The adoption of digital technologies is an important driver of labour productivity growth and needs to be strengthened.
Sebw continues the successful work of the E-business W@tch which, since January 2002, has analysed e-business developments and impacts in manufacturing, construction, financial and service sectors.
98 4. 1. 3 ICT impact on labour productivity growth...99 4. 1. 4 Summary:
and to support the reorganisation of work processes. It appears that the availability of qualified personnel with specialised skills is limited quite in the transport and logistics sector.
Chapter 4 assesses the impact of the developments described in Chapter 3 on work processes and employment, innovation and productivity,
as part of the general standardisation activities of the Commission. 8 In parallel to the work of the Sebw,
including a briefing on current trends. 8 The 2006 ICT Standardisation Work Programme complements the Commission's"Action Plan for European Standardisation"of 2005 by dealing more in detail with ICT matters 9 see overview
Therefore, definitions have been developed by standards communities to underpin their practical work. Examples include: Business:""a series of processes, each having a clearly understood purpose,
but also from a variety of national sources, in cases where no international database or statistics from the NSIS were available (e g. for hours worked by labour type).
high-skilled labour is more important than either medium-or low-skilled labour for productivity increases (see Section 4. 1). To a large extent the demand comes from SMES,
which often face substantial difficulties in attracting qualified ICT and e-business professionals in competition with larger players
ICT users apply systems as tools in support of their own work, which is, in most cases, not ICT.
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 47 The delivery of e-skills training can benefit from the development of work-based training concepts
These new forms of partnerships and flexible approaches need to be much more actively promoted. 67 In a knowledge economy driven by rapid technical change, investments in high-skilled labour
it has to be pointed out that ICT investments does not lead to productivity growth at firm-level by itself (it depends on how the technology is used actually in business processes to innovate work processes and business routines with support of ICT).
work still need to be done to achieve this end-goal. Results from the present Sebw survey show a very limited use of RFID technologies yet.
Then we try to assess statistical relationships between the different internet access and usage by employees at the work place clusters and different variables.
and the composition of the demand for labour. For this study, an extended Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) paradigm was used as a conceptual framework for the analysis of ICT impacts. 110 Developed by Mason (1939) and Bain (1951),
and finally the workforce composition and the demand for labour, most importantly with regard to knowledge and skills.
consequently, may influence the demand for labour and its composition. It may also further shape the relationships with suppliers and customers, for example with regard to collaboration intensity.
In particular, ICT was found to have positive effects on labour productivity and total factor productivity (Pilat, 2005.
i e. on a company's ability to innovate its work processes and business routines with support of ICT.
which are incorporated imperfectly in the traditional other factors included in productivity measurement and growth accounting, such as labour and intermediate inputs.
reducing demand for unskilled labour and increasing wage 111 TFP is a measure for disembodied technical change in a production process.
thus, the application of ICT may increase the demand and wages for skilled labour and decrease the same for unskilled labour(‘digital divide').
ICT and high-and medium-skilled labour have a positive impact on TFP growth in the transport and logistics sector.
working hours and labour quality by means of growth accounting. 2. Section 4. 1. 3 looks at the overall development of labour productivity growth in the transport and logistics
sector (from 1985-2004) and analyses the impact of ICTCAPITAL investment on labour productivity growth (in terms of gross production value per total hours worked), based on an econometrically estimated stochastic production
Spainfinlandfrancegermany Italy Netherlands United kingdom Hours Worked Labour composition ICT Capital Non ICT Capital Total factor productivity Source:
own calculations 4. 1. 3 ICT impact on labour productivity growth Labour productivity growth in the transport and logistics sector The EU KLEMS data contains consistent
Data on labour input are available in terms of labour productivity, employment, average hours worked per employee and total working hours.
Exhibit 4. 1-3 shows that pattern of labour productivity growth varies a lot across the EU member countries.
