what became the Expert Patients Programme in the U k. National Health Service); similarly the open-source methods have taken models from academia
Co-designing DSI policies We have been experimenting participatory methodology to engage practicioners, experts and policy makers in the generation of DSI policy policy ideas, issuse and future scenarios.
The workshop brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, experts, and policy makers from different European countries. As main outcome of the workshop, were identified
culminating with our final DSI event with more than 400 DSI policy makers, experts and practitioners in Brussels, December 16, 2014.
crowdmapping actors and networks'with presentations and panel discussion from European DSI experts. The primary focus of the session was to engage the DSI community in kicking off the DSI research
experts and practitioners from across Europe to discuss and develop policy ideas for supporting digital social innovation.
The summit brought together 198 experts (157 domestic and 41 international) in order to generate policy proposals to boost the productive exchange matrix in Ecuador.
private and public sectors and high-tech experts in Northern ireland can capitalise on the potential for digital technology for social good.
and designated experts (technocrats) Knowledge and information from inside and outside the organizational boundaries of governments Decision making principle Rationale and based on traditional information sources Behavioural, design-led
and 6) competition platforms (that are becoming more popular to source experts and expertise in different areas.
The workshop brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, researchers, experts, and policy makers from different European countries,
issues To summarise the preliminary themes that have emerged from the community of experts and practitioners of DSI, there are a number of perceived future Internet threats (such as concentration of power and surveillance),
and imposed by experts mediating on behalf of the users. The formal languages used have a high expressive power
but due to their complexity the codification requires mediation by experts. As a consequence, due to the scarcity of human resources, very limited aspects of the‘real world'have been described.
in contrast to the approach of establishing formal ontologies by domain experts. Loose associations of concepts and a greater flexibility and adaptability in organising information links are based on a minimum level of shared meaning that allows the emergence of cooperation among users.
but less relevant to this discussion. 27) The acronym FLOSS stands For free/Libre/Open-source Software 28) An‘epistemic community'is a network of knowledge-based experts or groups with an authoritative claim to policy
The indicators reported here for Spain are based on a set of specific procedures the steps that a company must complete to legally build a warehouse identified by Doing Business through information collected from experts in construction licensing,
The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute.
*Court appointment of independent expert: Judge appoints, either at the parties'request or at his own initiative, an independent expert to decide
whether the quality of the goods Plaintiff delivered to Defendant is adequate. see assumption 5-b 17 Notification of court-appointment of independent expert:
The court notifies both parties that the court is appointing an independent expert (see assumption 5-b).*Delivery of expert report by court-appointed expert:
The independent expert, appointed by the court, delivers his or her expert report to the court (see assumption 5-b). 18 Pretrial conference on procedure:
The judge meets with the parties to discuss procedural issues (for example which applications and motions parties intend to file,
Witnesses and a court-appointed independent expert may be heard and questioned at the oral hearing. 23 Adjournments:
The court or court-appointed valuation expert evaluates the attached goods. 38 Call for public auction:
and experts from the ILO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), civil society and the private sector to review the methodology for the labor market regulation indicators
Secondary sources were used to understand the position and significance of the organisations whilst other key players, such as DSI experts,
and transparency by supporting journalists and other experts to access information and report key stories.
and share it in a peer-to-peer manner rather than via a top-down hierarchy controlled by experts or some other appointed group.
A commission of independent experts involving both grassroots activists and government employees gathered from across the city,
This commission of experts should not simply solidify their position as experts in creating websites,
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website without again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs
This will be conducted using interviews with experts, which identify the main failures and shortcomings. These shortcomings will be matched with the design methodology
Good results in terms of applications that solve problems need the input of domain experts. Generic coding skills lead to beautiful visualisations, not more.
A lot of effort is spent is connecting data owners, technicians and domain experts. This pays off in the end.
or meet the experts of the City of Vienna, as well as an online forum. In 2012 two participation projects based around ideas of‘collaborative democracy'took place:
Schwedenplatz (where citizens came together with experts as part of a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission statement to regenerate the Schwedenplatz area.
and active comments have been asked for from countless experts and copyright organisations. A number of factors surrounding copyright law in Finland demonstrate how it is an example of an initiative likely to gather the critical mass necessary for it to be voted on in parliament.
