or more specifically, a microenterprise with less than 10 employees. In employment terms, almost 67%of workers are employed by SMES
of which 45%are employed by micro-enterprises, 30%by small companies and the remaining 25%by mediumsized companies.
with less than 250 employees and either an annual turnover of up to 50 million euros or a balance sheet total of no more than 43 million euros.
micro enterprises with 1 to 10 employees and a turnover or a balance sheet total less than 2 million euros, small enterprises with 10-49 employees and a turnover or a balance sheet total between 2 and 10
million euros and medium-sized enterprises, having 50-249 employees and a turnover less than 50 million euros or a balance sheet total less than 43 million euros.
or changing the skills workers need; it is about changing the very nature of consumption,
The explosion in connectivity and the availability of information is putting today's consumers, employees, citizens, patients and other individuals in a controlling position.
whilst being active in the job market, to encourage and enable‘intrapreneurship, 'i e. taking initiative and developing new ways of working, products and services within existing enterprises,
OECD estimated that in 2010 a further 18.5%of employed persons relied entirely on ICT to perform their task,
thus rapidly becoming a precondition for employees to become and remain employable. In its‘Communication on e-Skills for the 21st Century and the Digital Agenda for Europe',the Commission presented a long-term EU e-skills strategy.
and intensified as there are still 21%of European workers who believe that their ICT skills are currently insufficient for them to change job within one year (see Figure 12).
Austria Germany Romania Greece 21%of European workers believe that their ICT skills are currently insufficient for them to change job within 1 year 25 Table 3 Enterprise cooperation with universities or other
and when entering the job market. Changing mindset and aspirations towards entrepreneurship are crucial to achieving this
less than two years old, have fewer than 25 employees and have less than £20, 000 in gross assets.
the investor cannot be an employee of the company nor have more than a 30%interest. 16 After finding customers,
labour law flexibility allows employees to switch between employees competitors easily United kingdom Since early 2000 U k.'s digital economy is steadily growing To take up this trend,
and skills equipping the labour force for industrial transformations, notably by better anticipating skills needs and mismatches.
policy experts in the field of e-business, to share experiences and best practices and discuss strategic policy direction in Europe. ebsn has supported a broad spectrum of actions such as policy benchmarking, analysis and awareness raising,
which experts from various industries can subscribe as a mentor (cfr. Startup Britain's Local Champions) Description Defining a European mentoring framework aiming to setup a national platform or portal to
Sharing information about new technologies, success stories of fostering digital entrepreneurship, available skills and experts in the market 2 Impact:
and colleges up-to-date in a fast-growing technological environment is a prerequisite for graduates with a good‘match'to the evolving needs of the labour market.
European commission Member States Private partners A future'Europe Entrepreneurs'Visa Act'should target entrepreneurs founding an enterprise and willing to hire non-European highly skilled employees and non-European
which experts from various industries can subscribe as a mentor (cfr. Startup Britain's Local Champions)( 8) Embedding entrepreneurship in education Strengthen the development of the European reference framework on embedding entrepreneurship in education (especially in the fields of science, technology,
or more employees) use or have deployed various elements of digital infrastructure, tools, platforms, and management capabilities and policies.
and the CIRCA Group Europe (the commissioned research consultants) and driven through the support of a dedicated project steering group.
Authorspatrick Lawlor, Senior Consultant &project Lead, CIRCA Group Europe.//Adrian O'Donoghue, Policy & Research Officer, Northern & Western Regional Assembly./
an employers'organsiation for Swedish engineering companies in 2011 on its member companies that had particpated in the 2008 study.
Attitude to mistakes, tolerance of ambiguity employee empowerment and how decisions are made are all importantaspects of an innovative culture and mindset of the firm. 26itami.
SMES (more than 10 employees; Explore a Range of Sectors e g.,, Software, Medical, Natural resources, Engineering; Exporting;
The company was quite successful with over 30 employees but further growth was limited as the company was seen as a basic assembly shop with a limited design capability.
Strategic Design in Ireland 55 Expert Workshop Conclusionsa one-day expert workshop on‘Design-Driven Innovation'was held on June 12th at the Wood Quay Venue in Dublin City council
Twelve to fifteen companies, with two employees each, participate in workshops over three to four days.
Design Boost takes five companies with two employees each (one of which must be a CEO or senior manager) on three half-day workshops over a two-week period.
Each business receives 7 days consultancy support, from a suitably experienced design consultant, to support the implementation of the design project.
drawn from an Invest NI design consultant framework. Participation in this programme costs Invest NI companies£500 per company.
