"we can note their theory affirms it concerns"institutions whose conception focuses on employment, qualification, social security,
Unemployment is acute among young people. Over one in two people aged 15 24 are out of work in Spain and Greece;
in France and the UK, youth unemployment is well over 20%(OECD March 2012. There is empirical evidence
Europe 2020 aims to convert Europe into a social market economy delivering high levels of employment, social and territorial cohesion (European commission 2010.
More specifically in Europe, social innovation is central in meeting the EU2020 targets to increase employment,
The role of culture and creativity as drivers of growth and employment is high on the European commission's agenda.
affecting service provision and employment in most deprived communities over-proportionately (72%of social enterprises reported a negative trading outlook;
24%of all anticipated redundancies will fall within the most disadvantaged communities compared with 9%in the least deprived areas;
distribution and/or employment and so these factors will be important in facilitating or impeding social innovation.
As a consequence of this oversight or neglect, many European regions struggle with high levels of dereliction, unemployment, welfare dependency, child poverty, crime and general deprivation.
OECD. 2012. http://www. oecd-ilibrary. org/employment/youth unemployment-rate. Oeij, P. R. A j. Klein Hesselink,
INTRODUCTION With the globalization of economies and competition, innovation has become the most important factor in development, employment,
Production, products, employment strategies and flexibility are part of the industrial support activities. To translate a successful innovation into a commercial success, multidimensional supports,
The information maintained by the entities is used to calculate the network's key parameters like effective size of the network, density and redundancy,
In fact, investments in high speed rail have been estimated to have potential to add 2 to 3%to countries'GDP growth through wealth and job creation.
the Taas model will deliver increased capacity, reliability and redundancy; faster & seamless journeys; an enhanced passenger environment;
'-Focus on tackling the high levels of unemployment, particularly amongst the youth population; -Facilitate the provision of effective and efficient collaboration
which aims to increase the number of their high quality apprenticeships and internships by half over three years, from the current 9, 000 to 13,500.
Schaart said that the Commission has promoted rightly digitalisation and its adoption by society as one of the most important sources for growth and employment.
and though it may not be the whole answer to the sector's employment problems, Higgins said,
one in four is unemployment. The figures for youth unemployment are even more devastating; 59.2%and 54.3%,in those two countries, respectively.
At the same time, digitisation created six million jobs globally in 2011, despite the economic downturn, as ICT is adopted widely in all corners of society.
and smartphone applications has the highest potential in terms of job creation. Filling the gaps Moreover, the ICT sector will be in a desperate need for skilled workers, according to experts.
saying employment issues in the sector Are continued from Page 1 Continued on Page 3 Euractiv ESKILLS FOR GROWTH SPECIAL REPORT 5-9 may 2014 3 much more sophisticated,
and contribute €63 billion to the economy, with a positive impact on youth unemployment. The real issue is that there are going to be skill gaps.
filling the gaps and getting people out of unemployment and into work, Higgins told Euractiv in an interview.
But European policymakers face considerable challenges in delivering a unified approach across the EU. Challenges The digital agenda already cuts across a number of different Commission directorate-generals, with responsibility for employment, industry and education.
Even though we now have huge youth unemployment, there is not quite yet a perfect match between skills and workforce.
DG Employment is also running an initiative called New Skills for New Jobs to develop better matching-up of skills and labour market needs.
if Europe is to fight against unemployment and remain competitive at a global level, experts warn. As researchers from the Belgian university KUL stressed in a study recently,
Mobilising to Support Job creation and Upskilling of the Workforce in Athens, Greece. Sirros said that due to the crisis,
job creation and loss, profit and loss of companies, and, ultimately, prospects for economic growth, national security and the quality of life.
charges of hype are likely to be accompanied by dismissal of the new technology as merely a snare and delusion.
and employment in the"hard-to-measure"sectors of the economy is immediately pertinent. The bloc of the U s. private domestic economy comprising Construction, Trade, Finance, Insurance,
and equally deserved comment may be offered regarding the casual dismissals of the regime transition hypothesis on the grounds that the analogy between computer
it is relevant to notice that teleworking in the U s. remains still far from fully deployed;
are likely to result for the whole service sector as teleworking becomes much more widely
Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy,(OECD Documents. Paris: OECD, 1996. Abramovitz, Moses,
Gordon, Robert J.,Is there a Tradeoff Between Unemployment and Productivity Growth? in D. Snower and G. De la Dehesa, eds.
