less entrepreneurship and lower rates of employment and growth. 8. See Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi (2009;
The analysis used distance to frontier scores to measure business regulations in the areas covered by Doing Business and growth in sales and employment to measure firm performance.
and employment growth for small firms than for large ones. 11 These results indicate that sound business regulations in the areas measured by Doing Business benefit small firms more than large ones.
and the highest growth in sales and employment in developing economies. 14 HOW HAVE CHANGED BUSINESS REGULATIONS OVER THE PAST DECADE?
outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the insolvency legal framework Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation,
Evidence suggests that regulatory reforms making it easier to start a formal business are associated with increases in the number of newly registered firms and with higher levels of employment and productivity.
Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Getting credit The importance of registries Small and medium-size enterprises account for the largest share of employment in the developing world.
or employer to terminate the employment relationship at any time for any or no reason at all) Limitations on clauses limiting liability,
Researchers have used these data to investigate the importance of business-friendly regulation for the creation of new firms, for the productivity and profitability of existing ones and for such key outcomes as growth, employment, investment and informality.
while employment is largely related to the business cycle, better regulation can reduce the likelihood of high unemployment
They also underscore the importance of effective contract enforcement and secure property rights in enabling growth in employment.
Business Environment and Employment Growth across Firms. Economic Development and Cultural Change 59 (3): 609 47.
Investigating the Anatomy of the Employment Effect of New Business Formation. Cambridge Journal of Economics 37 (2): 349 77.
What Is the Impact of Labour market Regulation on Employment in LICS? How Does It Vary by Gender?
Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Labor market regulation data Employment regulations are unquestionably necessary. They are needed to protect workers from arbitrary
leading to losses of employment in an economy or to its missing out on job-supporting agglomeration effects and knowledge spillovers. 3 Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of employment as it affects the hiring and redundancy of workers and the rigidity
, ALLIANCE OF LABOR, EMPLOYMENT, BENEFITS AND PENSIONS LAW FIRMS KPMG LAW SOCIETY OF ENGLAND AND WALES LEX MUNDI, ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT LAW FIRMS MAYER BROWN PANALPINA PWC1
MUMBAI Anup Pandey MINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT Janak Pandya NISHITH DESAI ASSOCIATES Kunal Pareek TATA POWER DELHI DISTRIBUTION LTD.
INNOVATION & EMPLOYMENT Shaun Mcmaster MINTER ELLISON RUDD WATTS Andrew Minturn QUALTECH INTERNATIONAL LTD. Robert Muir LAND INFORMATION NEW ZEALAND Michael O'brien HESKETH HENRY LAWYERS Catherine Otten NEW ZEALAND COMPANIES OFFICE Ian Page BRANZ Mihai Pascariu
In employment terms, almost 67%of workers are employed by SMES of which 45%are employed by micro-enterprises,
Table 1 Number of enterprises, SME employment and gross valued added in EU 27 (2010) Source:
%92.1%6. 6%1. 1%99.8%0. 2%Employment Number 38 905 519 26 605 166 21 950 107 87
both in terms of number of enterprises and employment 6 Table 2 illustrates the size of six different industry clusters2 in terms of the percentage of the total Member State workforce employed in a particular
ranging from 9. 3%in Lithuania to 37.8%in the UK In terms of employment size, this cluster is followed closely by‘labour intensive industries'with employment rates ranging from 20%(UK) to 44.2%(Slovakia).
The lowest levels of employment are found in the‘life science'and‘tourism and hospitality'clusters.
The use of heat map colours in table 2 helps to analyse employment rates vertically.
There is a geographical divide at cluster level as well; when comparing the different clusters it is clear that in particular Member States some clusters are more significant in terms of employment:‘
‘Creative and cultural industries'employ most people in The netherlands, Latvia and the UK, closely followed by Denmark, Finland and Estonia.