Backgroundin 2009, findings from an Engineering Employers'Federationreport 43 revealed that services account for between 15%and20%of total revenue earned by UK manufacturers (comparedwith 66%across UK industry as a whole.
National Centre for Product Design and Developmentresearch (PDR), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Walessupport Programmes43engineers Employers Federation (2009.
Programmethe Challenge programme is aimed at ambitious companies with more than 10 employees and operates in 3 stages Briefing events:
, Enterprise& Innovation/Gerry Finn, Director, Northern & Westernregional Assembly/Áine Fox, Senior Executive, IMDA, IBEC/Aidan Gough, Strategy & Policy Director, Intertradeireland
CEO, Design & Craftscouncil of Ireland/Patrick Lawlor, Senior Consultant, The CIRCA Group Europelaura Magahy, CEO MCO Projects, Executive Chair Irish Design 2015
/Denis Hayes, Managing director, Industry, Research & development Group/Brendan Hogan, Director of Engineering, Aerogensean Mcnulty, CEO, Dolmen Designand Innovation Consultants/Deirdre Mccormack, Chief
, Timber and Consumer, Enterprise Ireland/Chantelle Kiernan, Scientific & Innovation Advisor, IDA/Laura Magahy, CEO MCO Projects, Executive Chair Irish Design 2015
The Health Service Executive (HSE) is finalising its ICT Strategy while at the same time progressing a number of key national initiatives notably NIMIS and the Laboratory Information management System (LIMS).
the Authority is working with a small expert group on the development of standard code sets for laboratory
24 november 2011.4) Health Service Executive. Transformation Programme 2007-2010.2006. Available online from: www. hse. ie/eng/services/Publications/corporate/transformation. pdf. Accessed on:
or domain experts coopted to projects undertaken by the committee, revoking and amending those delegations as required advise the Authority on the identification of key stakeholders e g. user communities,
professional bodies and domain experts who should be consulted on depending on the particular standard being developed. work to ensure the ongoing development
And, with more than 86,000 companies and 900,000 employees, the industry is an important factor for job creation in Germany.
We intend to monitor more closely the effects of digital technologies on employment and labour markets
we will continue to promote the Expert Dialogue Forum on Network Neutrality (Fachdialog Netzneutralität) and proactively engage all stakeholders from the spheres of industry, science, civil society and politics.
It offers employees more flexible and family-friendly ways of working. The phenomenon can not only help to secure skilled workers,
but also boost tax revenues and social insurance contributions. At the same time, digitisation is giving rise to new challenges in relation to, for example, the creation of new ways of working.
The possible effects of digitisation on employee co determination must also be taken into account. Furthermore a noticeable impact on employment trends is to be expected.
The skillsets of employees and job seekers will need to evolve to meet the requirements of digitisation,
Skilled workers are a key requirement for growth, innovation and prosperity. Demographic trends are directly affecting the supply of labour and thus the performance of Germany's economy and social system.
We want to maintain a high level of occupational health and safety for employees with new working arrangements such as crowdsourcing or new working hour arrangements.
while also continuing to promote digital skills as a core competency for all employees. At the same time, we are determined also,
Businesses and employees alike face particular challenges in updating their skills to tackle work in the digital world.
Implementation of the Assessment and Recognition of Foreign Professional qualifications Act (Anerkennungsgesetz), which promotes the recognition of foreign professional qualifications,
remains a priority in this area. 5. Promoting the transition to renewable energy and green IT The transition to renewable energy (Energiewende) will drive digitisation in the energy sector.
among other issues, within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and debate them with interested experts.
Important elements include the report presented by the UN High commissioner for Human rights and the fourth round of the government experts process at UN level.
she worked as a research assistant employing large-scale data analysis tools to analyse the impact of foreign-born workers in the US economy.
many governments are enacting policies aimed at encouraging more graduates to become job creators, not job seekers.
10 3 New employment opportunities Macro sectors...11 3. 1 Agriculture...12 3. 2 Health...13 3. 3 Offshore services...
It measures entrepreneurship through both surveys and interviews to field experts, conducted by the teams of each country. 5 World bank.
but three out of four workers are engaged in the informal sector. Although these jobs count as employment, they do little to contribute to an individual's well-being and a country's economic development.
