mutual self-help, microcredit, building societies, cooperatives, trade unions, reading clubs, and philanthropic business leaders creating model towns and model schools.
or for-profit businesses innovating new approaches to helping disabled people into work. But these definitions provide a reasonable starting point.
using the mobile telephones to support frontline workers or using cable television or the Internet to strengthen local communities.
By comparison, in business the early phases of fast-growing enterprises often involve ruthless turnover of managers and executives.
and as organizations 154 innovations/spring 2006 The Process of Social Innovation develop experience about how to make them work.
and evolve but small ones can gain some of this ability through the skills of their staff and through taking part in the right kind of networks.
Real-life innovation is a discovery process that often leaves ideas transformed and mutated, and it sometimes sees them jump from one sector to another.
the acceleration of social innovation is aided by practitioner networks, allies in politics, strong civic organizations (from trade unions to hospitals) and the support of progressive foundations and philanthropists.
15 the sociological work on the role of intermediaries who help make markets work more efficiently,
17 and the work pioneered by Everett Rogers on diffusion. Often the insights from business pose important challenges to social innovators.
what became the Expert Patients Programme in the U k. National Health Service); similarly the open-source methods have taken models from academia
(and generally the quality of theoretical work in this field has been low, with little progress since the pioneering work in the 1980s at Manchester
and Sussex Universities linking social innovation to broader patterns of technological change). Nor has much use been made of the advances made in parallel disciplines.
Considerable work is now under way on measuring the outputs and outcomes of public and social organizations, including the fascinating work led by Dale Jorgensen at Harvard on valuing the informal economy and family work,
and the recent work led by Tony Atkinson at Oxford university on the value of public services. These go far beyond the rather crude claims that are made sometimes for the productivity and efficacy of social organizations.
Yet the truth is that very little is known about productivity in the civic sector and although in mature fields it is possible to compare similar public, private,
J. Gerhuny, Social Innovation and the Division of labour (London: Oxford university Press, 1983; M. Njihoff, The Political economy of Innovation (The hague:
and in his work and his writings he anticipated today's interest in social enterprise
Jo Casebourne, Nesta Kelly Armstrong, Nesta Second Interim Study report Contract no. 30-CE-0531673/00-86 2014, European commission This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
and Incubation Learn about digital social innovation Index Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 6 2. Dynamic crowdmapping of the DSI community 8 4. Assessing Innovation Strategy (WP3):
Executive Summary Innovation policy and the need to reinvent policy to foster Digital Social Innovation in Europe The Study on Social Innovation in a Digital Agenda focuses on mapping
The objective of work package 3 is to identify compare, and evaluate the most salient innovation strategies in the field of digital social innovation.
Co-designing DSI policies We have been experimenting participatory methodology to engage practicioners, experts and policy makers in the generation of DSI policy policy ideas, issuse and future scenarios.
The workshop brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, experts, and policy makers from different European countries. As main outcome of the workshop, were identified
culminating with our final DSI event with more than 400 DSI policy makers, experts and practitioners in Brussels, December 16, 2014.
building on the work presented in this report. Finally, we will continue our work on engaging and mapping the DSI community,
The objective of work package 3 is to identify compare, and evaluate the most salient innovation strategies in the field of digital social innovation.
crowdmapping actors and networks'with presentations and panel discussion from European DSI experts. The primary focus of the session was to engage the DSI community in kicking off the DSI research
experts and practitioners from across Europe to discuss and develop policy ideas for supporting digital social innovation.
The summit brought together 198 experts (157 domestic and 41 international) in order to generate policy proposals to boost the productive exchange matrix in Ecuador.
One stream within this research (Work Package 8) focusses on online networks and ICT enabled social innovation.
private and public sectors and high-tech experts in Northern ireland can capitalise on the potential for digital technology for social good.
The Open university Business school, the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies and the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES.
Open Hardware and Open Knowledge need to overcome to scale their work and how they can do this.
