including for example employment, community and training related actions such as the European Social Fund and related programmes such as Equal and also Leonardo Da vinci. Again support is made also available at national level,
and so the need for the employment of recycling strategies has become of great importance for many industrial sectors.
and contribute to the growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports.
217.205.66.230/VTS/form/first. asp 217.205.66.230/VTS/content/casestudies. asp The Institute for Employment Studies (IES) provides research in the employment market
and publishes various reports on employment related issues. The report Skills Pay-The Contribution of Skills to Business Success,
www. employment-studies. co. uk/pubs/report. php? id=ssda0804 The Investors in People Standard is a straightforward,
Clear competences and structures and a jointly agreed strategy for research, innovation, technology and qualification Public consciousness of the importance of innovation for wealth, employment and competitiveness for a highly innovative climate Marked sense
and provide the bulk of employment. However, opportunities presented by the globalization and the entwined,
and provide the bulk of employment. Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the priceoriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
and provided employment to 70.9%of all employed persons in 2006 (Ifm, 2007b). In absolute terms German SMES provided employment and/or apprenticeship to 20.42 million people in 2006 in the country.
Nearly 83%of all apprenticeship placements in 2006 were offered by SMES, which amounted to 1. 36 million (Ifm, 2007b).
and the overall employment generated, SMES in Germany continue to remain week on the revenue front
This expected shortfall is based on the assumption that till then there will be no change in the employment basis. In case the employment basis increases by 2. 5%in this period,
and achieving the employment and growth targets of the Europe 2020 strategy requires a competitive industry that builds its competitiveness on innovation in all its forms:
The expected impact should be described clearly in qualitative and quantitative terms (e g. on turnover, employment,
which will provide the growth and employment of the future. The reindustrialisation of the EU's industrial base has to focus on the development of long-term internationally competitive goods
to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in member countries,
Employment regulation, which the World bank finds is generally more flexible in advanced countries than in developing economies, limits management flexibility and leads to smaller firm size and less research and development as well as less investment in technology.
rises in employment and incomes; enhanced provision of services for consumers and businesses; and possibly, demonstration and motivational effects.
Fostering women's entrepreneurship Women's entrepreneurship is potentially an important source of growth Women's entrepreneurship has increasingly become recognised as an important source of employment and potential growth.
In the United states 6. 4 million self-employed women provide employment for 9. 2 million people.
can have a positive effect on women's employment generally and entrepreneurial activities more PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 16 OECD 2004 specifically.
constitute a major source of employment and generate significant domestic and export earnings. In the poorest countries they nevertheless make up a relatively small part of the economy,
contributing less to employment and output than the informal sector (Figure 5). An important policy priority in low-income countries is to facilitate the creation of SMES
Figure 5. Contributions to employment and output Source: M. Ayyagari, T. Beck and A. Demirgüc-Kunt, Small and Medium Enterprises across the Globe, World bank Policy Research Working Paper 3127, WASHINGTON DC, August 2003, pp
. 27-28.70 60 50 40 30 20 100%%70 60 50 40 30 20 100 Employment Output (GDP) Low income
so that the contribution and the policy and support needs of SMES are recognised fully as central to growth, employment and poverty reduction.
Firms in the low-tech sector tend to be slightly smaller, with average employment of 47 and median employment of 30 (Table 2). 5 In the unbalanced sample
62%of the firms 4 We require that sales per employee be between 2000 and 10 million euros, growth rates of employment and sales of old and new products between-150 per cent and 150 per cent,
and R&d employment share less than 100 per cent. We also replaced R&d employment share with the R&d to sales ratio for the few observations where it was missing.
For further details, see Hall, Lotti and Mairesse (2008. In addition, we restrict the sample by excluding a few observations with zero
and R. Torrini (2007), Employment Growth in Italy in the 1990s: Institutional Arrangements and Market Forces, in Social Pacts, Employment and Growth, N. Acocella and R. Leoni Editors, Physica-Verlag HD.