10 Protracted adverse labour market conditions have led youth to give up completely their job search or seek additional education.
a troubling trend has emerged that experts call the skills mismatch. The skills mismatch is where overeducation
and the United states) only 43 per cent of employers said they could find employees with the right skills. 14 This mismatch between
what employers are looking for in new workers and the skills young people possess is particularly wide in theoretical and hands-on training, problem solving,
or neither in the labour force nor in education or training. 16 12 Ibid.,1. 13 Ibid.
and Underemployed Among those in the Labour force%Unemployed%Underemployed%Employed full time for an employer 15-to 29-year-olds 15 26 43 30-to 49-year-olds 5 13 46
The costs of NEET youth alienation from the European labour market shows that absorbing just 20 per cent of this population into the labour market would save nations in the European union more than EUR 21 billion a year collectively. 22 In the United states
Developing countries The labour market in the developing world is highly diverse and can range from the prevalence of selfemployment
and the difference is largest in the Southern Cone countries. 31 This difference reflects how many employers continue to offer certain jobs only to men,
and 30 to 80 per cent of students performed at the lowest level in all subjects. 34 Employment opportunities do not necessarily increase with higher levels of education.
or advanced education. 35 This situation reflects a skills mismatch wherein there is stronger demand for workers with a college education than those with secondary education. 2. 4. 2 Arab States Youth unemployment rates in the middle East continue to be the highest in the world.
and 23.7 per cent in North africa. 36 Labour market conditions for young people remain dire, despite advances in educational attainment over the past two decades. 37 Gender disparities are also common in this region,
young people in the middle East are likely to enter the labour market through the informal sector, and then transition to public or private jobs. 42 Formal employment in the Arab States is associated strongly with public sector jobs.
and 86.7 per cent in Ingushetia. 45 The situation of the youth labour market is in many ways different to that in Latin america and the Arab States.
and for skilled blue-collar workers. 46 The region has high numbers of university graduates in fields highly desired by employers today, like science, technology,
and math. 47 This mismatch is demonstrated in surveys indicating high rates of employer dissatisfaction with the availability of skilled workers, 40 per 39 World bank, The Road Not Traveled:
and ILO estimates that 70 per cent of the working poor youth are engaged in the agricultural sector. 51 Jobs in this sector are usually informal, with no benefits, protection,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 11 Africa has the highest rate of working poor, estimated at 40.1 per cent in 2012.58 More than three out of four workers are engaged in the informal sector. 59 This is far high than all other regions except South Asia.
As a result, African youth are typically found in vulnerable employment conditions. ILO estimates that an average of 2. 1 million young people will be entering the labour market every year between 2011 and 2015,
highlighting the need for new opportunities beyond the traditional sectors. Figure 5: Informal sector employment shares, by region (2009) Source:
young people are likely to continue earning their living in the informal sector. 3 New employment opportunities Macro sectors The diffusion of ICTS is occurring across all economic sectors and job categories.
In today's job market basic ICT skills are considered essential for people entering the workforce and for those trying to find a better job.
it is easiest to quantify the opportunities in the offshore services sector where the majority of employees are youth. 3. 1 Agriculture The agriculture sector is becoming more knowledge intensive,
and evaluate system performance more effectively. 66 The Community Knowledge Worker (CKW) programme is an initiative of The Grameen Foundation in Uganda that features a network of information intermediaries using mobile technology to deliver agricultural information
The Grameen Foundation works with local agricultural research organizations and other experts to curate content
Technology is used to ease the flow of information between health workers and patients outside regular office visits. 3. Improve diagnosis and treatment:
and the opportunity to incorporate into the labour market marginalized groups like rural women or unemployed youth.
Most workers are likely to require specialized training in order to fill the knowledge gap between local education systems
had achieved significant growth with 25 000 employees in 65 centres, compared to 9 000 employees each in El salvador
and Guatemala. 79 Since these countries principally serve the Hispanic market, the use of Spanglish by clients requires call centre agents to also understand English.
Thus all three countries offer programmes to improve employees'English competencies. 76 Ibid. 150.77 Ibid.
but can also extend to semiskilled and low-skilled workers with access to a relatively basic digital infrastructure. 80 The global increase in the use of mobile technologies is playing a key role in expanding employment opportunities for youth.
and how the emerging app economy 83 might generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to find job openings, many workers may not have access to job postings on the internet
and may lack the social networks to find out about work opportunities. Searching for informal sector jobs often occurs through word-of-mouth,
Employers may find it hard to identify lower-skilled workers for entry-level jobs in developing countries as many of the job matching services target more qualified candidates.
Mobile phones are becoming an important tool for job seekers and there are a number of job-matching services in the developing world that simplify the job search process.
'or access online resources. 84 Souktel's Jobmatch Program connects thousands of job seekers in the Arab States with employers who are looking for staff through an easy-to-use SMS and mobile audio technology.
Employers enter job openings into Souktel's database. Young job seekers use their mobile phones to create
and update personal profiles in Souktel's system. When position openings match job seekers'qualifications they are notified via text message.