Europe is focused now on providing an innovative response to societal challenges such as globalisation, aging population, youth unemployment, resource constraints and so forth.
and growing unemployment will require innovative solutions that challenge traditional ways of doing things, such as moving from closed innovation models to open
Vision for the European Research Area, the Innovation Union (a Europe 2020 Initiative), the European Information Society for Growth and Employment,
and fostering better digital entrepreneurship. 13 The real question is how these positive beginnings can scale to enable new forms of social innovation to emerge to tackle societal challenges, such as unemployment, clean and renewable energy provision, poverty,
do enough R&d internally to recognize external significant R&d Advantages First movers advantage Having better business models is more important than being a first mover Employees Professional employees inside the company Working with professional within inside
and designated experts (technocrats) Knowledge and information from inside and outside the organizational boundaries of governments Decision making principle Rationale and based on traditional information sources Behavioural, design-led
which fixations (works entitled to copyright protection are made openly available. Participants in the culture can modify those products
Regarding governance, the open source community works under the principles of peer governance a bottomup mode of participatory decision-making.
developers tend to work in isolation. Despite gathering around certain events and activities or participating in social networks,
As a consequence, products and services are the result of individuals'bright ideas and, only to a small extent, of cooperative work Lack of visibility:
It is also responsible for the implementation of the work programme, in line with the budget. ENOLL has five operational work groups under the Council as well as several thematic subgroups.
It offers different types of services to its members depending on the fee they pay: certification, communication and promotion, project development,
and 32 learning and education activities are only a few examples. The Fab Foundation (http://www. fabfoundation. org/)is an example of the latter.
For crowdsourcing to work, one needs the right crowd. For example if technical or scientific knowledge is required,
and his/her bargaining power in profit sharing, and the value of reusing. They also refer to the importance of all actions that lead to professional advantages for the contributor,
and that can improve their work. We have referred already to some of them in section 5. 4 as enablers for some of them are also intermediary platforms that provide resources and offer services.
and technical assistance (such as marketing, legal, finance, human resources, and other business development services). By locating similar or complementary entities in proximity to each other, the incubator may also play a critical role in promoting knowledge transfer, both formally and informally,
which aims at indirect revenues via cross-app promotion, brand promotion and e-commerce. However, while some developers are making it big,
the majority are not seeing the returns they were expecting to, to a lower extent, intrinsic motivations also matter.
ERDF funds have also incentivized the work of other living labs, such as PACALABS101 and Oululabs102.
and 6) competition platforms (that are becoming more popular to source experts and expertise in different areas.
and the quality of work performed. The authors suggest that financial incentives may be used to control trade-off between accuracy
This Amazon's micro-labour site offers members a chance to perform Human Intelligence Tasks (HIT) for a few pennies per completed task (for example, writing a 350+English resource article for USD17. 50.
Actually, reputation (the social recognition for meaningful and creative work within the crowd), publicity and the sense of community in general (that is, the knowledge that one is contributing to a large project
1) information about the organisation, 2) relationships with citizens and society, 3) economic and financial transparency, 4) procurement transparency, 5) 44 transparency in urban works,
and support the way representative democracy works nowadays. Davies (2013) and Janssen et al (2012) also refer to reputation
and policy ideas for beyond the Digital Agenda and Europe 2020, looking at three main pillars of the frame work:
The workshop brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, researchers, experts, and policy makers from different European countries,
when they were founded, turnover, number of users, size of organisation, employees etc) What they were trying to achieve with their service,
and helped them to scale up their work What the biggest barriers were faced that they and how to address them (through policy?
It is important that you leave at least halfof the time for participants to ask questions from the presenters.
You may also want to promote the importance of evidencebased policy-making as a continual process of understanding what works
issues To summarise the preliminary themes that have emerged from the community of experts and practitioners of DSI, there are a number of perceived future Internet threats (such as concentration of power and surveillance),
seeking the right balance between the interests of creators (to control their work and to be able to make a living of their creativity) and the interests of society (access to information and culture, freedom of expression)( Keller,
despite the existence of studies and evaluations, there is not much evidence on what really works and
and to improve investment in those that really work. This is, therefore, also a recommendation related to policy making to support digital social innovation.