Unemployment Policy: Government Options for the Labour market. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1997, pp. 433-63.26 Gordon, Robert J.,Monetary Policy in the Age of Information technology:
Employment and ICT training 25.1%of companies hired ICT experts and 11.1%hired new experts in 2013.
and dominant paradigms and thus shed light on the role and impact of power and politics in social innovation. 8 SOCIAL INNOVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH Introduction Longstanding issues such as unemployment,
and employs up to 10%of the total workforce in Germany. 47 In other countries (as is the case in Greece) there is no data to be found on employment in the social economy.
employment; health; education; place making (community and local development; and the sharing economy and sharing society.
and inexpensively available, is being used in the TEM initiative in Greece55 to support a local currency for the exchange of goods and services within groups with high unemployment and low income.
and this especially applies in the employment, place making and sharing economy cases where much of the rest of the value chain is implemented using traditional and physical activities.
For example, many education and employment cases improve personal and social skills, as well as make it easier for such skills to be used to find work.
and utilized by social groups affected. 88 Socially accepted social changes The OECD's LEED Forum on Social Innovations Social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and community through employment, consumption or participation,
in particular regarding the sectoral and geographic distribution of their research and production activities and the related patterns of growth and employment.
Employment trends by regions and sector groups The companies listed in this year's Scoreboard employed 48.471 million people in 2012,1. 5%more than the previous year.
Trends on employment over the long-term are presented in figure 1. 6 for the main world regions.
Overall worldwide employment increased by 27.9%from 2004 to 2012 led by increases in high R&d-intensive sectors (42.0%)and medium-high sectors (29.9%).
%)For the EU companies, the overall employment growth was 22.6, %increasing by 49.2%in high R&d-intensive sectors, by 24. 2%in medium-high and by 18.5%in low sectors.
For the US companies, the overall employment growth (25.1%)greatly varies by sector group: a strong increase for high R&d-intensive sectors (43.7%)and a sharp decrease in low-tech sectors(-23.2%).
%)For the Japanese companies, the overall employment increase of 24.0%corresponded to an increase of 31.4%in low R&d-intensive sectors and of 28.5%in medium-high sectors.
The ratio of employment in high to medium-high R&d intensity sectors for companies based in Japan fell from 38%to 32,
The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Investment Scoreboard 29 Figure 1. 6 Employment trends by the Scoreboard companies for main world regions. 0 5 10 15
and Japanese companies and those from the Rest of the World that reported employment data for the whole period 2004-12.
27 of them have increased R&d by more than 100%and 15 companies increased employment by more than 100%.
an action plan for Europe"(COM, 2003)) and in further Communications of the Commission("More Research and Innovation Investing for Growth and Employment A common approach",COM (2005) 488 final,"Implementing the Community
Developingcountry 1. Introduction Small andmediumenterprises (SMESINFURTHERTEXT) are consideredtobetheengineofeconomicgrowthand employment. Oneoftheprimarymeansthroughwhich SMES areexpectedtoaccomplishthistaskisbydeveloping and commercializinginnovations. Innovationmaybeeven more importantforsmesthanforlargefirms:
Failure tolerance/resistance, reliability and redundancy of networks also can be refined and strengthen by flat design schemes.
and thus reduce traffic redundancy on its inter-domain links, and to improve performance experienced by the users of peer-to-peer applications.
In the former case, a provider may seek redundancy and reliability asking for a backup path towards a destination,
and can be realized by state of the art redundancy mechanisms. Last, flexibility has been a clear design goal of the framework,
These techniques can achieve high compression ratios by exploiting both spatial and temporal redundancy in video sequences;
some amount of redundancies still remains between the wavelet coefficients after the decomposition. Moreover, a strong correlation also exists between motion vectors.
Thus, additional redundancy introduced by using MDC over internet need to be evaluated carefully. Fig. 5. An example of multiple description using scalable video coding A simple way to generate multiple descriptions using scalable video coding is to distribute the enhancement layer NAL units to separate descriptions.
Moreover, it is possible to control the redundancy by changing the quality of the base layer as shown in Figure 5. 5. 1 Piece Picking Policy Similar to SVC P2p technique described above,
when any of the description is received at the cost of additional redundancy due to the presence of base layer in each description. 6 Conclusions This chapter has presented an overview of SVC and MDC with the perspective of content distribution over Future
Active labour market policy is a top priority to sustain employment, strengthen social cohesion and reduce the risk of poverty.
and wealth of cities, maintain employment and fight against poverty through employment generation, the optimisation of energy and water usage and savings,
the so-called gazelles that believed to be responsible for the bulk of new job creation, technology progress, and economic growth.
