7 unemployment, transportation or environment. Another exemple is e-education that represents an alternative to the traditional learning method,
and students all over the world or to increase the degree of specialization of employees at companies'level by developing programs of E training
rural or isolated localities as well as by facilitating teleworking. For the Romanian companies electronic trade development can bring important advantages namely significant reductions of transaction costs and increase in interaction speed with business partners.
For the common consumer, besides facilities provided by broadband communications already mentioned (as e-Education, teleworking etc.
The parliaments in Europe and around the world are struggling to counter the effects of one of the worst financial and economic crises for decades, with its severe negative impact on growth, trade, investment and employment across the globe and untold social and human consequences.
%and generates about the 30%of the employment in the region. Tourism is the main economic engine of the islands
and initiatives that generate wealth and employment. Participatory governance Entrepreneurial discovery Action Plan implementation Strategy improvement Monitoring and evaluation (2015-2022)* The monitoring of the strategy is a mechanism that ensures continuous improvement
Research methodology APPROACH DATA METHOD Quantitative Statistical data from Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) on number of establishments, GDP, employment and Input-Output regional
DIRCE (1 enero 2012) With respect to employment generated by the industry in Asturias, in 2010 53,636 people were employed in the sector,
representing a 2. 51%of the total sector employment in Spain (around 2. 1 million).
with the construction sector most affected with a reduction in employment of around 40%.%It is followed in order of relevance in the industry with a reduction of 18.6,
Three industries are concentrated in Asturias that cover 82%of turnover and 75%of industrial employment.
number of enterprises, turnover and employment from 2000 to the present, in the three main branches of the industrial sector in Asturias.
Note the importance of the metal sector in manufacturing employment in the region. As a summary, Asturias represents approximately 2. 40%of the Spanish total population, 2. 15%of the companies, with 0. 97%of the technological innovation spending and 1. 30%of private R & D expenditure.
but also with regard to other relevant policies such as education, employment and rural development policies. There is no evidence that the strategy includes a clear reflection/proposal on how to exploit synergies between different European, national and regional funding sources.
y alta tecnología Recogida de datos Datos disponibles en Eurostat (Indicador Employment in technology and knowledge and sex (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2) Cálculo
the rate of unemployment in Castilla y León, was been reduced significantly during the period 1996 (19.4%)to 2007 (7. 2%).More recently,
During the same period, unemployment of youth population increased from 17.43%to 38.54%in Castilla y León
which are needed for sustaining employment and economic wealth. Clusters which are benefited from global trends in fields where Castilla y León have important technology capacities or comparative advantages.
Clusters with historic relevance in the employment and economy of Castilla y León, now under restructuration Automotive Agro-food Tourism Wood and forniture Natural stone Fashion-textile Oncology
) Due to these growth rates, Castilla y León has left the condition of objective 1 region in the European union, becoming objective employment and competitiveness region as of the 1st of January 2007,
becoming evident in macroeconomic variables such as the employment market (while the unemployment rate remains below the national average) or in the number of active companies in activity sectors such as those linked to construction, road transport and business-linked activities.
Wide offering of qualified professional profiles trained in ICT coming out of the region's university and vocational training systems.
Lack of adaptation of regulated training (University, Vocational training) for the ICT market. Difficulty in globalization of the regional ICT sector.
Employment and sustainable economic growth Social and territorial cohesion Improved quality of life 7 Introduction of Castilla y León's work on research and innovation (III) 8 Coordinator:
and supply of graduates from University and vocational training. ICT sector specialized in mobility and security.
traceability & coherence Employment & sustainable economic growth Social & territorial cohesion Quality of life Cooperation Open innovation (business) Research platforms (critical mass) Identiaication of companies'needs
and improve the well-being of individuals, communities and territories in terms of social inclusion, creation of employment, quality of life (OECD:
employment and education (CEC, 2013a), community and urban development, including in cultural and arts practices (Moulaert, et al, 2013a) 4, corporate change and workplace innovation (Drucker, 1987;
Social policy (poverty, employment, urban regeneration, education, etc. social cohesion Academic disciplines: STI, Economicindustrial, Regional Development, Economic geography often policy focused Academic disciplines:
So, for example, in the field of employment, the European Statistical Office projects that by 2060 there will be only two people of working age (15-64) in the EU for every person aged over 65,
thus freeing up younger people for employment in the formal economy. A cadre of volunteers will also be essential to some of the social innovations envisaged by policymakers (CEC, 2012d.
