures the availability of finance for innovation projects by venture capital investments and the support of governments for research and innovation activities by R&d expenditures by universities and government research organisations.
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010 Methodology report This report*is prepared by Hugo Hollanders MERIT (Maastricht University) Stefano Tarantola Joint Research Centre (JRC), Unit G3 January
and quickly reflect changes in educational policies leading to more university graduates. 4 Table 1:
All data manipulations have been done by CWTS (Leiden University, http://www. cwts. nl. 2. 3. 1 PCT patent applications per billion GDP (in PPP€) Numerator:
Knowledgeintensive activities are defined as those industries where at least 33%of employment has a university degree (ISCED5 or ISCED6.
Faculty of medicine, University of New south wales, Sydney, NSW. Correspondence: J. Westbrook@unsw. edu. au References 1 Lemay R. E-Health:
Examples of such resources include inputs to R&d activity, e g. scientists and universities, or the knowledge about customers and markets.
Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University. Bonacich, P.,Oliver, A. & Snijders, T. A b. 1998.'
Leipzig and Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw) and Federico Biagi (IPTS, University di Padua and SDA Bocconi.
particularly elite university research, and of local networks as generated by clusters. Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of prior government intervention to form clusters, from
particularly elite university research, and of local networks as generated by clusters. Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of prior government intervention to form clusters, from
They require long-term investment in human capital often around a centre of technological excellence, such as a university
or the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, which spawned both CDT and Plastic Logic.
First, successful innovation depends to some extent on excellence in education and strong and active links between knowledge generation, knowledge exchange and knowledge exploitation (i e. between universities and firms.
CDT was established in 1992 following the discovery that Light Emitting Diodes (LEDS) could be made from polymers as opposed to traditional semiconductors by researchers at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge.
The case study also highlights the university's lack of capability at that time to respond to the discovery in any meaningful way.
when it became clear that the university was unable to licence the technology itself. CDT also illustrates the fact that the time frame for development
Novaled's resulted from collaboration between the Technical University of Dresden's Institute for Applied Photophysics (IAPP) and the Fraunhofer 13 Startup Intelligence
centres of excellence within universities MIT Media Lab in this case can provide focused and fertile sources of start-ups.
Involvement of universities in the seeding process, both for new technological innovation and for driving new technology take-up, is a major factor.
This is shown in the use of university staff and even students to introduce robotics through business cases and technical integration services, at reduced costs to new users.
which are based on developments from an open source operating system from Carnegie mellon University, Mach 3. 0. Note that where there are grey areas in the uses of IPR for web services
(whose origins lie in Steve jobs'Next Nextstep operating system, based on the MACH kernel from Carnegie mellon University, with Freebsd source code extensions), Linux,
therefore indicating that collaborations with the OSS community should exert a positive effect on entrepreneurial ventures'innovation performance. 24 Berkeley Software Distribution a free open source licensed version of the Unix operating system from the Regents of the University
as there are several European examples in our case studies. For instance, the Institute for Applied Photophysics at the Technical University of Dresden with the Fraunhofer Institute founded Novaled in Germany,
and the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge spun out both Plastic Logic and CDT. 45 So how do the EU
The research performance of Europe's universities seems to lag behind that of their US counterparts, particularly in the top 50 universities in the Academic ranking of world universities (ARWU), colloquially known as the‘Shanghai ranking'(Aghion et al, 2005;
a European‘top'university tends to be among the best 25%in the world in at least one discipline,
although the number of disciplines in which it is world leader is on average substantially lower than that calculated for a top US university (Moed, 2006).
And this calls for excellence in education and strong and active links between knowledge generation and knowledge exploitation (i e. between universities and firms.