Long term economic difficulties are focused attention on the importance of innovation and technological progress for business competitiveness, sustainable growth and job creation.
but also bring The Impact of Innovation in Romanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on Economic growth Development 420 Special Issue December 2013 more economic growth, employment,
which in turn can yield employment gains and contribute to the general economic health of a state, region,
These results are shown in Table 1. Firm size The definition for an SME was discussed based on definitions regarding employment;
which are a dominant driver of wealth creation and employment (Lee and Peterson 2000). Similarly, many Western nations such as some European countries, Japan, Australia,
The‘social filter'index is calculated as the first principal component of (1) the employed population with tertiary education in region i,(2) long-term unemployment as a percentage of total unemployment,
(3) the percentage of the regional labour force employed in the primary sector,(4) manufacturing employment in the high-tech sector().
The endowment of human capital and the share of high-tech employment contribute to increase the potential of the local industry to generate knowledge
whereas the proportion of agricultural employment and the rate of long-term unemployment are major barriers for technological progress in a region.
0406) Long-term unemployment-0. 0774**-0. 0658*(0. 0369)( 0. 0393) Agricultural Employment-0. 0395-0. 0796**(0. 0331)( 0
. 0338) Employment in high tech industry 0. 129***0. 130***0. 0238)( 0. 0239) Time effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 3, 047 3, 051 3
Employed people with tertiary education, Unemployment rate, Employment in high tech industry, Agricultural Employment. 14 Table 2 Robust fixed Effects estimation-Innovation and Qog components, 1995
In both Hungary and Romania, SMES indeed account for over 90%of all companies in business and around 70%of the overall employment in these countries;
and the overall management of the OI network largely determines the successful employment of OI in SMES. 5 In the existing OI literature there is a relatively thin knowledge base concerning the specific circumstances under
the SMES in our sample have reported also a number of drawbacks to OI (see Table 2). Some of these drawbacks are typical for the employment of OI practices in an SME context:
which further economic development and job creation can be built. Advancement in science is crucial to the improvement of our quality of life as this includes matters of direct concern to Europeans such as health, air and water quality.
and expansion of required human capacity skills to maximise the impact of the infrastructure in the region in enhancing employment, goods and services.
Regional Development Commission of Algarve Miguel Angel Aguirre Spain Andalusia Adviser, Andalusian Regional Government, Ministry for the Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment Annex 1:
job creation, 30 REPORT ON JOINT EUA-REGIO/JRC SMART SPECIALISATION PLATFORM EXPERT WORKSHOP: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN SMART SPECIALISATION STRATEGIES enhanced productivity, enhanced revenue generation and increased competitiveness.
It looks at innovations in all sectors that are achieving high impact and productivity, particularly in relation to goals of better health education, employment or the environment,
it has suffered the worst financial and economic crisis in decades with unemployment set to rise to double digit figures by 2010.
The 2009 contraction ranges from roughly 2%in France to 4. 5%-5%in Germany, Italy and the UK. ii Fighting unemployment especially youth unemployment and generational worklessness.
%)In October 2009, the youth unemployment rate (under-25s) was 20.6%in the euro area and 20.7%in the EU27.
Netherlands has the lowest rate of youth unemployment (7. 2) %and Spain (42.9) and Latvia (33.6%)have the highest.
Tackling unemployment needs to reinforce social cohesion. iii Climate change the costs and devastation of climate change are incredibly difficult to forecast accurately
care, housing and education) and opportunities for learning and employment. 8 Public sector Innovation growing social needs,
Europe reduced unemployment from 12%to 7%in the decade to 2008. We now need new sources of growth to replace the jobs lost in the crisis. In short:
environmental protection and unemployment'.'The Panel proposed broadening the concept of innovation to include social innovation as well as business innovation.
Put simply, job creation and tackling social challenges must go hand in hand for sustainable economic growth in Europe.
'A slightly different definition is offered by the OECD's LEED Programme (Local Economic and Employment Development),
This is done through employment, consumption or participation, with its‘expressed purpose'being to‘provide solutions for individual and community problems'.
whose impact is still being felt on building regulation, employment practices and public policy, as well as on popular culture, where stereotypes that were once acceptable are shown to be degrading and offensive. xxxiv As recently as 1979,22 it was legal for some state governments in the USA to sterilize disabled people against their will.