Conducted by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of Directorate-General for Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion.
The efforts of vocational training institutions and schools are also central to meeting the challenge. But entrepreneurship education is confined not to the classroom or formal structures for learning.
It draws in particular on the expertise and analysis of the OECD's Working Party on SMES and Entrepreneurship and the Directing Committee of the Local Economic and Employment Development Programme.
and accepted by the delegates to the OECD's Working Party on SMES and Entrepreneurship and the Directing Committee of the Local Economic and Employment Development Programme.
%all employment (approximately two-thirds) and all value added (over one-half). These shares vary significantly by country.
Among those presented in Chapter 2, SME activity shares range from minima of 47.2%of employment in industry in the Slovak Republic, 52.6%of employment in services in the United kingdom and 49.9%of value added in Ireland
, to 85.4%of employment in industry, 88.8%of employment in services and 75.2%of value added in Greece,
For example, apprenticeship programmes are good vehicles for developing entrepreneurship skills, but SME participation in apprenticeship and other vocational training is limited relatively, potentially reflecting inappropriate training supply.
Shifts are also occurring in school curriculums aimed at fostering in students the ability and desire to act entrepreneurially.
and charities such as the Silai for Skills women's training and employment initiative in Bristol, United kingdom. Social enterprises, like associations or cooperatives, often need different support from that provided to traditional businesses.
job creation from new firm start-up and SME growth and productivity improvements from increased new and small firm innovation.
Secure conducive conditions for both high-employment-growth firms and innovation in the bulk of new and small firms.
and teaching materials designed for entrepreneurship Reinforce training in SMES by launching in-company projects and increasing SME apprenticeships and developing the training function of small business support programmes,
Many empirical studies have shown the aggregate relationships between entrepreneurship and SME activity and economic growth and job creation.
These growth and job creation effects happen through innovation as new firm creation and SME growth increase productivity and bring new
) There is also an important link between new and small firm activity and job creation, as new and small firms take up labour released by downsizing elsewhere in the economy and increase national and local competitiveness (Neumark et al.,
Stangler and Litan (2009) for example show that from 1980-2005 nearly all net job creation in the United states occurred in firms less than five years old,
This job creation function of entrepreneurship and SME development is of great relevance to the recovery from the global financial
and services and increasing efficiency but also for meeting the job creation challenge of high unemployment. In the short to medium term there is a real opportunity for governments to use policies for entrepreneurship
and SME innovation to meet productivity and job creation objectives at the same time. There is growing, if still insufficient
and entrepreneurship that have made them essential drivers of innovation, growth and employment creation. The major feature of the knowledge economy is increased the importance of knowledge as a factor of production.
and data is not commonly available for non-technological innovation as a proportion of firm employment or turnover.
The managed economy was a mass production society based on stable employment in large firms and a central role of unions and employers in regulating the economy and society in partnership with government.
At the same time many address problems of unemployment and the social problems of poor neighbourhoods. This is of great relevance in the current post-crisis context in
but is also about employment. As unemployment rates rise, it is critical that new firms are able to enter
and grow so that recent job destruction is balanced by job creation in the short to medium term.
the creation of jobs in SMES in response to an aggregate demand stimulus or targeted employment
High-employment-growth firms. One of the contributions of new firms and SMES to the economy is breakthrough innovation.
