and provide the bulk of employment. However, opportunities presented by the globalization and the entwined,
and provide the bulk of employment. Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the priceoriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
and provided employment to 70.9%of all employed persons in 2006 (Ifm, 2007b). In absolute terms German SMES provided employment and/or apprenticeship to 20.42 million people in 2006 in the country.
Nearly 83%of all apprenticeship placements in 2006 were offered by SMES, which amounted to 1. 36 million (Ifm, 2007b).
and the overall employment generated, SMES in Germany continue to remain week on the revenue front
This expected shortfall is based on the assumption that till then there will be no change in the employment basis. In case the employment basis increases by 2. 5%in this period,
Convergence Regional Competitiveness and Employment European Territorial Cohesion EU is trying to solve the problems in all the three sectors with European Regional Development Fund (ERDF.
and Regional competitiveness and Employment objectives but it doesn't support 9/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster
The biggest problems in the Baltic sea region are in the field of Convergence and Regional Competitiveness and Employment.
which may receive support under the priority of Regional Competitiveness and Employment. The Eastern part of Finland is also a part of the phasing out region;
employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education. After the references section, there are also three annexes:
Scoreboard Tepsie themes Jobs Work-life balance Economic Affairs 1. Employment Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society) Health Health 3
Education and skills Participation and democracy Culture and arts Health and wellbeing Work and employment Neighbourhood regeneration Energy and environment Science Finance and economy.
Case study focus areas by theme Theme Focus Area Employment Preparing for work Finding work Creating
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted by the case) Employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities,
and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) 5. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) 6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) 7
Overview of cases analysed Employment Focus area Case Social needs addressed Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment,
and reducing society's costs Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers
pedagogical staff & scientists with monitoring & documentation of everyday situations 17 Employment Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out across Europe in relation to strategic issues, trends and challenges
which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the employment theme. Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 will examine both the empirical evidence presented here in the light of the full desk research to draw conclusions and recommendations regarding outstanding research gaps and policy issues.
employment and entrepreneurial activity sit. Although there are many nuances and variations, these include the so-called‘flexi-curity'models, typical in Nordic countries,
and de-unionisation of the labour market as exemplified by much more occasional, intermittent, casual and‘unsocial'hours employment,
and for 11 million paid employees. 12 This and other trends mark some shift towards more bottom-up forms of employment,
and its benefits. 14 Roles and impacts of ICT There is much agreement about some of the main impacts of ICT on employment.
However, despite this, there are just as many robust disagreements about the roles and impacts of ICT on employment in practice.
Millard 2006) Returning to areas of general agreement about the impact of ICT on employment, most agree that:
or supporting social innovation in the employment theme. 1. Preparing for employment People need appropriate vocational skills,
competences and aptitudes in order to prepare for employment. This includes both initial education, training and other forms of preparation,
In principle, ICT can support people in preparing for employment in two main ways: by facilitating or improving the individual's vocational skills
Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. using ICT. 2. Finding employment ICT is an important tool in finding employment,
for example by matching those looking for work with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes.
or increase in, new forms of employment, such as telework, distance work, flexible work or itinerant work,
Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT. 16 https://www. taskrabbit. com and https://www. taskrabbit. co. uk. 22 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Seven cases are analysed in the employment theme as summarised in Table 3. 1. Table
3. 1: Employment cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment,
low job skills and the digital divide-Improve digital search skills for all types of unemployed with focus on low qualified,
and help in finding a job-Training, practical help for both the jobless and for the public and civil organisations providing support-Public and private funding, civil operation-30 cities in Germany;
387 started in a protected job Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) 18 Flexible work matching for jobseekers
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way,
Focus areas The sample of seven cases comprises two preparing for employment cases, three finding employment cases,
Funding and actors The preparing for employment cases both rely on public funding with one run by a civil organisations and one by the private sector.
Compared to this, the finding employment cases are funded and operated by the private sector, although the Slivers of Time case received initial public seed money.
Although the finding employment cases tend to start in specific locations, they are growing fastest either through expansion of the company
Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three employment focus areas,
Preparing for employment ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used alongside physical and traditional activities. Surfen zum job operates a database of 8, 000 institutions providing ICT facilities and support
Finding employment ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used which is generally standalone, i e. ICT is the only or main basis for all service activity with no necessary traditional activities,
because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.
Like the three finding employment cases, CSE (but not Mission Leben) is perhaps starting to exhibit tendencies towards also being a part of a random network in
Preparing for employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) Surfen zum Job:
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training.
as well as links into the wider higher education, innovation and specialist knowledge of the Copenhagen Business school. 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training.