Bessen, J.,Ford, J. and Meurer, M. 2011), The Private and Social Costs of Patent Trolls, Boston University School of law, Working Paper No. 11-45, Revision
Dee, N. and Minshall, T. 2011), Finance, Innovation and Emerging Industries a Review, Centre for Technology Management Working Paper Series, No. 2011/2, Institute for Manufacturing, University
Assessing Europe's University-based Research, Expert Group on Assessment of University-based Research, EUR 24187 EN, DG Research,
http://ec. europa. eu/research/science-society/document library/pdf 06/assessing-europe-university-based-research en. pdf European commission (2012) Conference on Transparency
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/standards/extended/patent pools event en. htm Feldman, M.,Desrochers, P.,(2003), Research Universities and Local Economic Development:
. pdf Moed, H. 2006), Bibliometric Rankings of World Universities, CWTS Report 2006-01, Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, http
And in the fall of 1996 the project would regularly bring down Stanford's Internet connection. 45 It is hard to imagine a European university providing such a level of support to a couple of renegade Phd students,
Stanford university and research funding and the support of the university and the access to Silicon valley high tech/angel investor/VC network.
Martin Goro ko, head of marketing for the Tallin Tehnopol technology park, says that Skype has had a bigger influence on young entrepreneurs than the Tallinn University of Technology
and the University of Tartu put together. Eighty percent of the business ideas that reach our incubator
Interestingly, the researchers found that that there were no funds available within the university to cover the costs of patenting their discovery;
The university lacked the resources and skills to licence what was a potentially disruptive technology
In 1992, Friend founded CDT Ltd, with support from the university and funding from local seed venture capital fund
The ownership of the OLED IPR was transferred from the university to the new company, while the university remained as one of the company's largest shareholders.
Other early investors included the rock group, Genesis; the Sculley Brothers; the Generics Group; Hermann Hauser, a founding director of Acorn Computer;
http://www. cdtltd. co. uk/Tim Minshall, Stuart Seldon, David Probert, Commercializing a disruptive technology based upon University IP through Open Innovation:
when Professor Sir Richard Friend (now Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge) started research into organic semiconductors.
from innovation to impact, University of Cambridge, Research Features, 01 aug 2009, http://www. cam. ac. uk/research/features/plastic-logic-from-innovation-to-impact/Novaled AG Novaled
The company was spun off in 2001 from the Technical University of Dresden's Institute for Applied Photophysics (IAPP) and the Fraunhofer Institute (Fhg) for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), both of Dresden, Germany, by four key people.
as well as being spun off from a technical university and a state-aided research institute. The key project has been the Rollex project:
that a bridge between university and industry is critical for successful product commercialization. One example of such a bridge is the Fraunhofer IPMS.
The IPMS in Dresden enables the IAPP of the Technical University of Dresden to scale up its technology in a well-controlled environment (NSF WTEC 2010.
When Novaled started as a spin-off from Fraunhofer and Technical University of Dresden in 2001 with just 4 people,
With no university degree no university backing and very little funding, 93 over a period of 25 years Greenhill and a small team developed the world's most advanced robotic hand.
The original aim of the Shadow Project was to build a genuinely useful general-purpose robot, at a price which people,
Shadow received its first order for the Dextrous Hand in 2004, curiously from the University of Bielefeld in Germany.
Carnegie mellon University also bought one in 2005 for their research work, 94 but the main customer was again NASA who placed an order in 2005 in connection with their Robonaut project.
Nevertheless, it has outlasted all the apparently more credible government-funded and university robot-building projects from the late 80s and early 90s."
Further development took place in this international effort involving EU companies, universities, and research institutes. In the Realsim project, DLR developed a free Modelica multibody library (the download is available at http://www. Modelica. org/library
Note also that KUKA has sponsored university research in the USA. The KUKA Chair of Robotics at the Georgia Institute of technology held by Professor Henrik Christensen,
RUR works with leading universities and other technology providers to gather the latest and most relevant technology for each application it sees its advantage as being able to deploy the very latest in robotics technology.
