and soon their results will be assessed by individual panels of individual experts (annual reviews). There will also be an impact assessment in January 2014,
France P2p FOUNDATION-Amsterdam, The netherlands PNO CONSULTANTS LIMITED-Cheadle Hulme, UK POLIBIENESTAR, UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA-Valencia, Spain PURPOSE EUROPE-London, UK
resilient societies and economies, deploying ad hoc networks of citizen experts around client's needs. 16.
and experts that come together around the joint commitment of enabling more sustainable lifestyles. 20. GNUNET https://gnunet. org GNUNET is a framework for secure peer-to-peer networking that does not use any centralised or otherwise trusted services. 21.
This will also be refined further as more authors who were not able to contribute to this book sprint will provide their expert views in the future.
Fabrizio Sestini European commission DG CONNECT Senior Expert (Advisor) Digital Social Innovation 4 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe What is it?
and transparency by supporting journalists and other experts to access information and report key stories.
The workshop brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, researchers, experts, and poliy makers from different European countries,
when they were founded, turnover, number of users, size of organisation, employees etc) What they were trying to achieve with their service,
often done in collaboration with external entrepreneurs and internal government policy experts. Engaging citizens and nonprofits to find new ideas These labs focus on opening up government to voices and ideas from outside the system,
Qualitative responses to the idea-interviews or meetings/consultation with key stakeholders, such as domain experts and possible purchasers of the service to establish what social challenges need to be addressed
which looks at key statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey),
Sigma Orionis Mayo Fuster Morrell Fellow of the Berkman Centre, Researcher, Institute of Govern and Public Policies (AUB) Gohar Sargsyan Adviser and founding member, OISPG;
Consultant Logica Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge Markkula Markku Committee
We would also like to thank the experts from around Europe who attended our DSI policy workshop in Brussels on February 17th, 2014,
Over the course of this project we have spoken to numerous experts in the Europe and internationally,
and Peter Ramsden, a Regional policy expert and practitioner. It was commissioned by DG Regional and Urban Policy (European commission) under the supervision of Mikel Landabaso,
or where experts arrive at solutions by linear analysis. Social innovation practices tend to be looser,
In the Social Innovation Camp, an inter disciplinary group brings together software designers and experts in social issues.
Ratio of retirees to workers in Europe will double to 54%by 2050 (IMF; Only 49%of men between the ages of 55 to 65 work (OECD). Environmental Trends:
Resolving labour shortages (42%)and enhancing reputation and standing in the community (38%).150 million Europeans some 30%-have used never the internet.
The problems of integrating welfare systems with active labour market policy, or linking health and long term care, illustrate just how difficult it is to reform these systems,
in particular by involving workers, customers and stakeholders affected by its business activity.''23 Basically, this covers enterprises for which the social or societal objective of the common good is the reason for the commercial activity, often in the form of a high level of social innovation,
and the inclusiveness of the labour market in the Member States and their regions. Over the period 2007-2013 some €75 billion is being distributed to EU Member States and regions, approximately 10%of the EU's total budget.
the Digital Activist Inclusion Network Pilot stage This network has been set up by the Workers'Educational Association in the East midlands of the United kingdom with European Social Fund support.
and services and thus often face difficulties in finding solutions to their social, cultural educational, health or labour market related problems.
others are managed by external experts or by local organisations which are themselves the result of local initiatives.
They often provide employment opportunities for people facing disadvantages or provide social services and/or goods and services to persons in risk of poverty or exclusion.
Similar examples exist in other parts of the EU. The social enterprise Fusion 21 in the UK46 places apprentices
and other workers from Merseyside's disadvantaged neighbourhoods and gives them a start in employment.
The types of trades comprise mason assistants, carpenters, painters, building workers, pavers, green space maintenance staff, plumbers, metal workers, plasterboard,
a further 92,000 hours of work for disadvantaged people were produced benefiting 266 employees; 133 enterprises were mobilised through these works
In the early 2000s, Northern ireland changed from being a migrant no-go-zone to having labour shortages.
Employment agencies brought in migrants from Portugal and East Timor and, following accession to the EU in 2004
STEP now helps over 6, 000 migrants a year through individual advice on legal, health, employment, housing, social services, immigration and other issues with specialist advisers.