'The Baltic states Latvia and Lithuania take the lion share in terms of employment in the cluster‘Transport & distribution'.
and more details. 7 Table 2 Cluster employment(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster) Source:
'When comparing the different clusters it is clear that in particular Member States some clusters are more significant in terms of employment SMES highly depend on entrepreneurs.
in order to increase growth and create employment. Three priorities have been set to help achieve this vision: To become a magnet for highly skilled talent
Whilst ICT specialists8 accounted for around 3-4%of EU employment, OECD estimated that in 2010 a further 18.5%of employed persons relied entirely on ICT to perform their task,
ICT Skills and Employment. New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy 10 IDC (2009.
Exploiting the employment potential of ICTS. Empirica and IDC Europe (2013. e-Skills for Competitiveness and Innovation:
and employment by stating in the European Agenda for the Integration of Third Country Nationals that"their creativity
Furthermore, employment would be boosted, with 1. 2 million jobs expected to be created in infrastructure construction in the short term, rising to 3. 8 million jobs throughout the economy in the long term.
in order to increase growth and create employment evolves...69 Contacts Vincent Fosty Deloitte Consulting Partner vfosty@deloitte. com Dana Eleftheriadou DG Enterprise and Industry Policy Officer iordana.
Exploiting the employment potential of ICTS-European commission (2012. Jobs for Europe: The Employment policy Conference-Sectors with high job creation potential-European commission (2011.
ICT Skills and Employment-OECD (2012. ICT Skills and Employment. New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy-OECD (2010.
ICT Skills and employment 72 Annex Industry clusters Table 7-Industry clusters in Europe(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster) Source:
Deloitte, based on Clusterobeservatory. eu (2011) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia
Employment and Competitiveness for SMES. 03an Opportunity Exists in Ireland to Change Mindsets about What it Means to Apply Design thinking Principles to Business Development
Over the 3-year period of the survey, design integratedfirms are found to have on average a 9. 1%higher employment growth rate,
and11finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012.
Through outsourcing industrial design and manufacturing work Cirdan plays an important role in growing employment and high value industrial skills in Ireland.
More than before designis associated with user-driven innovation activities by companies 56finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012.
and regionalinnovation policies and recognised as crucial to the exploitation of newideas for business and employment growth (Part of Innovation Strategies).
behaviour change (the employment of designers, investmentin R&d and implementation of design processes), performancechange (measured by increases in margins, revenues and exports) and economic impact (net economic benefit).
Ministry of Trade and Employment Investment: €8m to date (2008-ongoing) Run by: The Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture Support Programmes 69 A study in 2009 by the Norwegian Design Council (now The Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture) showed that companies that use design-driven
/Policyadviser, Enterprise Ireland/Eugene Forde, Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment/Karen Hennessy, Chief executive, Design and Crafts Council of Ireland/Stephen Hughes, Manger Construction
zzgrowth and employment: Digital value creation and digital networking stimulate growth and drive efficiency in the digital world.
and logistics solutions and to enhance these with intelligent services to ensure sustainable growth and a consistently high level of employment.
increases productivity and contributes to safeguarding sustainable growth, prosperity and employment. Today, Germany's ICT industry generates almost 85 billion euros of economic value added,
We intend to monitor more closely the effects of digital technologies on employment and labour markets
a noticeable impact on employment trends is to be expected. The Federal government will address and discuss these issues together with the social partners
and social inclusion by addressing challenges surrounding integrating young people into the employment market, highlighting innovative approaches and uses of ICTS,
and reshaping pathways for employment and entrepreneurship. It is a dynamic environment where governments and other stakeholders need to be more adept at developing
15 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities Emerging sectors...17 4. 1 Online job services and job matching...
and provide them with better opportunities for employment. Against this backdrop ongoing advances in information and communication technologies (ICTS) are transforming old sectors
This transformation is effectively making digital literacy a prerequisite for both wage employment and creating one's own business.
It is hoped that this database will provide youth with a valuable asset in their efforts to secure meaningful employment and entrepreneurship opportunities.
covering new employment sectors, new skills, and new ways of learning. Chapter 4 identifies and discusses a range of emerging work opportunities, from microwork to app development,
One of these is a working definition of employment and entrepreneurship For purposes of this report a World bank categorization is applied.
It includes wage employment, self employment, and farming. Under this categorization, entrepreneurship is a form and subset of self employment.