However, in this second interim report we cannot yet engage in this work, due to the small and mostly disconnected data-set we currently have gathered,
We would argue that future work after the end of the DSI project should allow the website
but that lots of work must be done to connect the many disconnected local digital social innovation organisations to the larger European network. 64 7. Understanding
One example of this is Nesta's work with the UK Cabinet office on The Centre for Social action Innovation Fund,
they will need to demonstrate how they can evidence their work and progress from level one and onwards. 65 9. Next steps The activities listed above have been successful in helping us map over 500 organisations,
and to begin to understand the community and how it works. However, we are need we to continue our engagement work to increase our reach in to the DSI community.
valuable thought leadership concerning the issues faced by executives in today's rapidly changing automotive industry.
and discusses what executives should consider when weighing the pros and cons and evaluating the details of establishing new relationships.
and senior manufacturing executives worldwide. The report confirms that the landscape for competitive manufacturing is in the midst of a massive power shift based on an in depth analysis of survey responses.
The decline in EU labour productivity growth rates in the mid-990s was attributed equally to a lower investment per employee and to a slowdown in the rate of technological progress (Kok, 2004.
Indeed in 2006, the ICT sector added 5. 3%value to EU GDP and 3. 6%of EU employment.
in addition to the related employment, is an instrument of autonomy and sovereignty and provides the capacity to develop
5) Now Networked Enterprise and RFID Unit, Directorate General information Society and Media. 6) Inspired by work of Thomas Kurz,
For example research conducted in the context of the DBE IP has highlighted the importance of Regional Catalysts and other intermediary actors such as professional associations or volunteer open source communities.
This model works well when the central firm is healthy, but represents a significant weakness for the economy of the region
leading to a more dynamic version of the division of labour and organised along one-dimensional value chains and two-dimensional value networks (Corallo, 2007).
or institution takes a job traditionally performed by a designated agent (usually an employee) and outsources it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call over the Internet.
Work currently being done in the OPAALS project: www. opaals. org. 2) In the private sector this refers to fewer IPR restrictions,
Therefore, the balance that seems to work in business environments is layered based on a approach: combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services,
such as collaborative working environments composed of complex heterogeneous human and digital devices and systems. The ability to implement the production
and imposed by experts mediating on behalf of the users. The formal languages used have a high expressive power
but due to their complexity the codification requires mediation by experts. As a consequence, due to the scarcity of human resources, very limited aspects of the‘real world'have been described.
Furthermore, the key unconfessed assumption of the first computational ontologists was that the knowledge described is based upon an objective description of the world,
in contrast to the approach of establishing formal ontologies by domain experts. Loose associations of concepts and a greater flexibility and adaptability in organising information links are based on a minimum level of shared meaning that allows the emergence of cooperation among users.
or the know-how of the way the open source process works and the implications of different types of licences.
more visible performance to the relevant audience (peers, labour market, and venture capital community; 2) higher impact of effort on performance;
but less relevant to this discussion. 27) The acronym FLOSS stands For free/Libre/Open-source Software 28) An‘epistemic community'is a network of knowledge-based experts or groups with an authoritative claim to policy
the Lisbon strategy for growth and employment. Report from the High Level Group, OPOCE, Luxembourg.
to understand the nature of digital technologies as‘configurations that work 'and as constituents of multilevel socio-technical structures which mediate social innovation processes.
In their mostly tangible manifestation technologies are configurations that work (Rip and Kemp, 1998; more specifically, configurations that include tangible artefacts, the skills of technologists and users,
configurations incorporating digital technologies that work to meet social needs and enhance society's capacity to act.
Conversely digital technologies can be viewed as integral components of the social innovative configurations that work.