Their work has led to improvements in the terms imposed by unscrupulous employment agencies. They have addressed housing problems
Microenterprises in Europe employ around one-third of private sector employees and produce about 20%of output.
Obstacles to this goal include the significant worker-time invested in social and training support to clients before
which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market.
Secondly, it is a great combination of new business types of cooperation and employment opportunities with a strong social dimension.
and introduce modern management techniques that involve workers. Workplaces with flatter hierarchies and possibility for workers to contribute are more creative and ultimately more productive and open to addressing both social and technological challenges.
In The netherlands and Belgium workplace innovation is called‘Social Innovation 'and has been supported for over a decade by the Structural Funds.
which allows employees to spend 20%of their time on their own projects, and IKEA which practices stand-up round-table meetings among other innovative practices allowing employees to tackle problems as they arise with minimum management interference.
The ERDF's business support measures can be used to finance such innovations helping both management
and employees to explore more productive ways of working. Results based entrepreneurship in The netherlands Implementation stage Results Based Entrepreneurship (RBE) aims at stimulating technological and social innovation within SMES.
Firms can use these vouchers to hire an expert to help them implement the method.
The project has been followed up by all shop floor supervisors and is going to be implemented in other production units. 46 9. Bringing it all together in regional strategies
000 people were involved in consultations which included surveys of citizens, interviews with experts, consultation committees and talks with organisations such as trade unions and business representatives.
In thematic objective (8) promoting employment and supporting labour mobility, the possible support for the development of business incubators and investment support for self employment
http://www. pakte. at/attach/200606-reflection-note-inno en. pdf 87 Idem. 57 health care by e g. improving the accessibility of these services, the training of teachers and mentors, the development of curricula and the labour market
, knowledge and thoughts of Agnès Hubert, Maria da Graça Carvalho and Pierre Goudin of the Bureau of European Policy Advisers
57 Executive summary...58 1. The Dominant Policy Framework 2010-20: smart, sustainable and inclusive Growth...
94 3. 1. 4. 1. Expert groups and networks...95 6 S O C i a L I N N O V A t I O N A d E C a D E O F
104 3. 1. 5. 7. Employee financial participation...104 3. 2. Financing capacities and facilities...
E w P A t H 9 In 2009, the Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA) organised a workshop5 with experts, civil society organisations, policymakers and social innovators.
and yy the development of a network or group of experts to act as a reference point for dissemination
A n E w P A t H 29 the debate amongst national and local experts, civil society organisations63 and the European institutions.
Lately, the Group of European Experts (GECES) has contributed to the discussion about the different approaches to social impact measurement,
tested widely and discussed with a number of key experts in relevant areas. The EPSIS shows that all EU Member States consider public sector innovation to be a national requirement and a means by
towards a new architecture Under the responsibility of the Commissioner for Research and Innovation, a group of twelve experts was asked to analyse the role of the public sector,
and Innovation from experts in the field73 has produced a systematic overview of research findings from 17 European projects in the area of social innovation.
Microenterprises in Europe employ around one-third of private sector employees and produce about 20%of output.
carpenters, painters, building workers, pavers, green space maintenance staff, plumbers, metal workers, plasterboard, and external cleaners.
a further 92 000 hours of work for disadvantaged people were produced benefiting266 employees; 133 enterprises were mobilised through these works;
and introduce modern management techniques that involve workers. Workplaces with flatter hierarchies and the possibility for workers to contribute are more creative and ultimately more productive and open to addressing both social and technological challenges.
Workplace innovation concerns not only the private sector but also large parts of the social economy such as charities and foundations as well as the public sector. Celebrated examples include Google,
which allows employees to spend 20%of their time on their own projects, and IKEA, which practises stand-up round-table meetings among other innovative practices allowing employees to tackle problems as they arise with minimum management interference.
In The netherlands and Belgium, workplace innovation is called‘Social Innovation 'and has been supported for over a decade by the Structural Funds.
and employees to explore more productive ways of working. A Social Innovation Park in the Basque country Denokinn brings together social enterprises,
which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market.
Secondly, it is a great combination of new business types of cooperation and employment opportunities with a strong social dimension.
Advisers work with management and staff combining strategic advice with social innovation (improving communication, raising personnel involvement, etc.
Firms can use these vouchers to hire an expert to help them implement the method.