Having been reviewed by these volunteer experts the Open Ministry's law proposals are more compatible
and to provide collaboration tools that enable citizens to develop their ideas into actual law proposals with the help of volunteer experts.
just as volunteers make up a body of relevant experts who can offer consultative campaign and legal advice to transform potentially good ideas into viable proposals to be debated on in parliament.
and collaborate in partnership with voluntary legal and campaign experts. The Open Ministry also encourages users to sign
Later on Ray Ozzie a data expert based in Boston joined the conversation when the question of how to release
Secondary sources were used to understand the position and significance of the organisations whilst other key players, such as DSI experts,
and transparency by supporting journalists and other experts to access information and report key stories.
and share it in a peer-to-peer manner rather than via a top-down hierarchy controlled by experts or some other appointed group.
A commission of independent experts involving both grassroots activists and government employees gathered from across the city,
This commission of experts should not simply solidify their position as experts in creating websites,
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website without again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs
This will be conducted using interviews with experts, which identify the main failures and shortcomings. These shortcomings will be matched with the design methodology
Good results in terms of applications that solve problems need the input of domain experts. Generic coding skills lead to beautiful visualisations, not more.
A lot of effort is spent is connecting data owners, technicians and domain experts. This pays off in the end.
or meet the experts of the City of Vienna, as well as an online forum. In 2012 two participation projects based around ideas of‘collaborative democracy'took place:
Schwedenplatz (where citizens came together with experts as part of a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission statement to regenerate the Schwedenplatz area.
and active comments have been asked for from countless experts and copyright organisations. A number of factors surrounding copyright law in Finland demonstrate how it is an example of an initiative likely to gather the critical mass necessary for it to be voted on in parliament.
Having been reviewed by these volunteer experts the Open Ministry's law proposals are more compatible
and to provide collaboration tools that enable citizens to develop their ideas into actual law proposals with the help of volunteer experts.
just as volunteers make up a body of relevant experts who can offer consultative campaign and legal advice to transform potentially good ideas into viable proposals to be debated on in parliament.
and collaborate in partnership with voluntary legal and campaign experts. The Open Ministry also encourages users to sign
Later on Ray Ozzie a data expert based in Boston joined the conversation when the question of how to release
In the second half of 2012, discussions started within the Expert Group on ECOMMERCE9 about the modalities of the pilot project.
Two experts'workshops on N&a procedures. Participants in these workshops, working e g. for hosting service providers
A workshop with ADR experts took place in Brussels on 28 february 2012. The Commission services also met bilaterally with stakeholders.
diverse concepts and involve stakeholders/experts. Reward buy in when eco-innovative ideas are implemented. Choose whether to pursue patents to protect the novel function,
innovation experts and eco-innovative cluster organisations. Among many support schemes it has one that helps SMES with developing
which was harnessed through a Delphi with international participants as well as through a series of semi-structured interviews with experts from academia and think tanks,
which stand in contrast to the consensus. The second phase of the research (expert consultation) harnessed the knowledge of leading experts worldwide for each of the themes studied through an approach based on the Delphi method.
Schummer 2010). 1 Experts consulted in the Delphi 1 Castells (2011) defines the network society as‘an informational society with networks serving as the basic structure of organisation pervading all spheres
. and Melling, K.,Gender inequalities in the risks of poverty and social exclusion for disadvantaged groups in thirty European countries, Expert Group on Gender, Social Inclusion and Employment report, Luxembourg:
A synthesis of research findings for policy-makers, An independent report submitted to the European commission by the NESSE network of experts, 2008 As of 21 august 2014:
in addition to 1, 132 survey respondents and numerous global and European experts from academia and civil society.
and only 41%perceived them as somewhat or very favourable (see Figure 7). These results are more positive than many experts engaged in the project expected.
Many European venture capital experts say the sector is stronger than the long-term data indicate. Today
It draws from papers prepared for the OECD by a number of experts, in particular: David Audretsch, Bart Clarysse and Vincent Duchêne.
many experts predicted the demise of SME competitiveness as globalisation increased. While many SMES have succumbed indeed to a deterioration of competitiveness,
(or have a network of technical experts) who are trained to perform technological due diligence. The venture capitalists are more specialised in assessing business potential than technological viability.