Labour productivity growth in the transport and storage sector in the EU-15,1980-2004 (annual average growth rates in%,various sub-periods) 4. 3 3. 6 2
own calculations Expectedly and in line with other research (e g. van Ark et al. 2003), we cannot detect an acceleration in labour productivity growth similar to that reported for the U s. Gordon, 2004;
) High average growth in labour productivity can virtually only be detected for Greece (with remarkably high average labour productivity growth rates between 4. 9 and 10.3),
Overall, at least up to 2004 there seems to be little convergence among the EU-15 member states regarding common labour productivity growth patterns in the transport and storage sector.
own calculations E-business in the transport & logistics industry 102 The impact of ICT on labour productivity growth Based on the secondary intermediate inputs and the two primary input factors
and labour input measured in working hours, broken down into three different types of skills),
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 103 With respect to the significance of the estimated parameter values we observe that except of the ICT capital stock and medium-skilled labour intensity,
all other parameter values in Exhibit 4. 1-6 are significantly different from zero at the 5%significance level. 116 Low-skilled labour
As Exhibit 4. 1-6 shows, based on the model coefficient values, the intermediate inputs intensity (0. 22) and the high-skilled labour intensity (0. 21) are found to be a key
components of labour productivity growth. With respect to skill levels high-skilled labour has a positive impact on productivity increases in the EU transportation sector while both,
medium-skilled and low-skilled labour does not have a significant impact. 117 Compared to the results of analogous modelling exercises that we performed for other sectors,
we found that labour skills play a more important role in influencing productivity in the transportation sector than in the steel industry,
but a less important role than in the financial intermediation sector (essentially banking and insurance industry).
In contrast, physical ICT-capital investment does not have a significant impact on labour productivity.
2000) who found a high impact of ICT capital on U s. labour productivity growth. 118 Finally,
"which cannot be measured by means of the data on ICT-investment available in the database. 116 t-values above 2 assure by a rule of thumb this 5%-signficance threshold of the test. 117 For medium-skilled labour the estimated
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 104 High-skilled labour intensity and intermediate inputs intensity are found to be key drivers for labour productivity growth (measured as gross production
SPF analysis points at intermediate inputs as key drivers of labour productivity growth. à ICT by itself is not the key driver of growth in this sector no P. 2 TFP growth
and high-and medium-skilled labour have a positive impact on TFP growth. Only high-skilled labour had a positive growth impact àindicates a skill-biased technological change with ICT-capital as its complementary factor driving growth of the transport sector.
yes) With regard to Hypothesis P. 1, there is mixed evidence On the one hand, growth accounting confirms that, on the whole, ICT-capital has played a positive role in this industry in all countries.
due to greater detailed structure on the labour inputs decomposed on skill-classes and the inclusion of intermediate inputs,
the direct positive link between ICT-capital investments and labour productivity growth is probably much weaker.
Rather, the share of high-skilled labour and the intermediate inputs intensity appear to be of higher importance.
On the other hand, tools, such as email, knowledge management systems, wikis or instant messaging, considerably improve the process of innovation in knowledgeintensive and service-oriented sectors with informal, unstructured and spontaneous type of work, such as
Little evidence for a significant role of (and neither for significant correlation between) ICT capital in terms of boosting labour productivity growth;
Little evidence for convergence of the EU Member Countries in terms of common patterns regarding GVA and labour productivity growth.
which enabled both the decomposition of the labour input by skill class and the inclusion of intermediate inputs, revealed that the direct linkage between ICT investment
and labour productivity may actually be much weaker than the evidence from more aggregate studies suggests.
The main changes concern tasks and responsibilities of the personnel, internal work processes, and some personnel changes.
Due to these improvements in work flows and information management and the resulting improvements in cost efficiency, the system contributes to the competitiveness of AISA and leads to better customer satisfaction.
The elimination of manual processes and duplications of work has improved greatly company operations, planning and decision making.
and also it gives real-time information to the drivers, coordinating the work with the traffic chiefs.
This reflects that the way these complex systems are used actually in the daily work is more important than the mere adoption of the technology itself to achieve positive impacts.
ALSA managed to increase the labour productivity through the use of these ICT systems. The resource planning system in particular has led to a big resource optimisation and spectacular productivity increases,
in specific work areas of 200%(i e. one employee can now accomplish the work which required three employees before the system was introduced).
it improved their working conditions and significantly reduced manual work. For example, all selling points have been equipped with new furniture and air condition.
Another benefit is the reduction of manual work and the optimisation of working process which leads to a more efficient production mode of the ticket selling.