The mediators also play a fundamental role as integration outreach workers. Because they are immigrants themselves
European population ageing will have direct consequences for the working population and social welfare systems, health services and pensions in terms of demand and expenditure.
such as young people, the older poor, low-skilled workers, migrants and their children. So what future for Europe and which solutions?
Earnings/gains from productivity growth tend to be concentrated heavily among high-income workers. At the same time, projections suggest a considerable surplus of low-skilled workers
which could lead to long-term and permanent joblessness among young people without secondary training and older workers who cannot retrain to meet requirements for new skills.
As a consequence of this skills mismatch, income inequality is projected to expand. Regarding quick technological development The development of new technologies will continue right through to 2030.
matching migrant skills to the labour market, as well as those of the young unemployed. yy Investing in citizens, including protecting the most vulnerable:
and equip citizens with the skills that are in demand in the labour market. There is also a need to bridge the gender gap
D E O F C H A n G E s Executive summary This second part of the report aims to present,
workers and consumers to fully exploit the benefits that an economy can generate. Mutual societies, cooperatives, third-sector organisations in general and social business are an integral part of this wider economy and,
and all sectors and in particular for proposals on how to develop a sectoral labour market strategy for the caring sector.
or the‘your first EURES job'scheme) and encourage youth employment (through youth guarantees108), social innovation processes have been highlighted:
to encourage countries to simplify the 107 See point 3. 1. 4. 2. 108 Youth guarantees ensure that all young people under the age of 25 receive good quality employment opportunities, continued education,
The agenda presents a set of concrete actions to step up reforms to improve flexibility and security in the labour market
citizens, consumers and workers. These twelve priority projects range from worker mobility to SME finance and consumer protection, via digital content, taxation and trans-European networks,
as well as social entrepreneurship. As a response to the wide interest shown in the consultation process for the Single Market Act I,
and experts to implement a set of concrete and tangible actions stemming from the declaration. 1. 3. The environment
regional and local authorities, social partners and employers, service providers, etc. a joint Guide to Social Innovation was published under the responsibility of the European Commissioners for employment and social policy (László Andor) and for charge of regional policy (Johannes Hahn) in February 2013.
In the current programming period (2014-20) the European Social Fund (ESF) will also contribute to the 20%climate mainstreaming target by supporting the labour force transition towards low-carbon skills, jobs and working methods,
which promotes a peer mentoring model to support target groups in transition from a‘closed'community (e g. prison, addiction treatment centres, military service, mental health and rehabilitation services) to the open labour market;
the number of workers in this sector aged 15 to 64 stood at 22.3 million, i e. 10.5%of the total in all sectors. 84 S O C i a L I N N O V A t I O N A d E C a D
such as the work integration social enterprises (WISE), have a double function of providing social services to the community and of integrating low-skilled workers into the labour market.
PROGRESS, EURES (European employment services) and the European Progress Microfinance Facility. Allocations for the three axes are the following, respectively:
made in a 2011 report by the European Expert Network on Culture, of one form of social innovation crowdfunding looking at related concepts of social payments, social money and social banking.
yy supporting the development of emerging skills and jobs and related training programmes to match labour market needs (Action 6;
In July 2013 the Bureau of European Policy Advisers held a high-level seminar on public sector innovation attended by the President of the European commission (cf. part I,
At the end of 2013, the Expert Group on Public sector Innovation delivered the report Powering European Public sector Innovation:
and legitimacy. 3. 1. 4. 1. Expert groups and networks The European commission's expert group on social innovation (GECES-Groupe d'Experts de la Commission
It is composed of 44 rigorously selected experts from various European stakeholders and representatives from all the Member States and EU Institutions, plus observers from other European countries.
and teaming-up of public and private sector experts, organisations and resources. d. The European Innovation Partnership on Raw materials The supply of raw materials,
the regulation must be accompanied by a directive on workers'participation in the decision-making process of a European Mutual Society,
which will be their employer. In this respect, the Commission will follow the procedure laid down in Article 154 of the Treaty (TFEU.
whose main aim is the social and professional integration of disabled and disadvantaged workers; and, the minimum required percentage of disabled or disadvantaged employees is reduced from 50%to 30%.