Technical experts in public research bodies or institutions are not of much assistance as their speciality is high end,
Because the mind set separating the world of technical experts and that of entrepreneurs is so large,
In addition to Marco Marchese and Jonathan Potter of the OECD LEED Secretariat, the review team consisted of the following experts:
The study was carried out by an international review panel consisting of 6 international experts and 2 members of the Secretariat of the OECD LEED Programme.
Review panel visit The OECD Secretariat led an international panel of experts in a one-week peer review visit in Andalusia from 12 to 16 april 2010.
Baumgartner and Caliendo, 2007, p. 26) Reasons for success Business experts must examine the start-up concept
Such experts could include the Chambers of Industry and Commerce, Chambers of Crafts, Professional organisations, Expert Associations such as Business Development Service Providers and Financial institutions.
and problems of which an expert with only a general training might miss. We would add that
Indicators could also be weighted based on experts'opinion, who know policy priorities and theoretical backgrounds, to reflect the multiplicity of stakeholders'viewpoints.
This decision can be based both on experts'opinion (e g. experts in the relevant field will tell which indicators better capture the sustainability or the quality of the education) and on the statistical structure of the dataset.
e N is the total number of experts surveyed. Method Equation 1. Ranking I Rank (xt) qc tqc=2. Standardization (or z-scores) t qc ct qc c tt qc qc
Indicators could also be weighted based on the opinion of experts, who know policy priorities and theoretical backgrounds,
since experts are asked to assign weights (i e. priorities) to sub-indicators. Benefit of the doubt approach This methodology,
Endogenous weighting has the risk of substituting open experts'opinions with the analyst's manipulation of weights (through the constraints.
which experts are given a budget of N points, to be distributed over a number of sub-indicators,
Selection of experts for the valuation; Allocation of budget to the sub-indicators; Calculation of the weights;
It is essential to bring together experts that have a wide spectrum of knowledge, experience and concerns,
A case study in which 400 German experts in 1991 were asked to allocate a budget to several environmental indicators related to an air pollution problem showed very consistent results,
in spite of the fact that the experts came from opposing social spheres like the industrial sector and the environmental sector (Jesinghaus in:
Special care should be given in the identification of the population of experts from which to draw a sample,
stratified or otherwise. 67 Budget allocation Advantages Disadvantages Weighting is based on experts'opinion and not on technical manipulations.
Experts'opinions are likely to increase the legitimacy of the composite and create a forum of discussion around
Allocating a certain budget over a too large number of indicators can give serious cognitive stress to the experts
if the expert feels that not enough has been made to abate them). Examples of use Employment Outlook (OECD, 1999) Composite Indicator on E-business Readiness (EC-JRC, 2004b.
2001) Eco-indicator 99 (Pré-Consultants NL, 2000)( weights based on survey from experts. Overall Health System Attainment (WHO, 2000)( weights based on survey from experts) 6. 1. 6 Public opinion Instead of letting experts determine the weights of the indicators in an index,
one could ask the general public. Parker (1991, p. 95-98) argues that public opinion polls have been employed extensively for many years for many purposes,
The exercise was carried out at JRC interviewing experts in the field. 0. 085 0. 102 0. 072 0. 209 0. 045 0. 063 0. 178 0
it operates with people (experts, politicians, citizens) who are asked to choose which set of sub-indicators they prefer,
f) Participatory methods constitute a way to involve experts, citizens or politicians in the issue.
g) Expert judgement is adopted when it is essential to bring together experts that have a wide spectrum of knowledge, experience and concerns,
so as to ensure that a proper weighting system is found for a given application. The budget allocation is optimal for a maximum number of 10-12 indicators.
this method can give serious cognitive stress to the experts who are asked to allocate the budget.
and BAL are given by the experts, we sample the expert rather than the weight to preserve coherence among weights,
e g. to avoid generating combinations of weights that no expert would have advocated for. 87 F
. When using BOD, the exclusion of an indicator leads to a total rerun of the optimisation algorithm.
Imagine a very low weight is assigned by an expert to a sub-indicator q. Every time we select that expert in a run of the Monte carlo simulation,
5 X Scheme 1 BAL 2 AHP 3 BOD The last uncertain factor 6 X is used to select the expert.
In our experiment we had 20 expert, and once an expert is selected at runtime via the trigger 6 X,
the weights assigned by that expert (either for the BAL or AHP schemes) are assigned to the data.