Cohen, W. M, . and S. Klepper (1996), A Reprise of Size and R&d, The Economic Journal, Vol. 106 (437), pp. 925-951.
and J. Mairesse (2008), Employment, Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Italian Microdata, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 17, pp. 813-839.
and in the 1990s the figured has risen to one in 20 workers. 9. Much of the policy debate about globalisation has revolved around a trade-off between maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
and into those knowledge-based industries where comparative advantage is compatible with both high wages and high levels of employment knowledge based economic activity.
In Silicon valley, for example, employment has increased by 15%between 1992 and 1996, even though the mean income is 50%greater than in the rest of the country. 4 In 1997 Silicon valley created more than 53,000 new jobs,
their ability to provide the locus for employment creation in periods of economic shifts, and their innovative contribution to structural and technological changes accompanying such economic transformation.
Technology, growth and employment. International Review of Applied Economics 16 (3), 265 276. Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P. 1989.
professeur associé with Ecole nationale d'administration publique and UQAM, she has published many articles and books on employment and types of employment, job training, innovation in the workplace and work organization,
thereby contributing to growth and employment. As a result, SME innovation‘capacity'is naturally at the top of the European,
ERIK ACTION45 o Innovation assistant, to support newly graduated employment INNOMOT48 o Bioenergy for the region,
to support newly graduated employment PERIA49 o Creation of R&d departments, to support the hiring of research staff Innovation assistant is an excellent example of a GP transferred multiple times.
Similarly to Innovation assistant, it aims at promoting the employment of recently graduated staff in SMES with no or little experience with graduate employees.
Innovation Assistants aims to promote the transfer research output from universities directly to SMES, through the support to the employment of young professionals and recent university graduates as innovation assistants in companies, with responsibilities for the development of innovation processes.
Employment of young graduates in innovation projects within SMES; Innovation Systems awareness raising, tutoring and consultancy for SMES;
and especially context of constraints on public finances and public sector employment. INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
It is a fact that this has led to a shift away from low-skilled employment in OECD countries to high skill labour
employment and older industries by creating new avenues for economic renewal and growth. Box 1. 4. Specialisation
regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators, road mapping, SWOT analyses and foresight approaches. Thus, data and indicators are necessary to track progress,
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing of strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific, technological, innovative and economic capabilities.
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing apparent strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific, INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
a vertical link was formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy (Tekes
The sample was stratified by industry and an employment-based size indicator. The Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) Farm Innovation Survey was conducted first in 2008.
, Innovation, Science and Employment. Definition of the ecosystem and its boundaries Innovation Infrastructure The aeronautic activity in Andalusia dates back from 1926 and has been historically related to Defence products.
and associated regional initiatives to influence business and employment growth in the region. This strategy is influential at the local
iii) Manufacturing employment in the region represents approximately 18.9, %compared to the national average of 8. 4
The research infrastructure provides a further economic safety net to the region by providing ongoing employment
and the related support measures (Technopoles) confirmed their direct and multiplier (indirect and induced) effects on value added, employment, tax revenues and social security contributions as well as on beneficial impact on structural change and value creation
A vertical link was formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Tekes the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy,
ii) Employment rate; and iii) Happiness and Health. The PCTI has selected 25 Performance Indicators based on its own strategic objectives of the PCTI.
and regions use different methodologies such as science and technology indicators analyses, regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators,
but other economic indicators such as employment, Gross domestic product (GDP), number of newly established firms, and degree of innovation can be used as well.
employment, labour costs and investment. Benchmark data can be obtained by summing up sectoral data over all countries in these OECD database (or over a smaller group of benchmark countries if desired.