(which campaigns for women in informal employment), and the Forum Network in Asia for drugs projects.
and economic terms, accounting for a significant proportion of national expenditures and employment. In the 35 countries studied as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project between 1995 and 1998
Data from the Johns Hopkins study also found astounding growth 35 rates within the nonprofit sector in all European countries where the sector's share of total employment could be compared for 1990 and 1995.
and as such, the figures for total employment are in all likelihood significantly higher. lxix The WISE organisations in Germany are a good example. lxx Social enterprises can also be identified by the types of relationships they have with their beneficiaries, the way in
It was set up in 1985 to run a small number of employment measures funded by the regional labour office
and a small number of employment programmes were run by the regional labour office. It is now an independent nonprofit company limited by guarantee employing approximately 250 people on mainly fixed term contracts
voluntary and community based civil society organisations across the globe which are dedicated to serving their communities by tackling issues such as social exclusion, homelessness, addictions, illiteracy and unemployment.
and employment needs after the collapse of the communism. Using its philosophy of encouraging mutual self-help,
education and vocational training programmes has assisted over 50, 000 people in the last ten years. Barka works to assist the socially vulnerable including the long-term unemployed, homeless persons and those suffering from substance abuse,
which help disadvantaged people create their own employment by setting up social cooperatives. Other organisations are now also founding such centres.
and employment paths in Urbanização Casal da Boba, in Amadora in Lisbon. The community of Urbanização Casal da Boba in the suburbs of Lisbon was created to rehouse families who were previously living in shanty towns.
enabling parents to stay in full time employment (60 pre school children are currently on this programme),
all of the 22 pupils who took part are in full time employment. This 53 project has become sustainable through the support of the municipality, and L'oreal.
A programme of actions to improve the prospects of a group (for example 14-16 year olds in a particular area at risk of crime or unemployment;
Another potential field for action is in employment creation during the downturn. In principle the model is likely to work best in the short to medium term where there is a reasonably short gap between interventions and measurable results;
and the Ministry of Employment to bring together government, private enterprises and the research community under one roof to promote user-centred innovation.
breaking down barriers to employment faced by young immigrants. c SILK, UK Another kind of innovation unit is SILK-the Social Innovation Lab Kent.
The other 78 residencies will be dedicated to employment, health, democracy, social networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27,
'enabling those in receipt of employment and social security benefits to work for the park's enterprises without losing their benefits and;
means that strategic intentions cannot be realised fully. cxxxiii A survey of countries in the Western Balkans reports that finding well-qualified staff for long-term employment poses a key challenge in the NGO sector.
Australia's statistics office for example estimates unpaid work at around 48%of GDP. Canada's statistical office suggests that time use,
‘Nonprofit organisations tackling unemployment in Germany and the UK: Vigorous independent enterprises meeting social needs or the emergence of‘entrepreneurial not-for profits with limited social liability'?
The OECD's LEED Programme (Local Economic and Employment Development which includes a Forum on Social Innovations,
For example, tendering for innovative approaches to cutting graduate unemployment or street homelessness, encourages bids by teams with the capacity to develop concepts to scale,
'Working Rite matches an unemployed young person with a skilled tradesman and supports the young person through a six month apprenticeship.
if it makes one of its goals the attraction and effective employment of a wide range of volunteers.
There is a central role for academies, apprenticeships, and training programmes. One example 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 93 Organic farming students at Everdale.
So while familiar data on income, employment, diseases or educational achievement continues to be gathered, there is growing interest in other types of measurement that may give more insights into
and broadly agreed roles for different sectors for example to create a new system of apprenticeships in green industries,
and the Ministry of Employment, to bring together government, private enterprises, and the research community under one roof to promote user-centred innovation.
and compulsory targets for the employment of people with disabilities. This is also the case with household-generated innovation.
such as lower unemployment. 327) Holistic local budgets such as the New deal for Communities, which gave local communities wide discretion on how to spend large sums of money (typically around £50 million over ten years),
Employment Zones allowed contractors to innovate new methods for getting unemployed people into work, with payment linked to outcomes rather than inputs and outputs. 379) Differential tax,
including the employment of people with disabilities, regulations for renewable energy, fiscal measures, and planning conditions. 383) Creation of new legal forms
such as the Fire brigades Union in the UK which helps firemen find part-time employment as benefits advisors alongside their roles as firemen,
who work for a day a week with the public workforce to develop innovative service ideas. 397) Secure employment innovation models
which separate project failure from redundancy. Examples include funding a range of parallel projects to test out innovations with job security,
so that individuals can be transferred from failures to successes. 398) Accreditation, search and recruitment of public innovators by commercial headhunters or government agencies.