Souktel's mobile-based job search functionality is especially useful in the middle East and Africa where young women may not have the same freedoms to seek employment through conventional means,
such as paid employees. 85 84 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile, 75.85 Crowdsourcing, Wikipedia, https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crowdsourcing, accessed on December 3, 2012.
With some models, multiple workers complete a single task that has been broken down into small units (similar to microwork,
Other models are qualified based on matching workers with a particular project; workers will then complete the project individually or as part of a team.
Most workers are compensated via electronic payment systems, such as Paypal. Crowdsourcing is becoming increasingly popular as a way for employers to instantaneously increase their workforce without the investment
and commitments associated with hiring full-time employees though, as critics point out, this also enables companies to avoid providing social benefits such as healthcare for these workers.
The Crowdsourcing Examples Wiki maintains a comprehensive list of businesses, sites, and forums that use crowdsourcing. 86 Crowdflower Crowdflower is one of the largest crowdsourcing platforms,
offering a range of services from product categorization and labelling for major online retail and auction sites like Amazon, ebay,
and Taoboa, to customer database management, to content creation. Human labelling of products and search results is time consuming,
and can access up to half a million workers to dispatch diverse tasks and provide near-real time answers.
Granular tasks are distributed via aggregators to workers across geographic boundaries, using the internet or mobile phones.
Workers are paid small amounts of money for completing each task. Microwork favours tasks that cannot be automated readily
and that can be completed in a few seconds by a worker without special skills or training,
Microwork benefits workers in developing countries, especially women and young people who tend to experience higher unemployment
More than 1 million workers earned a total of USD 1 billion to USD2 billion in the past 10 years. 90 There are a number of organizations that are taking a double bottom line approach to microwork employing people with limited
opportunities for sustainable employment as principal workers in business process outsourcing centres to provide high-quality, information-based services to domestic and international clients.
ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job market (ICT Policy Notes, World bank, June 2012). 90 Ibid. 91 Monitor Group
Workers develop capacity, including computer skills and English. Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
The rapid rise of smartphones, tablets, and social media, and the applications-apps-that run on them,
as well as help developers and entrepreneurs to connect with potential investors, experts, and public sector leaders. The mlabs are complemented by eight mhubs,
low-skilled workers in China and Viet nam earn their primary income by outsourcing their services to gaming platforms. 102 The third-party online gaming services segment consists mainly of activities known as gold farming 103 and power
and the company assigns an employee to play the character for the customer until a desired level is reached. 105 Lehdonvirta and Ernkvist.
There are countless initiatives that offer youth skills training in device repair, local employment opportunities, as well as business training for local micro enterprises.
and lift tens of millions of workers out of poverty. 106 A recent OECD report argues that promoting ICT skills in the green and smart economy pays a double dividend by encouraging job creation
experts have developed new literacy frameworks in order to describe and delineate other types of ICT skills. These go by such names such as digital literacy, information literacy, ICT literacy, media (or multimedia) literacy,
hospital employees must be able to use medical records systems, order supplies, manage appointments and perform other routine tasks on a computer that used to be done on paper.
Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT positions also expect people to have advanced more skills
An analysis of frameworks,"(European commission, Joint Research Centre IPTS, 2008). 117 Author Chris Coward's interviews in southern Viet nam of several light manufacturing facilities revealed that employers
required job applicants to have computer skills even though they would not use computers in their tasks.
In its 2013 report they propose a comprehensive framework that exemplifies the types of competencies many experts note are required to be digitally literate. 118 Figure 10:
Advanced by the Mozilla Foundation in collaboration with global experts web literacies refers to not only being able to read the web
employee connection services; information on local labour markets; sector-specific training, often in collaboration with industry; language training, especially English. 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support It is recognized widely that entrepreneurship is a necessary ingredient for stimulating economic growth and employment opportunities around the world.
In developing countries successful small businesses are the primary engines of job creation, income growth, and poverty reduction.
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) estimated that 388 million entrepreneurs were engaged actively in starting and running new businesses in 2011 around the globe,
much hope for youth lies in their ability to become job creators rather than job seekers.
there are a number of entrepreneurial skills that are key to helping young people create employment opportunities for themselves
source feedback and meet experts. They can also receive dedicated mentorship support and open a round of funding.
Experts think that MOOCS, OERS, and OCW constitute a disruptive technology in education. MOOCS are becoming vehicles for unrestricted
It can also result in increased connections and contacts with peers and experts in the field of interest;
A number of initiatives have been created to help employees get the required ICTS skills on the job. These initiatives are designed to prepare youth for a better and more productive work experience.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 50 work alongside more experienced workers they acquire and develop many of the same ICT
Education experts call this connectivism, where knowledge isn't a set of isolated facts to be memorized.