We see that the relative employment in Air Transport and in the Manufacture of Basic Metals plummeted,
but also with regard to other relevant policies such as for instance education, employment and rural development policies)? Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy co-ordination within the region?
and employment within disadvantaged communities (Daves 2001). SMES have a valid claim to heightened relevance,
and employ 54 per cent of all formal private sector employees (informal employment). According to Terziovski (2010) Small and Medium enterprises (SMES) in the manufacturing sector make a significant contribution to economic growth,
'In Jacques Delors'white paper‘Growth, Competitive Strength, Employment. Towards the 21st Century: Roads and Challenges'potentially important role of‘Cultural Industry'in our economic system was pointed out 7. When accepting his professorship in‘Cultural Industry'at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam,
The key relationships, Report of the Technology and Economy Programme, OECD, Paris, 1992.7 European commission, Growth, Competitive Strength, Employment.
whose group employment exceeds 500 employees and is located outside the Centre region. By holding concurrently two criteria, the size of the firm and the ownership status, we avoid the classification discrepancies described by Tether et al.
which in turn can yield employment gains and contribute to the general economic health of a state, region or nation 12.
Participants OF THE DIALOGUE 33 Employment/Labor unions Government Regulationsngosacademic institutions Think tanks/Research groups Customerssuppliersreligious groupsindigenous peoplesyouth/Women Media Who needs this innovation Who is directly responsible for decisions in the issues
It underpins employment, economic growth and global exports, while providing citizens with resources and mobility that are essential to the quality of life.
'which involves the elaboration and adoption of new products, methods and processes alongside the creation of new industries and employment,
(per billion euros of GDP) SMES innovating in-house Business R&d expenditures New doctorate graduates Employment in knowledgeintensive activities Non R&d innovation expenditure Youth with upper secondary
between 1995 and 2004 already 7%of the GDP growth could be attributed to R&d activities National Science Foundation 2007 EU Doubling of the R&d expenditure of a company can increase the employment of given company by 2
ERDF, ESF, normative funding, KTIA NATO procurements, procurements related to major challenges Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers;
innovative procurement Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers; Tax incentives and tax return qualification, legislative rationalisation JEREMIE export guarantee;
ERDF, KTIA Innovative procurement Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers; Tax incentives and tax return;
Training support ERDF, KTIA, EKD--Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers; Tax incentives and tax return qualification legislative rationalisation---Support in line with smart specialization;
distortion of tax benefits in the less-favoured areas Innovative supplier SMES Support for developing workplaces ERDF, KTIA--Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers;
joint RDI projects with the private sector ERDF, KTIA, sectoral budgets Innovative procurement Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers;
The growth potential of national economy providing two-thirds of the employment is weak, it is not capable of technological development by itself,
improving the quality of work and productivity, advancing social inclusion and reducing national, regional and local inequalities in the employment.
The current rules are included in regulation (EC) No 1083/2006 determining those types of measures (convergence, regional competitiveness and employment and European Territorial Co-operation), according to
2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor July 2013 Annual Employment Survey Forfás July 2013 Ireland's Competitiveness Performance 2013 Forfás May 2013 Making
September 2012 Annual Employment Survey 2011 Forfás August 2012 National Skills Bulletin 2012 NCC July 2012 Monitoring Ireland's Skills Supply
commentary on Europe's economy focuses on its precarious financial system and anemic employment recovery since the Great Recession.
While employment presents a formidable challenge in many European countries, sacrificing productivity for jobs that is, deliberately creating or maintaining inefficiencies is not the answer.
& INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014 Firms with high levels of ICT are more likely to grow (in terms of employment)
and expanded employment over the past year. 61 Castiglione measures the impact of ICT investments in Italian manufacturing firms
and other Mediterranean countries stand out as having an unusually high proportion of their employment in small firms.