and employment for the rural poor. 420) Venture philanthropy focused on innovation in particular sectors, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF's) Pioneer Portfolio which specialises in health and IT. 421) Philanthropic mutual funds such as the Acumen Fund and the Global Fund for Women. 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT
and emerging thinking on creating markets for other social‘bads'(such as criminality or unemployment), to accelerate market innovation to meet social and environmental goals. 490) Markets for goods'.
and to their terms of funding and employment? Who will provide the necessary tools and platforms?
Unpaid work Leisure Housework, paid work and leisure (Minutes per day and person, latest year available) Note:
Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size
or the rights to sabbaticals provided in some professions. 505) Flexible terms of formal employment to enable a sustainable informal economy,
systems for ecommerce, e-procurement, Supply Chain Management, Customer relationship management, Enterprise resource planning, logistics, planning, knowledge management, business intelligence, e training.
Therefore, it also includes instruments for knowledge sharing, for knowledge basis setup, for community building, e-learning tools, support for e-learning and e training (in technology and in e-business),
Creation of local competence centers on e-business and on the local sectors of activities (e g. for improving quality) building virtual learning communities sharing e-learning and e training modules knowledge basis including models
knowledge base of norms and laws alternative methods of conflict resolution e training and e-learning modules Shortage of Capital Actions:
and solutions creates more technically qualified employment and a framework of competence which stimulates the market,
and job creation (see, for example Startx, Stanford's student start-up accelerator, which in less than a year 6 trained 90 founders and 27 companies4,
for example when vocational training institutions take the lead over universities in engaging into joint initiatives with local firms (especially with low-tech,
low/non-R&d small firms) that prefer the more practical, shorter-term oriented opportunities of the vocational training institutions to the more complex, long-term programmes of the university (Ranga et al. 2008).
promoting better policies for employment, education and training, immigration to attract world-class researchers, making research careers more available for various categories of the local population,
Local association of entrepreneurs City office of business and industry Local business development organizations Business incubators Employment and Economic Development Center (regional office) Five
Only 6 percent of the entrepreneurs had no vocational training at all. 3. 2 Variables and measures 3. 2. 1 Dependent variable.
Data collection and availability problematic. 4 Relative rate of graduate (un) employment The rate of unemployment of graduates 18 months after graduation as a percentage of the national rate of unemployment
and definitions of‘staff'10 Relative rate of graduate (un) employment The rate of unemployment of graduates 18 months after graduation as a percentage of the national rate of unemployment of graduates 18
Data available. 7 International graduate employment rate The number of graduates employed abroad or in an international organization as a percentage of the total number of graduates employed Indicates the student preparedness on the international labor market.
The indicator‘international graduate employment rate'was dropped from the list for focused institutional rankings because a large majority of stakeholders judged this to be insufficiently relevant.
their coverage in national databases Dimension EUMIDA and U multirank data element European countries where data element is available in national databases Teaching & Learning relative rate of graduate unemployment
graduation rate AR, CA, US, ZA AR, AU, SA, ZA relative rate of graduate unemployment AU, CA
graduate employment; staff: fte and headcount; international staff; technology transfer office staff; income: total; income from teaching;
Problems emerge however with some output-related 92 data elements such as graduate employment, where often data is collected not at the institutional level.
Feasibility score Data availability Conceptual clarity Data consistency Recommendation Graduation Rate A b Time to Degree B b Relative Rate of Graduate (Un) employment
Most comments were regarding graduate employment. The fact that in many countries/institutions different measurement periods (other than 18 months after graduation) are used seriously hampers the interpretation of the results on this indicator.
B A Percentage graduating within norm period B b Relative rate of graduate unemployment B c In Interdisciplinarity of programmes B b Inclusion of work experience B A-B Gender balance
A number of institutions did not have information on graduate employment/unemployment at the field level.
use different time periods in measuring employment status (e g. six, 12 or 18 months after graduation).
As normally the rate of employment is increasing continuously over time, particularly during the first year after graduation,
Here the problems concerning the availability of comparable information on graduate employment in general and the problems with the definition/delineation of`region'add up.
EUMIDA could contribute to improve the data situation regarding employment-oriented outcome indicators. An open question is how far EUMIDA is able to go into field-specific data;
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