Jobs. 6 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,(Geneva: International Labour Office, 2013), 1. 7 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,3. 8 Jenny Marlar, Global Unemployment at 8%in 2011:
Youth are three times more likely than older adults to be unemployed,(Gallup. com, April 17, 2012), www. gallup. com/poll/153884/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx.
Although these jobs count as employment, they do little to contribute to an individual's well-being and a country's economic development.
621 million youth are idle known as NEET (not in education, employment, or training. Rates of idleness vary across countries
Education to Employment: Designing a System that Works,(Washington, D c.:Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012), www. improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/general/Educationtoemployment. pdf 10 World bank.
10.1596/978-0-8213-9575-2. 11 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,8. Digital opportunities:
It renders solutions to the employment crisis more difficult to find, and in the case of overqualified youth society is losing their valuable skills
meaning they are unemployed, in irregular employment most likely in the informal sector, or neither in the labour force nor in education or training. 16 12 Ibid.,
Education to Employment, 10 15 Ibid. 36 16 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,2.
Youth More likely to Be unemployed and Underemployed Among those in the Labour force%Unemployed%Underemployed%Employed full time for an employer 15-to 29-year-olds 15 26 43 30-to 49-year-olds 5 13 46
4. 19 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,11 Youth unemployment rates 2000 and 2007 2016, by region(%)2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 7 Youth not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) is one of the main challenges policymakers in developed economies face.
they are likely to lack the life skills required for formal employment as well as the social networks needed to obtain new opportunities.
Countries like Spain and Ireland have recorded increases in the youth part-time employment rate of 11.8 and 20.7 percentage points respectively between the second quarter of 2008 and 2011.25 One out of three youth
youth unemployment is still alarming in many countries, such as South africa (above 40 per cent since early 2008). 28 20 International labour organization, Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012 (Geneva:
Corporation for National and Community Service and the White house Council for Community Solutions, 2012), 2. 24 Ibid, 15.25 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,21. 26 Ibid, 23.27
with 42.6 per cent of young females unemployed, compared to 24.5 per cent among males. 38 29 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,18. 30 Ibid. 31 International labour organization, Decent
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 2. 35 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,18. 36 ibid.
4. 37 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,17. 38 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,19.
or underemployed in the informal sector. 40 Informal employment in the middle East, at about 67 per cent of the workforce, is higher than that in other middle income regions. 41 As a result,
and then transition to public or private jobs. 42 Formal employment in the Arab States is associated strongly with public sector jobs.
Young people are more likely to look for employment in the public sector because these jobs offer higher pay, better benefits, fewer working hours, and job security.
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 5. 44 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,17. 45 Ibid.
The World bank, 2012), 4. 49 Ibid, 5. 50 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,13-15.51 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelhoods, 12.56 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,20. 57 Ibid.
As a result, African youth are typically found in vulnerable employment conditions. ILO estimates that an average of 2. 1 million young people will be entering the labour market every year between 2011 and 2015,
Informal sector employment shares, by region (2009) Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database Educational attainment among youth is chronically low.
20.59 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,26. 60 UNESCO Institute for Statistics,"Global Education Digest 2011,"(Montreal:
ICT-led transformations of all workforce sectors should improve the employment and entrepreneurial prospects of youth with ICT skills.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 17 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities Emerging sectors The increasing adoption of ICTS in everyday life,
and the growing marketplace for digital goods and services, are creating opportunities for youth to find employment that transcend traditional paradigms.
which has great implications for young people that are challenged to find employment in their own communities.
Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find
followed by new opportunities for ICT enabled employment. The chapter then turns to the growing app industry, its potential for employment,
and some of the issues related to becoming an appbased entrepreneur. This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities.
and sales are explored also as they continue to be a source of employment for young people around the world.
and Africa where young women may not have the same freedoms to seek employment through conventional means,
opportunities for sustainable employment as principal workers in business process outsourcing centres to provide high-quality, information-based services to domestic and international clients.