Philipp Koellinger, Impact of ICT on Corporate Performance, Productivity and Employment Dynamics (European commission Enterprise and Industry Directorate General, December 2006), http://ec. europa. eu
Removing Barriers to Growth and Employment in France and Germany (Mckinsey Global Institute, March 1997), http://www. mckinsey. com/insights/europe/removing barriers to growth and employment in france and germany. 117.
or within their organisations, covering both technological and non-technological innovations and Employment in fast-growing firms of innovative sectors.‘
‘Economic effects'includes 5 indicators and captures the economic success of innovation in Employment in knowledge-intensive activities,
the place holder for the 25th indicator has been filled in with Employment in fast-growing firms of innovative sectors.
indicator on employment in fast-growing firms of innovative sectors. This last indicator is added to the Innovators dimension in the IUS measurement framework.
By adding data on Employment in fastgrowing firms of innovative sectors there are positive rank changes for Estonia, Ireland and Spain and negative rank changes for Austria, Cyprus and Portugal (cf.
2008,2010 3. 1. 2 SMES introducing marketing or organisational innovations as%of SMES Eurostat (CIS) Eurostat (CIS) 2004,2006, 2008,2010 3. 1. 3 Employment in fast-growing
2010 Economic effects 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and services) as%of total employment Eurostat Eurostat 2008 2012 3. 2
This also results in faster employment growth linked to innovation activities. Cyprus, Slovenia and the UK are the weakest performing Innovation followers
marketing or organizational innovations, Employment in knowledge-intensive activities and the Contribution of medium and high-tech product exports to the trade balance have been the main drivers of the country's strong growth performance.
and innovation is having positive effects on exports and employment. For Finance and support(-0. 5%)and Firm investments(-1. 4%)growth has even been negative,
and Economic effects where it has best performance in two indicators (Employment in knowledge-intensive activities and License and patent revenues from abroad).
and Employment in knowledge-intensive activities and innovation performance has been improving rapidly at an average annual growth rate of 5. 5%.others (9. 4%compared to 11.7%for the EU)
Employment in knowledge intensive-services and Knowledge-intensive services exports. Relative weaknesses are in Community designs and Non-R&d innovation expenditures.
Growth declines are observed in Venture capital investments, Non-R&d innovation expenditures, Community designs and Employment in knowledgeintensive activities.
Non-R&d innovation expenditures and in Employment in knowledge-intensive activities. Very high growth is observed for Community designs
No data for Venture capital investments, PCT patent applications in societal challenges and Employment in fast-growing firms of innovative sectors.
Employment in knowledge-intensive activities and Youth with upper secondary level education. Relative strong weaknesses are in Community designs, Community trademarks and R&d expenditures in the business sector.
PCT patent applications in societal challenges and Employment in fast-growing firms of innovative sectors. 76 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Turkey is a Modest innovator.
The IUS 2014 for the first time included an indicator on Employment in fast-growing firms in innovative sectors.
E g. for Spain the drop in 1 rank compared to the IUS 2013 can be explained by a combination of a positive effect adding the indicator on Employment in fast-growing firms in innovative sectors
Adding the indicator on Employment in fast-growing firms in innovative sectors has an effect on 6 countries.
6 12,7 18,1 17,8 Economic effects 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities 13,9 15,2 8, 3 12,5 15,5 15,8
2 14,3 14,6 17,9 20,4 15,8 13,3 16,6 16,7 18,0 Economic effects 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities 13,9
, 2%0, 0%1, 6%Economic effects 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities 0, 7%0, 3%0, 2
%-0, 5%Economic effects 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities 0, 7%1, 1%-1, 3%0, 4%2
Eurostat (CIS) Eurostat (CIS) 3. 1. 3 Employment in fast-growing enterprises in innovative sectors(%of total employment) The sum of sectoral results for the employment in fast-growing enterprises
Total employment in fast-growing enterprises in the business economy (without financial sector) The indicator shows the degree of innovativeness of successful entrepreneurial activities.