Finding employment 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many also found employment directly via the case.
Slivers of Time: 80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m potential, facilitated by 9 full-time-equivalent staff across the UK.
as below. 7. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) All cases are scaling, disseminating or growing,
The finding employment cases seems to be scaling fastest. 8. Increase in health and wellbeing Jobbanken:
and social practices reported by cases are summarised by focus area drawing on the process taxonomy presented in section 2. Preparing for employment Both Surfen zum Job
and skills of the beneficiaries through direct activation and participation within a clear and goal oriented structure to help the beneficiary become ready for work both in terms of capability but also motivation. 28 Finding employment All three
Preparing for employment The main barrier is reported as lack of familiarity with ICT, and thus some reluctance by the target group to use the technology.
and others finding it hard to access the job market, for employment. Finding employment The main barrier is the difficulty of overcoming established ways of working and attitudes, especially with mainly low skill beneficiaries.
Legislation and administrative systems are geared not to independent working. Another important barrier is the potential problems of exploitation of workers/volunteers especially given that it is often the private sector
Preparing for employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT has a supporting role in helping vulnerable and other unemployed people become better prepared for employment.
This is done by both reducing many of the costs involved and providing many more flexible solutions
Thus, although successful employment preparation initiatives exist in many forms with and without ICT, the role of ICT in these cases is improving outcomes both directly and indirectly.
Policy issues Given that ICT typically seems to be improving employment preparation initiatives which are already underway,
Finding employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of labour,
This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing the need for costly intermediaries (the‘middleman,
Strategic and operational considerations The three ICT-enabled finding employment cases illustrate a new and quite profound strategic model for identifying
and enable finding employment include, first, significant cost savings and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand
are summarised below as they relate to the employment theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the employment cases is provided in Table 3. 2. 1. The role
and use of ICT in social innovation ICT plays a supporting role in social innovation in both the preparing for employment
and the finding employment focus areas by significantly improving outcomes being sought by traditional and physical activities.
ICT also enables new types of social innovation to be achieved in both the finding employment
and the creating and doing work focus areas, for example by making it possible to setup new business models
as is matching assets to needs in the finding employment cases. Online communities are established typically as complements to existing offline communities
although small-world networks are most common in the preparing for employment cases, whilst in both the finding employment and creating
and doing work cases scale-free dissemination and copying networks are starting to become common,
In most employment cases ICT is used to significantly reduce costs, increase flexibility, shorten value chains
In the preparing for employment cases, it seems typical for public funded strategic ICT use
In the finding employment cases, new strategic business models for finding and matching the supply and demand for labour are developed
The preparing employment cases show that careful embedding of ICT into the traditional activities used to train
In the finding employment cases, cost efficiencies due to cutting out the unnecessary‘middle man'and thus shortening value chains 33 are achieved,
Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the employment theme, as well as several others have been shown to be supported
as detailed in section 3. 2. 3. The seven cases examined in the employment theme all use ICT as an important tool to
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way,
and thus in line with the definition given in section 1. In meeting the social need of disadvantaged people for employment that these seven cases examine,
which is done most readily in the finding employment cases where the real, quick-time and highly flexible matching of labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function.
The other four cases in the employment theme, in the preparing for work and the creating
The finding employment cases are also based on relatively standard ICT supporting an online community which is also the only or main basis for all activity.
Employment case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online platforms Communities Networks Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role
of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues Preparing for employment: skills and supports Standard ICT alongside traditional activities-Content creation-Issue identification-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (both bonding & bridging)- Starting
initially through controlled experimentation depending on context Finding employment: matching supply and demand Standard ICT, standalone-Content creation-Issue identification-Matching assets to needs-Online knowledge communities-Also enables offline communities
the aim is to target poverty and social exclusion through growth and employment as well as modern and effective social protection.
resources used and operational considerations are much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross sectoral,
The case has helped also increase from 21%to 66%of school pupils achieving good secondary school results, assist more than 6, 200 residents into employment, 180 of
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
resources used and operational considerations are much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross sectoral linking potentially any and all issues in a specific geographical place,
such as the economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com 63 action, community initiatives,
and this opens the possibility of future employment in this area. Especially in the UK and London
trends and challenges which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted) Employment 8. Increase in jobs & work (number & duration) 9. Improved jobs & work (quality & remuneration) 10.
Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. 12. Scaled employment impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities) 13.
Other (specify) Place development 8. Improved community activism and participation (including political, planning, budgeting, etc.)