The resulting increase in process efficiency has translated into sizable labour efficiencies. ICT has contributed in increasing the competitiveness of logistics companies in significantly reducing operational costs
Nevertheless, even if the technical solution works well, it is important to outline that this solution is dependent on the availability of the GPS and network.
which disables users from carrying out work for customers who have a bad credit record. 5. 9. 3 Impact The implementation of the‘Truck Business'solution required a significant change in working culture at N c. Cammack
This creates a lot of additional work. One employee is assigned to manage the supplier relationships on a full-time basis. The quality of data received from the suppliers is an important issue for Saima Avandero..
Since Saima Avandero works with a multitude of small suppliers (sometimes up to five suppliers for one single transport) it is very difficult to get them engaged to provide the requested data (either through the common system or in any other way.
Another important issue is the additional work generated by the solution. The manual work generated by the data collection from suppliers
and entry into the system is costly and time consuming. In conclusion, the impact of the solution implementation is expected not as well as
The best would probably be to deploy a solution that works independently on the different suppliers,
Thanks to the good knowledge of all their partners by Trafikanten and their habit to work with them, the project went very smoothly.
but works with different transport operators that own the vehicles. The operators are contracted by the regional PTA.
and medium-skilled labour has a positive impact on TFP growth. ICT usage and high levels of employee's skills complement each other,
Oxford Handbook of Work and Organisation, ed. Ball, R.,Tolbert, P. and Ackroyd, S.,Oxford university Press, Oxford.
and frontier The stochastic production possibility approach is not a method for directly estimating impact factors on labour productivity.
a constellation can be created that allows to draw conclusions about the contribution of single variables on labour productivity.
Gross Value Added, Labour Input and Labour Productivity in the transport and logistics sector (1980-1995,1995-2000 and 2000-2004) Gross Value Added (GVA)( 1
and work semiautonomously, will reduce the physical commitment needed from human carers. At the same time, it will prolong the independent living for the assisted people.
2008-2010 CONFIDENCE The system developed works indoors, with small and low cost changes needed in the user's environment.
and for citizens to study, work, reside and retire anywhere in the EU. Key to this strategy is the development of large 24 scale pilot projects (LSP).
services and works by the EU public sector is estimated to be almost 20%of EU GDP (2010 figures).
give advice and work bi-directionally), near-zero energy buildings and more energy-efficient transport systems.
Hospilot works in two main areas: lighting and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning), which account for nearly 80%of all energy use in hospitals.
and works with existing logistics. It has been designed to work for any data centre, Computing style, Monitoring and Automation frameworks
and work with the resulting rate of accidents per million miles traveled or some similar measure.
or at a teleworking center that is nearer the worker's residence than his/her usual work place.
May cause secondary impacts that counteract first impacts (substitution of work travel by not-for-work travel,
and moving further to work). E-office (internet, e-mail, portable computers, tele-servicing) Possibly reduces travel during work.
May cause increase of long distance travel because of more on the move-move working options. E-meeting (tele-and videoconferencing) Reduces travel needs to a limited extent,
The focus would be on 1) short-term effects, like travel for non-work purposes by teleworkers,
The lateral control task works by infrared sensors that measure variation in reflection of the standard markers on the road surface.
if the IT systems better supported that work. The lack of standardised systems restricts our ability to deliver information where it's needed
and a more satisfying work environment for the staff. Such a system should ICT's Role in Healthcare Transformation Report of the Health ICT Industry Group Page 10 fully exploit the benefits of information
Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper providing directions for future work. 2 ICT innovation in Healthcare The advance of ICT technologies is leading to the design of novel electronic healthcare services that improve people's health
A comprehensive list of existing methods is presented in 7. An example of indirect method is proposed in 8. This work aims to identify hypertensive patients who do not adhere to prescribed medication using an ontology based approach.
This work has been done in the context of the THECS project which is supported by the Dutch national program COMMIT. 6 References 1. Guarda, P.,
and started work in Helsinki, Finland in 1985. The Institute undertakes applied research and policy analysis on structural changes affecting the developing and transitional economies,
Work is carried out by staff researchers and visiting scholars in Helsinki and through networks of collaborating scholars and institutions around the world. www. wider. unu. edu publications@wider. unu. edu UNU World Institute for Development Economics
Internal factors could be self-motivation, technical education background, work experience, and innovative ideas of entrepreneurs.