Accessible ICTS have the potential to provide persons with disabilities unprecedented levels of access to education, skills training and employment,
cultural and social life of their communities. 100 There are extensive examples of how persons with disabilities have used ICTS to enjoy meaningful employment,
and represent another significant source of digital employment for young people. Gaming platforms also rely on the outsourcing of small tasks through third-party gaming services like Crowdflower.
Third party gaming services have enabled thousands of young people from modest backgrounds to create employment for themselves as digital entrepreneurs.
People in China and in other developing nations have held full-time employment as gold farmers. 104 Power-leveling is using the help of another,
training and employment in many regions around the world. In cities throughout the developing world, the ICT and electronics markets where mobile phones are sold
and repaired serve as many people's first interactions with technology as well as a huge source of employment and entrepreneurship.
atedec. wordpress. com 4. 7 Green jobs There is increasing consensus in the development community that the global environmental crisis is an opportunity for employment in
International Labour Office, 2012). 107 OECD, ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198,(OECD Publishing, 2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 27 Employment growth in the renewable energy sector alone is projected to be impressive for the coming decades.
Other areas of employment in the green economy that involve a range of ICTS from geographic information systems to satellite imagery
accounting for some 7 per cent of all formal employment. 112 110 United nations Environment Programme.
Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency,(UNEP, 2011). 111 OECD, ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy. 112 United nations Environment Programme, Transition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs, UNEP News Centre, May 31
youth and young students from some universities are preparing for the expansion of green jobs to increase our employment and youth employment rates. 115 Paulo,
in combination with ICT skills, are deemed necessary for employment. 5. 1 Computer literacy Computer literacy refers to the ability to use computers and related technologies, from end-users to ICT professionals.
Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT positions also expect people to have advanced more skills
Finally, many organizations that provide employability training have developed a range of complementary services aimed at improving the employment prospects of their clients.
Good Practices in Local Youth Entrepreneurship Support,"(OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working papers 11,2010), www. oecdilibrary. org/content/workingpaper/5km7rq0k8h9q
employment and entrepreneurship. Through Youthspark, Microsoft will dedicate the majority of its cash contributions to nonprofit organizations that serve the youth population around the world.
Students are paired with a mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the opportunity for employment.
employment, and entrepreneurship. The examples are the result of a combination of factors: deliberate, and in some cases unanticipated, multi-sectoral (governments, private sector,
partnerships across sectors to spur innovation, economic growth and employment. International agencies have played a vital role by bringing attention to the urgent needs of youth,
and (5) enacting policies that boost employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. 8. 1 ICTS in education The opportunities for learning
ICTS, employment, and entrepreneurship are characterized by rapid change and innovation. Mainstream economic sectors from agriculture to healthcare are witnessing an explosion of new ICT-enabled applications,
and positioned to seize new employment and entrepreneurship opportunities? The report has outlined a number of strategies pertaining to the role of government.
Community organizations also have an important role to play in equipping youth with the relevant skills and connecting them to employment and entrepreneurship opportunities.
"OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working papers 11 (2010. www. oecd-ilibrary. org/content/workingpaper/5km7rq0k8h9q-en ihub.
"Global Employment Outlook September 2012: Bleak Labour market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012.
"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012. International labour organization.""Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013.
Geneva: International Labour Office, 2013. International labour organization. Working Towards Sustainable Development Opportunities for Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green Economy.
Education to Employment: Designing a System that Works. Washington, D c.:Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012. www. improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/general/Educationtoemployment. pdf OECD."Employment and Labour markets:
Key Tables from OECD."OECD, 2012. www. oecdilibrary. org/employment/employment-and-labour markets-key-tables-from-oecd 20752342.
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy.
OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198. OECD Publishing, 2012. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en.
which supports employment, wages, purchases, investments, and taxes. Conducting business as usual is sufficient social benefit.
And it has provided direct employment to 17 000 people 95%of whom are women and indirect employment to an equal number of people,
in rural areas where jobs otherwise were not available. These trends may well lead companies to remake their value chains by moving some activities closer to home
and local government, has experienced huge growth in employment, incomes, and company performance, and has fared better than most during the downturn.