%Furthermore it will be possible, for some social services and for a limited period of time (maximum three years), to reserve contracts to nonprofit organisations
In addition, the new GBER extends the definition of disadvantaged workers who can benefit from the measures to support their recruitment
and extends the list of costs that are eligible for aid for compensating the additional costs of employing workers with disabilities. 3. 1. 5. 7. Employee financial participation Employee financial participation (EFP) can be defined as the participation
of employees either through profit sharing or employee share ownership (ESO). Extensive research confirms that companies partly
or entirely owned by their employees are more profitable, create more jobs and pay more taxes than competitors without EFP.
ESO in particular strengthens the corporate governance framework and positively impacts on employee motivation and retention.
Furthermore, since employees are long-term shareholders, broadening employee shareholding would also stabilise capital markets. ESO is of particular importance for SMES (financing and business succession.
Despite their positive effects, as acknowledged in numerous EU reports, opinions and recommendations, ESO schemes are used only extensively in a handful of Member States (such as the UK and France).
were unemployed, had taken time out of the labour market, and had difficulty getting conventional credit. By March 2013,4 645 microcredit loans were provided with a total budget of EUR 43 million.
I O N A d E C a D E O F C H A n G E s The jury was composed of experts in social innovation from various countries and backgrounds,
In 2013,16 finalists out of 224 candidates in 24 countries were selected by EIB experts. To help the finalists develop their ideas and presentational skills,
where experts offered practical advice aimed at improving many aspects of each project. All projects compete for a General Category 1st
and involving employees and managers at all levels. Those innovations aim at improving staff motivation and working conditions, thereby enhancing labour productivity, organisational performance, innovation capability,
their workers and other stakeholders to make public commitments on the CSR issues relevant to each sector and jointly monitor progress'.
and practical know-how that make them attractive for future employers. At the same time, businesses will benefit from better skilled young workers
and society will have unemployed fewer young people. By bringing together stakeholders such as social partners, chambers of commerce, industry and crafts, education and training providers, youth organisations and businesses under one umbrella, innovative partnerships are created,
Actions are concerted thus to achieve high-quality apprenticeships that can facilitate young people's access to the job market.
or peer learning among experts from different Member States. Youth work and non-formal learning play an important role in social innovation, particularly by offering alternative ways of learning and through practices that tackle inclusion problems such as youth employment or early
and of the evolving labour market. 194 http://www. u-portal. org/u multirank/./Structured Dialogue The structured dialogue project allows young people
as well as a European event bringing citizens, experts and decision-makers into dialogue with each other. The national panels enabled citizens to discuss the use of participatory democracy methods on a European scale.
and then submitted for approval by the citizens who took part in the national panels before being discussed by an international expert panel at an international conference.
employees and policymakers to suggest research agendas in a certain field, the Social science and Humanities programme (SSH) has continued to support research on social innovation with new projects.
The guidelines, the models and the system will be the result of an orchestrated cross disciplinary effort of European experts based on participatory design approach in diverse and complementary fields (art and design, computer
we gathered 60 foresight experts from Europe and beyond in a participatory workshop to co-create visions of the future of Europe as transformed by digital technology by 2050.
but by distributing complexity to the margins to the local managers and workers on the shop floor,
With this emphasis on the individual has come an interest in their experience as well as in formal outcomes, in subjective feedback as well as the quantitative metrics of the late 20th century state and economy (hence the rise of innovations like the Expert Patients programmes, or Patient Opinion.
involving users at every stage as well as experts, bureaucrats and professionals; designing platforms which make it easy to assemble project teams or virtual organisations.
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
and invisibility of garbage workers. 12 She set out to do the 1 PROMPTS, INSPIRATIONS AND DIAGNOSES 23 opposite of
She decided to shake the hands of every one of the 8, 500 employees of the Department, across 59 districts,
Each year, up to four internationally renowned experts spend between two and six months helping the government to identify problems
and labourers who discuss and reflect on their farming practices. In the evening walkers stay in villages and hold meetings with local residents to discuss activities of the Honey Walking to discover innovation at the grassroots.
which actors and non-actors play out stories of oppression (abusive husband mistreating his wife/factory owner exploiting the workers etc.).
or between landowners and labourers. Or, spectators might choose to depict a more local problem like the lack of fresh water,
and thus constantly decrease costs. 3 44) Quality circles are a group of employees who volunteer to meet up to identify,
The aim is to tap into the experience and insight of front line workers, who are placed often best to identify problems.
and the idea that‘the expert knows best'.'Many of these methods have been helped greatly by the ability of the internet to draw in a far wider range of people
or groups of front line workers, professionals, and citizens. Within universities the usual form is a grant,
Taking innovative front line workers out of service roles and putting them into incubators or prestigious time-limited roles to turn ideas into business plans (with the time costs then potentially turned into equity or loans).
or workers, or participants, but their culture is social, are committed to the communities in which they operate, providing work, services, and support.