Some form of support for those customers taking robotics technology for the first time would allay the fears they often see in small companies over investments in robotics. UK universities are not fully supportive they do not seem to be able to partner well with industry.
with a remit to integrate resources for knowledge, skills, infrastructure and innovation expertise, among universities, science parks, incubators,
Thus Robotdalen draws heavily on local universities to provide students who can work with SMES to introduce robots, guided by a team of experienced mentors.
as well as the local universities of Örebro and Mälardalen. Such developments are generating international interest in Robotdalen
underpinned with regional university support and helping start-up suppliers and robot users. Robotdalen's programme has succeeded in mobilizing interested parties across the entire region.
Prevas, as well as the universities of Mäladalen and Örebro. More than 100 pilot studies of SMES have been conducted to strengthen the competitiveness of the local SMES by robotization of their production processes.
Going further it is supporting human capital growth through university education. Sweden's first university course in robotics is held now here.
Robotdalen has cooperated with local universities to set up a Master of Engineering in Robotics course, at Mälardalen University while at Örebro University a new postgraduate school RAP (Intelligent Systems for Robotics
Automation and Process Control) has been created. One example product is the Giraff teleconferencing robot for the elderly and disabled the company moved to Robotdalen from Silicon valley.
A key lesson from the analysis of the three subsectors is the critical importance of higher education, particularly elite university research,
36 5. 1. 1 Universities ranked in QS University ranking...36 5. 1. 2 Academic ranking of a Computer science Faculty...
Munchen Kreisfreie Stadt EIPE ID card Activity Characteristic Name of Indicator Indicator ID Rank R&d Agglomeration Universities ranked in the QS University ranking Agrd 1
Inner London East EIPE ID card Activity Characteristic Name of Indicator Indicator ID Rank R&d Agglomeration Universities ranked in the QS University ranking Agrd 1
Paris EIPE ID card Activity Characteristic Name of Indicator Indicator ID Rank R&d Agglomeration Universities ranked in the QS University ranking Agrd 1 37 Academic ranking
the EIPE ID card Activity Characteristic Name of Indicator Indicator ID Nr R&d Agglomeration Universities ranked in the QS University ranking Agrd 1 1 Academic ranking of a Computer science
R&d 5. 1. 1 Universities ranked in QS University ranking Table 13: Top ranking regions according to the Universities ranked in QS University ranking indicator Rank NUTS3 Code Region name Indicator Value EIPE Rank 1 UKL12 Gwynedd 100
266 2 DE711 Darmstadt, Kreisfreie Stadt 83 7 3 DE125 Heidelberg, Stadtkreis 82 23 4 DE423 Potsdam, Kreisfreie Stadt 77
UKH12 Cambridgeshire CC 20 5 Indicator description Indicator ID Agrd 1 Name of indicator Universities ranked in the QS University ranking
Measures the number of universities in QS university ranking based in a region Unit of measurement Region's share in the total number of EU ranked universities to a region's share in the EU population Definition of ICT dimension none Unit of observation
Frequency of the Universities ranked in QS University ranking indicator values 1248 9 8 8 7 4 3 6 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 0 500 1000 1500 Frequency 0 20 40 60 80 100 Number of universities ranked in QS Table 14:
Descriptive statistics of the Universities ranked in QS University ranking indicator Number of observations Mean value Standard deviation Variance 1303 1. 16 7. 01 49.17 38 5. 1. 2
of indicator Universities ranked in the QS University ranking Academic ranking of a Computer science faculty Employer ranking of a Computer science faculty Citations ranking of a Computer science faculty R&d expenditures by ICT firms ICT FP7 funding
Measures the number of universities in QS university ranking Measures the performance of the Computer science faculty according to the academic ranking of QS Measures the performance of the Computer science faculty according to the employer ranking of QS Measures the performance
number of EU ranked universities to a region's share in the EU population The highest rank of a Computer science faculty in the academic ranking The highest rank of a Computer science faculty in the employer ranking The highest rank of a Computer science
which was formed in 2008 to meet the increasing public interest for comparative data on universities and organisations,
000 and evaluates over 700 universities in the world, ranking the top 400. Like any ranking at the global level, it is constrained by the availability of data from every part of its scope.
Employer reputation survey considers the students'employability as a key factor in the evaluation of international universities and in 2010 drew on over 5,
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