Clearly the selection of the expert has no bearing when BOD is selected (3 5 X=).All the same this uncertain factor will be generated at each individual Monte carlo simulation.
This is because the row dimension of the Monte carlo sample (called constructive dimension) should be fixed in a Monte carlo experiment
and of the (lack of) consensus among experts on how TAI should be built, we would have to conclude that TAI is not a robust measure of country technology achievement. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Finland United states Sweden Japan Korea,
Rep. of Variance of country rank Non-additive Expert selection Weighting Scheme Aggregation System Exclusion/Inclusion Normalisation Figure 7. 2. Sensitivity analysis results
, Rep. of Total effect sensitivity index Expert Weighting Aggregation Exclusion/Inclusion Normalisation Figure 7. 3. Sensitivity analysis results based on the total effect indices.
0. 288 Expert selection 0. 068 0. 402 0. 334 Sum 0. 499 1. 597 0 200 400 600 800
. 410 Expert selection 0. 202 0. 592 0. 390 Sum 0. 550 1. 453 7. 3 Conclusions We now go back to our questions on the effect of uncertainties:(
and of the experts that together with indicator inclusion exclusion, dominates the uncertainty in the country ranks.
It is recommended also particularly to students, university lecturers, researchers and indicator experts. The Dashboard includes maps of all continents
Measurement Standard B2c E-commerce Round tables Meetings in 8 European cities for e-commerce experts and invitees 2,,
By means of figures that are based on the Global Online Measurement Standard for B2c E-commerce (GOMSEC), interviews with e-commerce experts and clear tables and infographics,
In addition, we are very grateful to the experts across the world who selflessly invested their time
000 market research experts combine their passion with Gfk's 80 years of data science experience. By using innovative technologies and data sciences,
and more than 400 payments experts help our clients elevate their payment strategies to become a strategic asset to their companies.
Based on the literature and input from experts, each KET has been defined by a list of IPC codes
as are people who have the skills to form a productive team of experts from different backgrounds.
and the Federal government to attract highly qualified experts, notably from the United kingdom. In the 1970s and 1980s a vibrant cluster emerged around the quickly developing market for telecommunications equipment driven by a number of spin-offs from large firms in the region.
In a similar vein, the maturity and success of the cluster has attracted all sorts of professional services to the area (think of specialist lawyers, brokers, marketing experts,
with investments from the former amounting to 19%of total FDI investment flows to the EU. 4 Expert group to the European commission,
'report of an independent expert group chaired by Mr Esko Aho. 13 Tsipouri, L. Paper presented at the European commission Mutual Learning seminar,
2012.14 Expert group report to the European commission, 2009,‘Le monde en 2025. La montée en puissance de l'Asie et la transition socio-écologique'.
'15 Expert group report to the European commission, 2007, report of the taskforce on sustainable construction. 16 Expert group report to the European commission, 2008,‘Challenging Europe's Research:
Rationales for the European Research Area (ERA'.'18 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy Figure 14:
2000 11 19 See the report of the independent expert group on R&d and Innovation chaired by Mr Esko Aho,
The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK Expert group report to the European commission,
chaired by Mr Esko Aho (2005)‘ Creating an Innovative Europe'Expert group report to the European commission (2007)‘ Accelerating the Development of the Sustainable Construction Market in Europe,
'COM (2007) 860 final Expert group report to the European commission (2008)‘ Challenging Europe's Research:
Rationales for the European Research Area (ERA)' Expert group report to the European commission (2009)‘ Le monde en 2025.
leading Chinese telecommunications company CIOS Subject matter experts See demographics for a full overview of the research methodology.
From our interviews with leading experts and CIOS, we gathered advice and guidance on how to prepare for a digital world
We also conducted detailed interviews with a range of CIOS and IT experts, to add additional context to our data and findings.
Much of this has been addressed by a recent Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (EGFSN) report
Realising Potential The Expert Group on Future Skills Needs in its commentary on IFS noted that
18 Expert Group on Future Skills Needs (December 2007) The Future Skills and Research Needs of the International Financial services Industry 19 Enterprise Ireland (2009) Best
sectoral experts and entrepreneurs for on the spot brainstorming and knowledge sharing on successful commercialisation strategies. The intention is for Ideagen to spark new ideas for new businesses and joint ventures with high-growth potential in an open environment.
between WIT and Aberystwyth University and between leading experts and network participants. The project is being undertaken by the Centre for Enterprise Development and Regional Economy (CEDRE), School of business, WIT in partnership with the School of management and Business, Aberystwyth University, Wales.