Visits from external experts can be an aid to training and formation or, as in the case of SEKEM, they can keep an organisation open to new ideas and models.
as well as see the work of the employees and staff. It is always a useful exercise for a venture 4 76 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION to consider how it could best present its work
and how innovations can be diffused among service providers through experts, intermediaries, and collaboration. However, we argue that the design of services should start from the user,
One new initiative by Open Business is the creation of a database of open business models. 199) Barefoot consultants.
There is an important role for consultants and those with specialist knowledge who can act as knowledge brokers and advisers in the new systems.
It is best if they seek to diffuse information, acting as educators, rather than protecting their knowledge through intellectual property
The Expert Patients Programme (NHS/EPP) is an example of this trend, where citizens with particular medical conditions provide advice and training sessions to others with similar conditions.
experts, and local citizens. Together they formulated and implemented a series of community-based interventions intended to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
and academic journals which sit alongside consultants adept at looking at companies'IP, or their R&d pipelines, spotting patterns
or replicated. 277) Innovation champions are individual consultants who produce ideas, network to find what else is being tried,
when you One of the São Paolo Hub members Taís Carolina Lucílio da Silva Sales Consultant for companies that develop eco products and designer of a line of eco-clothing.
all of them leaders and experts in their respective fields. 138 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Innovation platforms There are different types and forms of platforms, but in the main,
and engaging individuals as workers. In some cases, firms have used the particular relations that characterise households as a channel for selling.
including civil servants from the Regions, politicians, experts, and citizens. Participants raise their own questions, and by the end of the day, are expected to produce visualized scenarios and proposals.
from managers to front line workers. 323)‘ Top slicing'departmental budgets for innovation, for example, 1 per cent of turnover as a rough benchmark (similar to the proportion of GDP now devoted to government support for technological and scientific research and development).
and manual workers have resisted innovations (particularly ones involving changes to demarcations). However, in other cases, unions have helped drive innovation,
management and trade unions in a quality programme for upgrading public services. 392) Supporting front line workers as innovators such as the joint IDEO/Kaiser permanente (KP) project in the US.
or freeing up time for public sector workers to volunteer for socially innovative projects. 394) Secondments of public sector employees into‘skunk works',innovation teams,
The Neighbourhood Renewal advisers in the UK are one example. 1 166 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Inside-outside collaboration An important area of public sector innovation has been to encourage collaboration
between public service workers and civil society, and make the boundaries between them more fluid. 399) Inside-outside teams linking civil servants with social entrepreneurs and those working with communities,
000 volunteers contribute to the UK NHS. 401) Secondments of public sector employees to community organisations and private enterprises,
how open-source democracy can make government decision-making more expert and more democratic.‘‘Democracy Journal.''No. 7, Winter 2008.1 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 167 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY Civil society and the grant economy are the most common sites of social innovation in campaigns
attracting talent (particularly younger people who want to believe that their employer has a social conscience;
The MONDRAGON group is now the third largest industrial group in Spain it has built up a network of 140 worker cooperatives and employs over 100,000 people.
As yet, very few resources have been devoted to labour market development. However, developing skills within the field of social enterprise is critical to the growth
delivered by prestigious graduate employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others. 486) Lessons in social entrepreneurship such as the programmes offered by INSEAD and the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at Oxford's Saïd Business school.
which link people's spare hours to employer needs. This was proposed originally in the mid-1990s as a Guaranteed Electronic Market (GEM),
Image courtesy of Mike Russell. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 205 517) Users as producers such as the Expert Patients Programme,
117 Expert Patients Programme 116 Extremes 36 Fabian society 48 Facebook 75; 138; 207 Fair Trade 119;
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