They make up an important component of the high-employment-growth firm sector. Facilitation and support for breakthrough innovation in this group may promote both innovation
They may be imparted through school education, universities and vocational training colleges. Training in SMES is also very dependent on relationships with the public sector
focused on improving the welfare of individuals and communities through employment, consumption or participation. The social entrepreneur is an agent of social innovation but not the only one.
as measured by employment, are enterprises with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the observation period.
as measured by employment, are enterprises which have been employers for a period of up to five years,
High-Growth Firms and their Contribution to Employment in the UK, NESTA, London. Archibugi, D. and S. Iammarino (1997), The Policy Implications of the Globalisation of Innovation, University of Cambridge ESRC Centre for Business Research, Working Paper 75, ESRC Centre
Daviddson, P.,L. Lindmark and C. Olofsson (1999), SMES and Job creation during a Recession and Recovery, in Z. Acs, B. Carlsson and C. Karlsson (eds.
Job creation by Firm Age, Small Business Policy Branch, Industry Canada, Ottawa. Haltiwanger, J. 1999), Job creation and Destruction by Employer Size and Age:
Cyclical Dynamics, in Z. Acs, B. Carlsson and C. Karlsson (eds. Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge.
Building Inclusive Economies, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD
Information was collected by national experts and delegates to the OECD Working Party on SMES and Entrepreneurship and OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Committee.
number of enterprises/establishments and employment; number of persons engaged/number of employees. The dataset follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 3 for the classification of economic activities (see Annex 2. A1.
2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
2. AUSTRIA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 51 Austria A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
The programme also received an additional CAN 45 million for the financial year 2009-10 as part of the Economic Action Plan's specific effort to stimulate job creation and the economy in Southern Ontario.
population, 2008 Number of business establishments Total employment Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Micro 136 788 72.1
CZECH REPUBLIC SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 57 Czech republic A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 59 Denmark A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
which increases the SMES'share by 5-8%.The Ministry of Employment and the Economy (TEM) is building a modern growth entrepreneurship policy that seeks to create first-rate conditions for Finnish growth ventures.
population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
who can cash it from the funding authorities. 2. GREECE SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 67 Greece A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services
employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total Industry%%%No. engaged%%%Micro1 117 231 45.4 725 025 8. 4 4
Number of establishments Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. engaged%%%Industry Services Total Micro1 59 223 49.4
of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
and thereby increase Mexico's competitiveness. 2. MEXICO SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 83 Mexico A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2003 Number of establishments Total employment
which starters operate, particularly in the universities. 2. THE NETHERLANDS SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 85 The netherlands A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment
Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 91 Poland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
higher education and vocational training institutions) who are involved in the development of the sector and region. Collective Efficiency Strategies'formal recognition allows the submission of investment projects and respective action programmes,
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
97 Spain A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services
employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 123
Further, according to selected firm variables (profit, turnover, employment growth, third-party funding and profit turnover ratio),
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 101 Switzerland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Total employment, 2001 Industry Services Total Industry
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 103 Turkey A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 105 United kingdom A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
The firms achieved fast growth in terms of employment, sales revenues and export after being funded. By the end of 2006,145 provincial governments and municipal governments across China had set up their own funds to support innovation of SMES.
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D, E,
For total employment, Industry includes NAICS 2002 categories 21,22, 23 and 31-33 while Services includes NAICS 2002 categories 42,44-45,48-49,53, 56 and 72.
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
and K. For Total employment Industry and Value added includes NACE categories D, E, and F. Services includes categories G h i and K. Estonia:
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of establishments, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C
D and E and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and for Value added,
In Table A, for Number of establishments and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D
E and F. For Total employment it includes NACE categories D, E and F. For Value added it includes categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
E and F. For Total employment and Value added it includes NACE categories D and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Slovak Republic:
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total Employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F and Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. For Total employment NACE categories C,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and that the level of patenting is correlated strongly with GDP per capita, with students in higher education and with employment in high-tech industries.
and the latter being concentrated around large urban areas where business service employment is abundant (Duranton and Puga,
c) an employment growth indicator (average rate of employment growth; d) profitability (average return on total assets;
employment of high-skilled workforce; co-funding of research activities. Government Express strategic research interests; set up laws that enable the other actors to carry out their functions;
although rigid university employment practices and the very university incentive structure (e g. the pressure to publish on peer review journals) can render this specific type of labour mobility difficult.