As an example, a project can select impact on employment and impact on information as relevant and exclude impact on education
growth and employment, environment, climate change, health and education, inclusive societies, well-being, etc. Making a project to tackle societal needs implies framing the needs
Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
FINANCE AND ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT SMART PUBLIC SERVICES ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Health and Wellbeing Finance and Economy Energy and Environment Participation and Democracy Smart public services Science and technology Education and skills Culture and Arts Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
AND EMPLOYMENT Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriö Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe Confine Crisisnet Desis Network Everyaware Fablab
AND ECONOMY ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT PARTICIPATION AND DEMOCRACY NEIGHBOURHOOD REGENERATION SCIENCE EDUCATION AND SKILLS CULTURE AND ARTS WORK AND EMPLOYMENT 254 251 164 163 162 138
which is the local agency for employment and economic growth for the area of Barcelona35. Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 69 Some other examples come from private organisations.
and organisations from the rest of the EU. Identify specific social challenges (such as health, employment,
in GDP percentage as well as in creating employment, whereas other industries are decreasing. In the long term, an innovation in social services or education will be as important as an innovation in the pharmaceutical or aerospatial industry."
and Urban Policy and DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion, with inputs by various other Directorates General (DG Enterprise and Industry;
and then completed with DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion, in particular with Olivier Rouland, Head of Unit,
and the severe employment and social consequences it has for many of Europe's citizens.
the European platform against poverty and social exclusion, the Innovation Union, the Social Business Initiative, the Employment and Social Investment packages, the Digital Agenda, the new industrial policy, the Innovation
Johannes HAHN Member of the European commission Responsible for Regional Policy Laszlo ANDOR Member of the European commission Responsible for Employment
Employment: 75%of the 20-64 year-olds to be employed R&d/innovation: 3%of the EU's GDP (public and private combined) to be invested in R&d/innovation Climate change/energy:
the calls for proposals of the PROGRESS programme of DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion 19, the Regiostars awards20 by DG Regional Policy with a specific category on social innovation for 2013 and URBACT
ESF Article 6 projects, mainstreaming of innovative activities by ESF operational programmes, New Sources of Jobs, Territorial Employment Pacts and Regional Information Society Initiatives
regional and local projects that improve the levels of employment, the quality of jobs, and the inclusiveness of the labour market in the Member States and their regions.
According to the EU Social Business Initiative, the social economy employs over 11 million people in the EU, accounting for 6%of total employment.
and thus help to find new answers to unmet needs in fields like employment, housing, ageing, childcare,
Member States and Managing Authorities and other public contracting bodies can use the purchasing power of large and small ERDF projects to stimulate social innovation in employment
The example from the City of Nantes below illustrates how a procurement framework has opened a space for social enterprises to work directly with the private sector in helping disadvantaged people into employment.
and other workers from Merseyside's disadvantaged neighbourhoods and gives them a start in employment.
75%of beneficiaries were accompanied by a local insertion company (a type of training and employment social enterprise.
STEP now helps over 6, 000 migrants a year through individual advice on legal, health, employment, housing, social services, immigration and other issues with specialist advisers.
finance and employment ministries to produce a unit inside government dedicated to public policy innovation.
The Rhône-alpes Region (FR) puts employment and anticipation of change at the centre of its regional strategy for economic development and innovation.
of which-namely, increasing the employment rate to 75%,%reducing early school leaving under 10 %and poverty by 20 million people-directly concern the social domain.
macroeconomic, fiscal and employment strategies have to be accompanied by clear guidance and monitoring instruments regarding social investment.
These cover research, technological development and innovation (thematic objective 1), employment (TO 8), education (TO 9), social policies (TO 10) and administrative capacity building (TO 11.
which means that it is supposed to take place through all investment priorities of the employment, education, social inclusion and administrative capacity building priorities or address the areas of these thematic objectives through a separate priority axis on social innovation.
At the same time, conditionality sets are in place for specific investment priorities of the employment, education, social inclusion and institutional capacity building thematic objectives.
In thematic objective (8) promoting employment and supporting labour mobility, the possible support for the development of business incubators and investment support for self employment
such as how to create employment for youth, how to integrate migration communities into economic life,
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