By and large, it is clear that both internal factors such as self-motivation, technical education background, work experience,
and labour would depend more on how far they have been able to satisfy their customers'needs and requirements rather than on the nature of innovations in terms of new products/processes or improved products/processes.
along with rate of growth of capital as well as that of labour, has a significant influence on the rate of growth of sales turnover of innovative SMES.
Similarly, Kg and Lg are CARG of capital and labour, respectively, during 2001/2 2005/6 and ISP is average percentage of innovated products in total sales of individual SMES during 2001/2 to 2005/6.
Since we did not find any statistically significant interaction effects of industries/sectors with the explanatory variables of labour and capital,
equally important is the increase in capital as well as labour. Thus if an innovative SME could expand the scale of production in terms of capital
and labour and achieve an increase in innovation sales, it will be able to experience a significant improvement in the growth of GVA.
Innovation and growth of SMES Internal Factor (Firm Level competence)- Self-motivation-Technical education & entrepreneurship-Work experience-Innovative ideas External Factors (Market Pressure
and work to coordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, The netherlands, New zealand
, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United kingdom and the United states. The Commission of the European communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation's statistics gathering
. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-general of the OECD The opinions expressed
An additional expert meeting was organised by the BIAC at OECD Headquarters in 2007 under the OECD Labour Management Programme.
Bill Pattinson (Australia) assisted the Secretariat as an outside expert consultant on background work for the chapter on monitoring
Decision support tools, such as flow sheets, were developed to guide daily work, and substantial efforts were made to foster self management.
ICTS can reduce some of the work involved in collecting patient information and getting it to where it is needed.
since labour typically represents the lion's share of dispensing costs in community pharmacies. This could improve customer satisfaction,
Claims that cost USD 5. 00 to submit in labour costs per CHAPTER 1. GENERATING VALUE FROM HEALTH ICTS 41 IMPROVING HEALTH SECTOR EFFICIENCY:
However, across most OECD countries, measuring the quality of the health care is a labour-intensive
or diverted from other work. Even with such an investment, differences in the underlying architecture of EHR systems,
OECD (2007), Improved Health System Performance through Better Care Coordination, OECD Health Working papers No. 30, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, www
Beaulieu, N d. and D. R. Horrigan (2005), Putting Smart money to Work for Quality Improvement, Health Services Research, Vol. 40, pp. 1318-1334.
The Health IT Policy Committee in the United states (Certification and Adoption Work Group meeting of 14 july 2009) 5 recently noted the issues listed below pertaining to certification of EHRS that are equally reflective of commonly-held certification concerns in other countries:
Intention to adopt addresses the propensity of users to adopt these applications in their clinical work,
Indicators for International Comparisons of Health ICT Adoption and Use, Document DELSA/HEA (2008) 15/REV1, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, Paris
engaging physicians in the work of jointly pursuing primary care renewal and better care for patients in the North.
developing, and operating the underlying infrastructure that has enabled the programme to work. Central to the programme, Ib-Salut's Hospital Son Dureta in Palma, ANNEX A. COUNTRY CASE STUDIES 143 IMPROVING HEALTH SECTOR EFFICIENCY:
The work of locum GPS is demanding because of patients with a wide range of problems and needs and of the urgency of many problems.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES OECD 2010 Annex B. Project background and methodology This report builds on activities carried out under two distinct but overlapping work streams.
Activity on work stream 1 has focused on collecting information on how OECD countries are monitoring health ICTS,
On work stream 2, the project has proceeded in several phases. First, a scoping paper was commissioned to review the strength of the available evidence on the impacts of ICTS on productivity and efficiency in the health sector.
and consider how the work could best be carried out. Given the dearth of data, the workshop concluded that implementation of case studies would be the most promising approach.
A group of OECD experts in health information technology was established to help guide the work, the development of a framework for the selection and analysis of case studies and interpretation of results.
Thirdly, the framework has been guidance to the different work packages and structuring the relation between the work packages.
The IPF has been organised in six work packages, each headed by one of the consortium members.