Catalonia 2020 Strategy EMPLOYMENT & TRAINING SOCIAL COHESION INNOVATION & KNOWLEDGE ENTREPRENEURISM INTERNATIONALISATION GREEN ECONOMY Catalonia 2020 Strategy Generalitat de Catalunya (Government
(ECAT 2020) and its ten defining component parts 5. The six priority areas of action under ECAT 2020 5. 1. Employment and training 5. 2. Social cohesion
strategic lines of action 6. 1. Improving employability 6. 2. Improving the performance of the employment market 6. 3. Facilitating business access to finance 6. 4. Promoting the strategic adaptation
and better employment, establishing a roadmap for economic recovery whilst preserving the model of social cohesion.
employment and training; social cohesion; innovation and knowledge; entrepreneurism; internationalisation; and the green economy. ECAT 2020 is organised around eight strategic lines of action.
planning and implementing policies to improve competitiveness and employment. In many spheres however, the effective and efficient implementation of these policies depends on the action of other stakeholders (other public authorities, employers'organisations, companies, trade unions, workers'associations, etc..
employment, finance, productivity and confidence. The CAREC report stresses that the strategy for the competitiveness of the Catalan economy should revolve around four basic ideas:
employment, R&d, climate change and energy, education, and combating poverty and social exclusion. Within the framework established by the Europe 2020 Strategy,
the Member States are required to launch initiatives aimed at generating growth and employment through the so-called National Reform Programmes.
and Catalonia 2020 Strategy 11-Fostering a high-employment economy that can ensure economic, social and territorial cohesion (inclusive growth).
On 16 february 2005, the Catalan Government and economic and social stakeholders signed the Strategic Agreement for the Internationalisation, Quality of Employment and Competitiveness of the Catalan Economy.
economic growth, quality of employment and social cohesion. When this agreement expired, the signatories decided to revise its content
A particularly important initiative in this context is the Catalan Employment Strategy, whose main goal is to reduce unemployment.
a strategy for improving the competitiveness of the Catalan economy and employment. ECAT 2020 takes its inspiration from the Europe 2020 Strategy,
and the six priority areas of action identified by ECAT 2020 5. 1. Employment and training The greatest challenge facing the Catalan economy is to create employment.
The Government must provide a stable, reliable environment in order to restart the production system and economic growth,
care for Europe 2020 Strategy flagship initiatives Catalonia 2020 Strategy Priorities of the Europe 2020 Strategy An agenda for new skills and jobs Employment and training Youth on the move
Policies promoting a culture of mobility with regard to employment and training are also crucial to improving employability.
and establishing a labour relations model that fosters the maintenance of employment and the modernisation of labour organisations.
employment and training; social cohesion; innovation and knowledge; entrepreneurism; internationalisation; and the green economy. Targets, budgets and monitoring indicators for each product
In the light of this, ECAT 2020 emphasises the importance of the new Catalan 2012-2020 Employment Strategy and the current Plan for the Development of Active Policies. 6. 1. 1. Improving
and employment, helping to ensure that they make appropriate choices about their professional career and training needs.
Catalonia 2020 Strategy 24 6. 1. 3. Promoting new niches of employment To foster job creation,
Government measures need to focus on new employment niches and to train workers for the emerging sectors with potentially high future demand,
employment incentives; awareness-raising programmes; and career guidance services. Support is provided particularly for the integration into employment of people receiving the minimum income allowance,
Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 1. Improving employability 1. 1. Improving
personalised careers guidance for unemployed people 1. 2. Helping young people to gain access to the labour market 1. 3 Promoting new niches of employment 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market
and information with regard to employment mediation mechanisms For the labour market to operate well, it is essential to ensure smooth communications between those looking for jobs
To this end, economic and social stakeholders should undertake to focus collective negotiation on increasing productivity within the Catalan economy. 6. 2. 3. Improving job quality and conditions of employment In order to foster
A quality working environment and secure conditions of employment are key factors in persuading workers to commit to company projects
adapted to specific Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 2. Improving labour market performance 2. 1. Improving efficiency and information
with regard to employment mediation mechanisms 2. 2. Promoting a model of labour relations aimed at increasing productivity
and conditions of employment 2. 4. Preventing fraud connected to undeclared work and undue reception of benefits Catalonia 2020 Strategy 29 needs (for example, microcredits, direct loans, mediated loans in association
Within Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 3. Facilitating business access to finance 3. 1. Improving
and to generate employment. The Catalunya emprèn programme pursues these objectives and seeks to promote a public-private network that can bring together
higher Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 4. Promoting the strategic adaptation of businesses to the global economy
generate employment and improve social cohesion. 6. 5. 3. Promoting regional economic development Policies must take Catalonia's great territorial diversity into account.