The presentations by experts from a range of fields illustrate the potential to unleash innovation to address social challenges through new entrepreneurial and policy experiments.
A first CSTP Expert Workshop on Fostering Innovation to Address Social Challenges was held at the OECD in Paris on 25-26 may 2009.
limited to delegates and experts with relevant professional experience and/or academic expertise, a second larger Workshop was held at the OECD in Paris on 9-10 november 2009 to go deeper into the policy challenges
and the reinforcement of international networks of policy makers and experts in this field. Some eleven organisations from six countries signed the Charter of its establishment and agreed on a definition of social innovation
The FSI stakeholders, through a consultative process with international experts carrying out field analysis in several countries to identify its main features,
and involve peer-to-peer learning rather than lectures from experts. Parents must feel that they are in charge of their lives, must experience some quick successes at home,
and involve peer-to-peer learning rather than lectures from experts. Parents must feel that they are in charge of their lives
This is delivered by NESTA's Public service Innovation Lab a team of innovation experts working with partners to test
external experts and practitioners to have a breakthrough toward social system reform. The Task force for regional utilization of distributed power supply targets dissemination of micro hydro power and other distributed power.
and not to be accessible for non-experts. As one of strategies to diffuse widely micro hydro power system,
the Area management team also makes efforts to extend the cooperation network to external experts and practitioners.
and counterclaims from scientists and experts on a whole range of issues. As Giddens (1990) points out in these circumstances,
the boundary between experts and the wider public has become blurred whenever one speaks of users and producers of knowledge (Nowotny, 1999).
Increasingly, the interaction between experts and public is considered an important precondition for technological and social innovations to occur.
For policymakers, experts and leaders, this makes social innovation particularly messy and uncontrollable and can therefore, be difficult to accept.
and experts are faced with a dilemma. Whilst on the one hand, engagement and collaboration may for them mean a loss of control, on the other hand,
Experts and lobbyists have the opportunity to present their positions, but, like juries, discussions involve only the participating citizens.
provision of contentious information by experts;(good) small working groups of changing composition; publication of results in a citizens'report.
personally invited stakeholders and experts, or sometimes selected participants, meet in the run up to the conference over two weekends
and to formulate questions to be addressed to experts; implementation: questions and discussion with experts; conclusion:
preparation and public presentation of a concluding document. Example: Streitfall Gen-Diagnostik The case of genetic diagnosis German Museum of Hygiene, Dresden:
These candidates are joined then by a team of experts, forming a group that can be joined freely by other participants,
while the experts may add suggestions or comments. The moderators then prepare a vision paper based on this material
''The benchmark scenarios were compiled by individual experts or subgroups of experts, during the Genoa workshop.
An example (only one among several) for the mean importance of the Congestion Charging ICT on the KPIS is shown in Fig. 3. 28 C. Georgopoulou et al. 4. 3 Implementation of Expert Charging ICT in the Brenner
on the Expert Charging ICT over the Brenner corridor. This corridor concerns freight transport from Berlin
5 as Table 4 ICT benchmark scenarios Scenario no Corridor Mode ICT 1 Mare nostrum SCM Tracking units 2 Brenner Road Expert charging 3
IWT Expert tolls 12 Nureyev Maritime E-admin 13 Nureyev Maritime Icebreaker assignment/IBNET 14 Cloverleaf Road Platooning 15 Cloverleaf Road
4. 3. 1 General Description of Expert Charging ICT EC countries are implementing various ICT regarding nationwide road pricing schemes, due to rising levels of traffic congestion and emissions.
our analysis focuses in ICT systems similar to the German highway truck toll system. 4. 3. 2 Expert Charging ICT Status on Corridor There are four countries involved in the corridor:
In Germany, an expert charging system for trucks is implemented already, the so-called LKW-Maut. In January 2004, Austria introduced an electronic toll collection system for trucks over 3. 5 t,
to internalise the external costs of transport. 30 C. Georgopoulou et al. 4. 3. 3 Benchmarking of Expert Charging ICT
Last but not least, an indirect but potentially significant effect of expert charging ICTS can be generated that revenues by them can be used as‘offsets',that is,
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