Research issues to be explored in future work Ahead of the presentation at the BAM 2014 conference we will further develop the provisional framework presented above, by drawing more extensively on the theory of socio-technical transitions.
to understand the nature of digital technologies as‘configurations that work 'and as constituents of multilevel socio-technical structures which mediate social innovation processes.
The economic theory, Work Foundation. Degelsegger, A. & Kesselring, A. 2012. Do Nonhumans Make a Difference?
Case studies, Work Foundation. Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the social-an introduction to actor-network-theory. Reassembling the Social-An Introduction to Actor-Network-theory, by Bruno Latour, pp. 316.
The Work Foundation, London. The European commission. 2013. Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation Online.
www. worldbank. org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World bank with external contributions.
and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World bank, its Board of Executive directors,
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and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3. 0 Unported license (CC BY 3. 0) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3. 0/igo.
and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution Please cite the work as follows:
World bank. 2014. Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency. WASHINGTON DC: World bank Group. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0351-2. License:
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Finally, the name of the employing workers indicator set has been changed to labor market regulation, and the scope of this indicator set has also been changed.
and on benefits provided to workers. The labor market regulation indicators continue to be excluded from the aggregate distance to frontier score
The labor market regulation indicators (formerly employing workers) are included not in this year's aggregate ease of doing business ranking,
of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) 5. 3 5. 3 5. 7 5. 0 6. 0 6. 0 3. 3 8
Doing Business 2015 Spain 16 STARTING A BUSINESS Formal registration of companies has many immediate benefits for the companies and for business owners and employees.
And their employees can benefit from protections provided by the law. An additional benefit comes with limited liability companies.
Has between 10 and 50 employees. Conducts general commercial or industrial activities. WHAT THE STARTING A BUSINESS INDICATORS MEASURE Procedures to legally start
This law removes the requirement for certain commercial activities to obtain a municipal license to initiate the execution of works and start operations.
and the opening of the workplace. Every autonomous community has its own form. Some require that work injury
and safety documentation (corresponding to the specific business or workplace in question) be filed along with the forms.
Other forms and documents might be needed depending on the workplace activities. Agency: Dirección Gral Trabajo-Comunidad de Madrid 1 day (simultaneous with previous procedure) no charge*Takes place simultaneously with another procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0. 5 days in the total time calculation. Source: Doing Business database.
Has 60 builders and other employees. The warehouse: Is valued at 50 times income per capita. Is a new construction (there was no previous construction on the land.
The indicators reported here for Spain are based on a set of specific procedures the steps that a company must complete to legally build a warehouse identified by Doing Business through information collected from experts in construction licensing,
and countersigned by the appropriate official institute (or in this case by the project's administrative supervision office, accompanied by the application sheets of the appropriate professional association) Confirmation of the deposit of a guarantee Authorization program for independent parts of the construction
whom the construction works have been attributed at the time of the inspection. Agency: Entidades Colaboradoras Urbanisticas-ECU 4 Request and receive final inspection in connection with the operating license Private collaborating entities (ECU) carry out the inspection and issue the declaration of conformity at the end of the construction works.
Buildco must pay a fee to the collaborating entities. The amount is EUR 2600 for the first 500 square meters and additionally EUR 1. 25 for every additional square meter.
which must be signed by the technical director of the work. This certificate must declare that the constructed building is in accordance with the issued license.
If urbanization works have been carried out simultaneously with construction, and this urbanization was completed by the builder,
the builder must present the final certification of these works. Certificado final de obra visado por el Colegio Profesional y Plan de Autoprotección (Ordenanza Municipal de Tramitación de Licencias Urbanísticas
These procedures include applications and contracts with electricity utilities, clearances from other agencies and the external and final connection works.
and receiving all necessary inspections Obtaining external installation works and possibly purchasing material for these works Concluding any necessary supply contract
and obtaining final supply Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days) Is at least 1 calendar day Each procedure starts on a separate day Does not include time spent gathering information Reflects the time spent in practice,
but all the works are carried out in a public land, so there is no crossing into other people's private property.