For employers, certificates remain an important mechanism to assess the credentials of potential job candidates. Companies require evidence that new employees possess the skills needed for tasks that they will perform in their jobs.
Many types of entities issue certificates. Educational institutions, from private institutes to public universities, are the traditional purveyor of diplomas and certificates.
Employers assign great weight to such certificates when the credentialing entity is recognized well known and in the country for high quality education and rigorous testing.
Learners collect badges in a backpack where they can be displayed online for potential employers and others to view.
and other metadata that can be useful to employers to understand, for example, precisely what skills have been learned, a level of granularity that is unavailable in other forms of accreditation.
traditional models of education are not adequately preparing students to meet the demands of a changing job market. 177 The report emphasizes that formal education remains the primary vehicle for improving the supply of skills needed for driving innovation,
Many experts have linked the limitations of the educational systems to a lack of real integration of ICTS in education.
and other alternative certification systems. 8. 4 Public-private partnerships One of the chief complaints from employers is that they cannot find qualified labour to fill the vacancies.
Jobs. 198 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.199 Cisco, QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships
Bleak Labour market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012. International labour organization.""Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012."
Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012. www. improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/general/Educationtoemployment. pdf OECD."Employment and Labour markets:
2012. www. oecdilibrary. org/employment/employment-and-labour markets-key-tables-from-oecd 20752342. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment:
ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job market. ICT Policy Notes, World bank, June 2012. http://documents. worldbank. org/curated/en/2012/06/17817177/new-frontiers-opportunitieswork-ict-dramatically-reshaping-global-job market.
World bank. The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the middle East and North africa, Executive Summary. Washington, D c.:
Enterprise resources management (ERM) A business method that addresses an organization's relationships with all of its constituencies (customers, partners, suppliers, employees, etc..
and/or other experts come together to collaborate and produce software projects, apps, and other solutions.
Human resource management (HRM) The management process of an organization's human resources, encompassing employee recruitment, selection, assessment and other functions.
while customers, employees, and a new generation of young people are asking business to step up.
The best companies once took on a broad range of roles in meeting the needs of workers, communities,
and employee retention and capability. The Connection Between Competitive Advantage and Social Issues There are numerous ways in
Society benefits because employees and their families Creating Shared Value-Harvard Business Review Page 5 of 13 http://hbr. org/2011/01/the-big-idea-creating-shared-value
and the firm minimizes employee absences and lost productivity. The graphic below depicts some areas where the connections are strongest.
Employee productivity. The focus on holding down wage levels, reducing benefits, and offshoring is beginning to give way to an awareness of the positive effects that a living wage, safety,
and opportunities for advancement for employees have on productivity. Many companies, for example, traditionally sought to minimize the cost of expensive employee health care coverage
or even eliminate health coverage altogether. Today leading companies have learned that because of lost workdays and diminished employee productivity,
poor health costs them more than health benefits do. Take Johnson & johnson. By helping employees stop smoking (a two-thirds reduction in the past 15 years)
and implementing numerous other wellness programs, the company has saved $250 million on health care costs, a return of $2. 71 for every dollar spent on wellness from Creating Shared Value-Harvard Business Review Page 7 of 13 http://hbr. org/2011/01/the-big-idea
these kinds of employee approaches would spread even faster. Location. Business thinking has embraced the myth that location no longer matters,
Olam International, a leading cashew producer, traditionally shipped its nuts from Africa to Asia for processing at facilities staffed by productive Asian workers.
and training workers in Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Côte d'ivoire, Olam has cut processing and shipping costs by as much as 25%not to mention, greatly reduced carbon emissions.
Gender or racial discrimination reduces the pool of capable employees. Poverty limits the demand for products and leads to environmental degradation, unhealthy workers,
and high security costs. As companies have increasingly become disconnected from their communities, however, their influence in solving these problems has waned even as their costs have grown.
In inefficient or monopolized markets where workers are exploited, where suppliers do not receive fair prices,
for example, increase the supply of skilled employees for many other firms as well. At Nespresso, Nestlé also worked to build clusters,
and support employees. Creating shared value will require concrete and tailored metrics for each business unit in each of the three areas.
Strict antitrust policy, for example, is essential to ensure that the benefits of company success flow to customers, suppliers, and workers.
such as the growing social awareness of employees and citizens and the increased scarcity of natural resources, will drive unprecedented opportunities to create shared value.
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