OECD (1997), National Innovation Systems, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris. OECD (2004), Global Knowledge Flows
growth rates according to turnover, value added or employment; productivity growth. Profitability indicators, e g. profit margin; return on capital employed;
and with the same magnitude in all territorial areas the standard location quotient (LQ) tends to neutralise these sources of bias in the input data Dynamic territorial indicators, such as employment or labour productivity
vocational training and the use of knowledge-intensive service activities and small business support in the provision of entrepreneurship skills.
and communication skills needed for team work, and specific language and cultural skills that are of growing importance in certain multicultural working environments.
researchers, marketing professionals) and drafting skills. Management Skills for business planning, regulations and quality control, human resources planning (recruitment, training and skills development) and allocation of resources (e g. management of intellectual property, financial management, firm
Vocational training colleges have had traditionally a craft focus. Many of the craft occupations are pursued in practice by the self-employed
and may benefit from training provided before employment or in lifelong learning activities whilst in employment.
an important element of the system is apprenticeships, where the trainee is based mainly with an employer.
Apprenticeship programmes are widespread, with countries like Denmark, Australia, Germany and France often being referred to as good practice.
Apprenticeships combine classroom teaching, often in vocational training institutions with on-the-job training. In France, for example, since 1925 firms have been obliged to pay an apprenticeship tax (0. 5%of the payroll), up to 40
%of which is earmarked for apprenticeships. All firms (apart from those employing apprentices) pay this apprenticeship tax (Stone and Braidford, 2008.
Germany furnishes a second example there the VET dual system includes on-the-job training or in-company training combined with part-time vocational school training.
Since 2002 the demand for apprenticeship positions has exceeded constantly their supply, both in eastern and western Germany (Zwick, 2007.
The German model is considered effective, contributing to innovation by nurturing the skills needed by the firms.
E 172 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 the Australian Apprenticeships, bring together the traditional apprenticeship and the traineeship systems.
The numbers in Australian Apprenticeships represent 3. 5%of the working population one of the highest rates of contracted training in the developed world.
they also create and fund intermediary bodies such as Group Training Organisations and New Apprenticeship Centres,
and for this reason the apprenticeship could be seen as a vehicle to promote entrepreneurship skills.
Traditional apprenticeship programmes aim to train skilled employees and do not explicitly train entrepreneurship skills,
Interaction with vocational training institutions tends to be more important for skills development in small firms than in larger ones,
since the latter can often afford to run their own apprenticeship programmes. However, improving entrepreneurship skills in SMES through vocational education and training is challenging due to obstacles to SMES in accessing formal training.
Schemes such as training leaves are taken not fully up by employees. Participation in voucher-type schemes is high among employees,
Training packages and apprenticeship schemes have been very successful in some countries as employers use the national qualification system to upgrade the skills of their workforces.
It can be argued that this reflects an inappropriate training supply in vocational training institutes which is designed too often around conventional norms of business management education and not enough around the motivations of entrepreneurs.
Gibb (2009) argues that a distinction must be made between manager development as traditionally exercised by vocational training colleges a teaching de-contextualised from developing the individual and management development,
Another step that can be taken to fit the vocational training offer more closely to what is demanded by SME managers is the introduction of innovation bootcamps.
are more likely to find employment and have enhanced social psychological development (self esteem, self efficacy, etc.)(
Across the EU-15 countries, data from the Eurostat Continuing vocational training Survey show that employees in enterprises with less than 50 employees receive significantly less in-company training than employees in larger firms.
problem solving and communication skills to creative thinking and integration of technical knowledge. Although not formally recognised by standard qualifications,
they thus fuel innovation and growth of the firm and employment. These activities are performed largely in-house with external actors such as business consultants or other professionals from the SME's network and/or its value chain.
increase apprenticeships in SMES since they are ideal for entrepreneurship skills development. Increase the use of informal learning sources.
CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational training)( 2008a), Future Skills Needs in Europe: Medium-term Forecast, Office for Official Publications of the European communities, Luxembourg.
Itkonen, K. 2009), Developing Entrepreneurship in Small Enterprises The Succession Process Supported by Apprenticeship Training as a Context for Learning in M.-L. Stenström and P. Tynjälä (eds.
OECD (2002), Management training in SMES, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris. OECD (2005), SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook, OECD, Paris
Zwick, T. 2007), Apprenticeship Training in Germany Investment or Productivity Driven? Discussion Paper No. 07-023, Centre for European Economic Research, Germany.
including data on nonprofit finances, employment and wages, and volunteering. The website of the project (www. ccss. jhu. edu/index. php?
Nonprofit employment is much larger than expected and much more widely dispersed, outdistancing many major industries in its contribution to state employment and payrolls;
Nonprofit employment is dynamic, growing more rapidly than overall employment; Nonprofit employment is spreading to the suburbs and rural areas;
Nonprofit wages actually exceed for-profit wages in many of the fields where both sectors operate;
Despite their growth, nonprofits in many states are losing‘market share'to for-profit firms in many fields where both sectors are operating.
To complete the overview and to have an idea of the economic weight of cooperatives in the United states (not included in the nonprofit sector in that country but belonging to it in Europe),
thus contributing to the local employment of individuals from groups who may find it difficult to get jobs.
and employment project based in the inner city area of Easton in Bristol, England. This innovative social enterprise (a registered charity) has as its main objective to help build women's skills,
or move on to self employment. The positive results gained from its work with women across Bristol have led to the project's longevity:
The OECD definition In 2000, the Local Economic and Employment Development Committee (LEED) of the OECD provided a definition of social innovation, in the framework of its Forum on Social Innovations (FSI.
The key distinction is that social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and communities through employment, consumption and/or participation,
are likely to have a positive impact on local development in terms of social capital, sustainable employment,
or youth unemployment or environmental sustainability, are other examples of the different levels at which social innovation can be achieved.
charter schools, community-centred planning, emissions trading, fair trade, habitat conservation, international labour standards, socially responsible investing, supported employment (for disabled and disadvantaged workers) and individual
incentive tools for local consumption (credit card and social currency) and new ways of commercialisation (fairs, solidarity shops/stores) promoting local job creation and income generation.
which aims to support the modernisation of institutions and job creation through the annual inclusion of 1 000 qualified young people in social economy institutions.
for example to encourage the employment of long-term unemployed or disadvantaged people. Involving social enterprises in public service delivery can bring many community benefits.
Author (s) Year Definition GEM 2006 Social entrepreneurship is any attempt at new social enterprise activity or new enterprise creation such as self employment, a new enterprise,
The key distinction is that social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and community through employment, consumption or participation,
new production factors such as atypical employment and involvement in governance, mixing voluntary and paid employment, as well as new market relations such as the changing welfare mix,
new production factors such as atypical employment and involvement in governance, mixing voluntary and paid employment, as well as new market relations such as the changing welfare mix,
Secure conducive conditions for both high-employment-growth firms and innovation in the bulk of new and small firms. 2. Embed new firms
Reinforce training in SMES by launching in-company projects, increasing SME apprenticeships and developing the training function of small business support programmes,
but also social and communication skills related to team work and language skills. Basic skillsgeneric and routine skills found in occupations present in most industries and organisations.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 223 bring innovative solutions to problems such as social exclusion and unemployment through the production of goods and services.
and training and integration into employment of persons excluded from the labour market. Social entrepreneur A person who recognises a social problem
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011