Eurostat Eurostat 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledgeintensive activities(%of total employment) Number of employed persons in knowledge-intensive activities in business industries.
as all NACE Rev. 2 industries at 2-digit level where at least 33%of employment has a higher education degree (ISCED5
or ISCED6) Total employment Knowledge-intensive activities provide services directly to consumers, such as telecommunications, and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
The Economic effects dimension includes 5 indicators and captures the economic success of innovation in employment
indicator N/A n/A Economic effects Economic effects 3. 2. 1 Employment in medium-high
& high-tech manufacturing as%of workforce---EIS 2009 indicator no longer used 3. 2. 2 Employment in knowledge-intensive services as%of workforce---EIS 2009 indicator no longer used---3. 2. 1
Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and services) as%of workforce New indicator Eurostat 2008,2009
and compelling (young innovative firms need to grow to create employment), mobilizing (it stresses the role of business in innovation), analytically very relevant,
Not yet available 3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities as%of total employment Numerator:
as all NACE Rev. 2 industries at 2-digit level where at least 25%of employment has a higher education degree (ISCED5A or ISCED6).
Total employment. Rationale: Knowledge-intensive activities provide services directly to consumers, such as telecommunications, and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
The indicator on knowledge-intensive activities replaces EIS 2009 indicators 3. 2. 1 on employment in medium-high
and hightech manufacturing and 3. 2. 2 on employment in knowledge-intensive services. The indicator is correlated highly with the EIS 2009 indicator on knowledgeintensive services but not with the EIS 2009 indicator on medium-high and high-tech manufacturing. 3. 2. 2 Medium and high technology product exports
and are generally a source of high value added and well-paid employment. Data source: UN Comtrade/Eurostat 3. 2. 3 Knowledge-intensive services exports as%of total services exports Numerator:
or process innovations CH---3. 1. 2 SMES introducing marketing or organisational innovations DE DE DE--3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledgeintensive activities LU
3. 2. 1 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities as%of total employment Employment in knowledge-intensive activities 05 10 15 20 25 TRROLT BGPT
Luxembourg The indicator on knowledge-intensive activities replaces the European Innovation Scoreboard indicators on employment in medium-high and high-tech manufacturing and employment in knowledge-intensive services.
Knowledgeintensive activities are defined as those industries where at least 33%of employment has a university degree (ISCED5 or ISCED6.
or close to 5%.Growth performance Employment in knowledge-intensive activities has been growing for the EU27 and for most countries.
The employment share has decreased with more than 1%annually in Cyprus, Hungary and The netherlands. Employment in knowledge-intensive activities-2%-1%0%1%2%3%4%NL CY HU BE HR MT IT PT FI TR GR
SK UK CZ EU ES DK DE SE CH AT FR BG IS NORO LT LU IE SI PL EE LV 51 3
and are generally a source of high value added and well-paid employment. Export shares are very high in Hungary,
primarily in order to expand local high-tech employment. 33 3. Lessons for Innovation Policies 3. 1 Key inputs in the innovation process We have identified in our case studies,
many countries will move to absolute dependence on software in all major sectors of employment and economic prosperity, from health to banking to steelmaking.
Employment is seen as a transient state, something that may be necessary between entrepreneurial ventures. Thus there is a tradition of workers moving between start-ups, a mechanism
who are anxious to expand employment in high technology. The overall objective of the VINNVÄXT programme is to create‘winners'who can become internationally competitive in their respective fields within 10 years.
94 5. 3. 5 ICT Employment...96 5. 3. 6 Growth in ICT Employment...98 5. 3. 7 Turnover by ICT Firms...
100 5. 3. 8 Growth in Turnover by ICT Firms...102 5. 3. 9 Number of New Investments in the ICT Sector...