Iberdrola 20 calendar days EUR 3, 604 3*The customer obtains a license for the external works from the City council Customers need to obtain a license for the external works from the municipality.
The taxes on this license are 4%of the cost of the works. Agency: City council 25 calendar days EUR 1, 840 4 Iberdrola or a private firm does the connection works Customers have two choices:
The external connection works can be done by Iberdrola or the customer can hire a private licensed electrical constructor.
Two cases are considered equally likely for a customer with a load of 140kva: Iberdrola's distribution network allows for connections of up to 160kva at the low-voltage level.
Irrespective of who executes the actual works of the connection (installation of the transformer, excavation for cables etc.
Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals. The property (fully owned by the seller:
and firms listed in credit registry as percentage of adult population Has up to 50 employees.
(i e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency procedure?
(i e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated? Yes are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement
These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index.
Evidence obtainable during trial and allocation of legal expenses Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) Sum of the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability and ease of shareholder
strength of governance structure and extent of corporate transparency indices, divided by 3 Strength of investor protection index (0 10) Simple average of the extent of conflict of interest regulation
0-2) Disclosure on the transaction and on the conflict of interest 2 Is immediate disclosure of the transaction to the public and/or shareholders required?(
0-2) Yes if successful 1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0-10) 6. 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) 5
Yes 1. 5 Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor? Yes 1. 5 Can shareholders freely trade shares prior to a major corporate action or meeting of shareholders?
Yes 1. 5 Must information about board members'other directorships as well as basic information on their primary employment be disclosed?
or corporate income tax Social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer Property and property transfer taxes Dividend,
(%of profit) Notes on total tax rate Employer paid-Social security contributions 1 online filing 90 30.9%gross salaries 35.68 Corporate income tax 1 online
amount Employee paid-Social security contributions 0 paid jointly 6. 35%gross salaries 0 withheld Value added tax (VAT) 1 online filing 44
The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute.
*Court appointment of independent expert: Judge appoints, either at the parties'request or at his own initiative, an independent expert to decide
whether the quality of the goods Plaintiff delivered to Defendant is adequate. see assumption 5-b 17 Notification of court-appointment of independent expert:
The court notifies both parties that the court is appointing an independent expert (see assumption 5-b).*Delivery of expert report by court-appointed expert:
The independent expert, appointed by the court, delivers his or her expert report to the court (see assumption 5-b). 18 Pretrial conference on procedure:
The judge meets with the parties to discuss procedural issues (for example which applications and motions parties intend to file,
Witnesses and a court-appointed independent expert may be heard and questioned at the oral hearing. 23 Adjournments:
The court or court-appointed valuation expert evaluates the attached goods. 38 Call for public auction:
Doing Business 2015 Spain 81 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of employment,
specifically as it affects the hiring and redundancy of workers and the rigidity of working hours.
Also new is that Doing Business collects data on regulations applying to employees hired through temporary-work agencies as well as on those applying to permanent employees
or employees hired on fixed-term contracts. The indicators also cover additional areas of labor market regulation
Over the period from 2007 to 2011 improvements were made to align the methodology for the labor market regulation indicators (formerly the employing workers indicators) with the letter and spirit of the International labour organization (ILO) conventions.
employee termination, weekend work, holiday with pay, night work, protection against unemployment and medical care and sickness benefits.
The ILO conventions covering areas related to the labor market regulation indicators do not include the ILO core labor standards 8 conventions covering the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of forced labor, the abolition of child labor
and equitable treatment in employment practices. Between 2009 and 2011 the World bank Group worked with a consultative group including labor lawyers, employer and employee representatives,
and experts from the ILO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), civil society and the private sector to review the methodology for the labor market regulation indicators
and explore future areas of research. A full report with the conclusions of the consultative group is available at:
http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology/employing-workers. Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex.
The data on labor market regulations are based on a detailed survey of employment regulations that is completed by local lawyers and public officials.
Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. To make the data comparable across economies,
several assumptions about the worker and the business are used. The worker: Is a cashier in a supermarket
or a grocery store Is a full-time employee Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory The business:
Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy) with 60 employees. Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy's largest business city.
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city. Is subject to collective bargaining agreements
if such agreements cover more than 50%of the food retail sector and they apply even to firms that are not party to them.
and regulation but does not grant workers more benefits than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective bargaining agreements.
Doing Business 2015 Spain LABOR MARKET REGULATION Employment laws are needed to protect workers from arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers.
Many economies that changed their labor market regulation in the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor market flexibility.
DB year Reform DB2011 Spain reduced the notice period applicable in case of redundancy dismissals. DB2013 Spain temporarily allowed unlimited duration of fixed-term contracts.
Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. Difficulty of hiring index Difficulty of hiring covers 4 areas:(
iii) the minimum wage for a cashier, age 19, with 1 year of work experience; and (iv) the ratio of the minimum wage to the average value added per worker.
The average value added per worker is the ratio of an economy's GNI per capita to the working-age population as a percentage of the total population.
Difficulty of hiring index Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) It depends on the type of fixed-term contract:(
including renewals (months) 12 Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study (US$/month) 1140.02 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 31 Source:
or more (including overtime) for 2 months in a year to respond to a seasonal increase in workload;(
iii) the premium for night work (as a percentage of hourly pay;(iv) the premium for work on a weekly rest day (as a percentage of hourly pay;(
v) whether there are restrictions on night work;(vi) whether there are restrictions on weekly holiday work; and (vii) the average paid annual leave for workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10 years of tenure.
Rigidity of hours index Data 50-hour workweek allowed for 2 months a year in case of a seasonal increase in workload?
Yes Maximum working days per week 5. 5 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 25%Premium for work on weekly rest day(%of hourly pay) 0%Major restrictions on night work?
Yes Major restrictions on weekly holiday? No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10
years of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in working days) 22.0 Source:
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 85 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(
i) what the length is in months of the maximum probationary period;(ii) whether redundancy is disallowed as a basis for terminating workers;(
iii) whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant worker;(
iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
v) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate 1 redundant worker;(vi) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
vii) whether the law requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker before making the worker redundant;(
viii) whether priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether priority rules apply for reemployment.
Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law?
Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed? No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?
Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed? No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies?
No Priority rules for reemployment? No Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 86 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice requirements,
severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.
The average value of notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years and a worker with 10 years is considered.
One month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks. Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker
with 5 years of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average
for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 2. 1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 9 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal
for a worker with 5 years of tenure 14.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 28.6 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5
and 10 years of tenure) 15.2 Source: Doing Business database. Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of unemployment protection schemes as well as data on
whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent contracts. Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available to resolve labor disputes.
More specifically, it collects data on what courts would be competent to hear labor disputes
and whether the competent court is specialized in resolving labor disputes. Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data Availability of unemployment protection scheme?
Yes Health insurance existing for permanent employees? Yes Availability of courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?
Yes Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 87 Doing Business 2015 Spain 88 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER
AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING This year's report presents results for 2 aggregate measures:
the distance to frontier score and the ease of doing business ranking, which for the first time this year is based on the distance to frontier score.
The ease of doing business ranking compares economies with one another; the distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory best practice, showing the absolute distance to the best performance on each Doing Business indicator.
When compared across years, the distance to frontier score shows how much the regulatory environment for local entrepreneurs in an economy has changed over time in absolute terms,
while the ease of doing business ranking can show only how much the regulatory environment has changed relative to that in other economies.
Distance to Frontier The distance to frontier score captures the gap between an economy's performance
and a measure of best practice across the entire sample of 31 indicators for 10 Doing Business topics (the labor market regulation indicators are excluded).
extent of conflict of interest regulation index and strength of insolvency framework index) and the recovery rate (figure 15.1 in the Doing Business 2015 report).
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