VINNOVA has managed coordinated and the project. Five of these work packages have focused on identifying and developing better practices to support SMES (the WP2,
WP3 and WP5), or to identify and develop better practices that will improve the effectiveness of designing,
methods and common tasks where the main results have been the common framework, the segmentation method, the meeting formats and synthesis of work package results.
and to provide recommendations for future work. It presents: -IPF as a learning platform that facilitates collaboration and learning among organisations providing innovation support services to SMES.
presenting the background, purpose, the common framework of the project and the organisation of the work.
In the appendices (only available in the web version please look at www. vinnova. se) there is a presentation of the methodological approach that has governed the work processes.
There are also more in depth presentations of the outcomes of the different work packages, with a description of experiences from the processes and recommendations, both with regard to the tools in themselves and with regard to
Thirdly, the framework has served as guidance to the different work packages, structuring the relation between them.
Finally, the common framework has been a way to structure the relation between the work packages of the IPF and the organisation of the work.
5 WP 6 Work packages Identification and analysis of good practises of policy initiatives Service Delivery System Design Scheme Transferability study Design evaluation
The IPF has been organised in six work packages, each headed by one of the consortium members.
The work has been conducted with an approach to facilitate and maximise networking and exchange of experiences,
and contribute to the work and to incorporate positive group dynamics in to the processes. All groups have worked with the challenges listed in section 3. 2 and addressed these in different ways
as illustrated in Figure 1. Five of these work packages have focused on the identification and development of better practices to support SMES (the WP2, WP3 and WP5),
methods and common tasks where the main results have been the common framework, the segmentation method, the meeting formats and the synthesis of the results of the work package.
The common framework and the segmentation method are presented in the Appendices (chapters 5. 1 and 5. 7). The results of each of the other work packages with regards to the tool
and their findings about good practices are presented in the chapters 5. 2-5. 6. 1. Work package 1 has allocated responsibilities with regard to the management of the INNO Partnering Forum Council
and included the synthesis of the project results. 2. Work package 2 included peer reviews of European agencies
and to analyse good practises of measures with the purpose to support innovation in SMES. 3. Work package 3 included twinning,
4. Work package 4 included evaluating, testing and elaborating new quality management systems that have the purpose to improve efficiency
and effectiveness of innovation agencies and programmes. 5. Work package 5 included peer reviews of good practices at innovation agencies outside of Europe. 6. Work package 6 included improving
working actively in different work packages and also used IT-tools such as Linkedin (www. linkedin. com)
or work processes that guides users on how the language should be applied when analysing and transferring good practices between different policy contexts.
The work processes have also been positive in generating new networks and broadened the existing ones between the leading agencies, both formally and informally.
This has mainly been used in Work package 2 focused on reviewing policy instruments, but also in Work package 5 and 6. A twinning method used to redesign good practices from one policy context to another policy context.
This tool has mainly been used in Work package 3, focused on transfer of good practices between policy contexts.
EFQM has been adopted to identify and assess good operational practices at innovation agencies, mainly used in Work package 4 on efficiency and effectiveness in agency operations.
Guidelines for design of service delivery systems mainly done in Work package 6 on service delivery systems.
The Conceptual Framework and the Segmentation method developed in Work package 1 can also be regarded as part of the IPFTOOL set.
With regards to the tools, the general experience is that all of them are appropriate and useful for agencies (for more extensive descriptions of the tools can be found in the Appendices (in the electronic verison) of this report) for learning
where the best results have been obtained in the work with identification and analysis of good practises.
and template driven process that works well. The questionnaires, templates and other documents that supports the peer review have been very useful,
The work package has established a model for the conduct of peer reviews. However, there are areas for improvement,
The work package has developed tools and guidelines so that other agencies can start implementing the EFQM model by themselves.
At the same time the experience of the work package is that it is beneficial to work with other agencies in the process
This requires a solid capital foundation to work from and such funds must be able to commit themselves to companies with a high growth potential.
There is a need for SMES to work with innovation management and not only in R&d and product development.
which work packages to be involved in. In this approach external experts can be included when needed. However, the ones that apply for participating in projects need to be committed to these processes.
Work with capacity building in less developed countries and regions. The remaining issues should be discussed
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