Agbuss 3 11 Location of ICT firms Agbuss 4 7 ICT employment Agbuss 5 13 Growth in ICT employment Agbuss 6 1265
Agbuss 3 1 Location of ICT firms Agbuss 4 1 ICT employment Agbuss 5 5 Growth in ICT employment Agbuss 6 82
60 Location of ICT firms Agbuss 4 8 ICT employment Agbuss 5 2 Growth in ICT employment Agbuss 6 82 Turnover by ICT
affiliates Agbuss 3 29 Location of ICT firms Agbuss 4 30 ICT employment Agbuss 5 31 Growth in ICT employment Agbuss 6
ICT Employment Table 73: Top ranking regions according to ICT employment indicator Rank NUTS3 Code Region name Indicator Value EIPE Rank 1 DEA22 Bonn, Kreisfreie Stadt
100 12 2 FR101 Paris 33 3 3 DE122 Karlsruhe, Stadtkreis 21 4 4 FI181 Uusimaa 12 9 5 UKI12
DEF0B Rendsburg-Eckernforde 2 138 30 DE21B Freising 2 57 Indicator description Indicator ID Agbus 5 Name of indicator ICT employment
measure It measures the total employment in ICT firms in the observed region Unit of measurement Region's share in the total employment by ICT firms located in the EU to a region's share in the EU population Definition of ICT dimension
Frequency of the ICT employment indicator values 1292 7 1 1 1 1 0 500 1000 1500 Frequency 0 20 40 60
80 100 ICT employment Table 74: Descriptive statistics of ICT employment indicator Number of observations Mean value Standard deviation Variance 1303 0. 21 3. 05 9. 28 98 5. 3. 6
Growth in ICT Employment Table 75: Top ranking regions according to Growth in ICT employment indicator Rank NUTS3 Code Region name Indicator Value EIPE Rank 1 PT171 Grande Lisboa
100 93 2 PL325 Rzeszowski 76 376 3 NL113 Overig Groningen 69 246 3 UKH31 Southend-on-sea 69 257 3 DEA1B
Kleve 69 317 6 NL327 Het Gooi en Vechtstreek 61 133 6 SE213 Kalmar lan 61 491 8 FI1A2 Pohjois
Anhalt-Bitterfeld 46 425 Indicator description Indicator ID Agbus 6 Name of indicator Growth in ICT employment What does it measure?
It measures employment growth in ICT firms in the observed region Unit of measurement Growth rate in%Definition of ICT dimension Based on NACE Rev. 2 Unit of observation NUTS 3 Source
Frequency of the Growth in ICT employment indicator values 2 7 7 23 1183 51 13 10 2 3 1 1 0 500
1000 1500 Frequency 0 20 40 60 80 100 Growth in ICT employment Table 76:
Descriptive statistics of Growth in ICT employment indicator Number of observations Mean value Standard deviation Variance 1303 30.50 5. 05 25.54 100 5. 3. 7 Turnover
Frequency of the Growth in ICT employment indicator values 1293 4 4 1 1 0 500 1000 1500 Frequency 0 20 40 60
Descriptive statistics of Growth in ICT employment indicator Number of observations Mean value Standard deviation Variance 1303 0. 21 3. 04 9. 23 102 5. 3
of ICT Scoreboard Headquarters Ownership of ICT Scoreboard affiliates Location of ICT Scoreboard affiliates Location of ICT firms ICT employment What does it measure?
affiliates located in the observed region It measures the number of ICT firms located in the observed region It measures the total employment in ICT firms in the observed region Unit of measurement Region's share in the total number of ICT Scoreboard
ICT Scoreboard affiliates located in the EU to a region's share in the EU population Region's share in the total number of ICT firms located in the EU to a region's share in the EU population Region's share in the total employment by ICT
7 Agbuss 8 Agbuss 9 Name of indicator Growth in ICT employment Turnover by ICT firms Growth in turnover by ICT firms New business investments
It measures employment growth in ICT firms in the observed region It measures the average annual turnover by ICT firms in the observed region It measures turnover growth in ICT firms in the observed region It measures the number
but not creating any new employment), not-for-profit organisations. 134 8. 6 Patent Data:
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