In line with the Europe 2020 Strategy, ECAT 2020 Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE
and employment and contribute to modernising the production system, whilst also reducing dependency on fossil fuels and improving security of energy supply.
In this sphere, Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 6. Fostering the transition to a more resourceefficient economy
Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 7. Modernising Government 7. 1. Preventing legislation
Operational objective Employment and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 8. Promoting strategic infrastructure 8. 1. Promoting Catalan
%Employment increased by 4. 7 %since 2000 and the activity rate was much higher than the otherwise quite low national average (59.1 versus 55.4%)in 2010.
and employment drop at times of crisis was not as clear-cut as in other developed regions of Hungary.
Employment in high-tech industries and in knowledge-intensive services as a share of total employment was 7. 29%in 2008,
and Employment Objective) the Central Hungary Operational Programme (CHOP) the main priority axis of which is the strengthening of R&d
Related employment is concentrated here and agglomeration effects play an important role in the location of these.
Direct support is provided to actions that enhance economic and employment growth. The programme sets out to improve the framework conditions for innovation
growth and employment, environment, climate change, health and education, inclusive societies, well-being, etc. Making a project to tackle societal needs implies framing the needs
and healthcare applications, present possible challenges to developing countries of flight of capital, tax evasion and employment reduction by offshoring.
This retrospective documentation and centralisation was done with the support of the local Leipzig employment centre,
a high employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion. Tracking the progress of growth within each priority area will be evaluated against five measurable headline EU-level targets,
Employment-raising the employment rate for women and men aged 20-64 to 75, %including through the greater participation of young people;
Set under the Operational Programmes of the Member States European Social Fund The ESF supports policies and priorities related to employment, education and training,
while favouring employment and social inclusion at the same time. Technological and economic growth must be inclusive and accessible to those who need it.
not simply an employment scheme for second class innovation advisors (as sometimes appears to be the case.
employment and competitiveness indicators; for example measuring depth, breadth and speed of innovation spread, in line with ongoing related EU works16 and regional initiatives17.
1 According to the European Competitiveness Report 2010, creative industries account for 3. 3%of EU GDP and 3%of employment in the EU. 2 OJ C 297,7. 12.2006, p
The most important objective of the Hungarian economic policy is supporting the economic growth and increasing of the employment.
in addition to the tax incentive for employment of Phd Researchers at companies that was introduced in January 2013
Venture capital as%of GDP (Eurostat table code tin00141) 0. 001 0. 019 0. 031 0. 067 n. a. Employment in high-and medium-high-technology
manufacturing sectors as share of total employment 7. 9 8. 1 8. 5 n. a. 5. 6 3 OECD (2012) Education at Glance 2012.
OECD, Paris. 11 Employment in knowledge-intensive service sectors as share of total employment htec emp nat2 34.2 35.0 34.5 n. a. 38.9 Turnover from Innovation
%which is close to the EU-28 average (12.4%).12 The employment in high-and medium-high-technology manufacturing increased slightly between 2009 and 2012.
Also the employment in knowledge-intensive service sectors grew between 2009 and 2012 and the last figure (34.5%)is close to the EU-28 average (38.9%).
A new indirect measure was introduced in January 2013 that made the employment of researchers with a Phd title (up to salaries of €1,
reinforcement of high added value production and employment should be considered as a strategic objective, bearing in mind the development priorities of 17 the National Development Concept,
and iii) Competitive Central-Hungary OP (programmes supporting the development of the knowledge economy, social integration and employment).
This ambition is served decisively by resources for RDI, SMES and competitiveness, employment and low carbon economy thematic objectives.
Since 2009, the share of FTE researchers in total employment increased from 0. 53%to 0. 61%in 2012,
Apart from increasing employment of researchers in the workforce, the share of R&d investments grown from 0. 75%to 1. 33%in total investments between 2009 and 2012.
-small-and medium-sized enterprises with the aim of enhancing their roles in employment, strengthening their innovation
the employer is obliged not to extend the employment period of a fixed-term contract. Gender quotas have been discussed in various areas
Main changes Brief assessment of progress/achievements 1 Member State Strategies for Researchers'Training and Employment Conditions(+)New Higher education Strategy(+)Campus Hungary programme
academic and administrative staff exchange(-)National budget for higher education has decreased(+)Clear employment conditions(+)New collaboration agreements
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