To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first empirical studies to examine how different usage drivers specified by theoretical work influence consumption decisions using revealedpreferences data on product usage.
The subsequent literature that developed this theoretical work primarily used qualitative approaches to examine the different needs that are satisfied by engaging in a given activity or consumption (e g.,
and work place distribution. The World Competitiveness Yearbook the most famous Annual Report on the competitiveness of nations which examines 60 countries and competitive economic regions based on four competitive factors:
Many work places will come by innovation, and new discoveries will give birth to some new entrepreneurial adventures.
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is cited properly. Price et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 of SMES in family firms.
and how it's transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New york: Basic books. Gedajlovic, E,
therefore, seem to be a significant precondition for the development of the innovative potential of regions and for making innovation strategies such as RIS3 work, especially in the periphery of Europe.
and Cloodt's work and focus on measuring SME innovativeness by examining the number of new product/service introductions at the organizational level,
while its innovation activities are concentrated mainly around market prospecting and development work: With Ivoclair it works like this:
I make a sample, I send it, I go there, I give them the idea.
Everyone works with‘opinion leaders'.'In dental technologies, which have an amazingly fast growing market, everyone works like that.
Others: I don't know. Here, in one year you are already behind. Summing up, Stoby Dental illustrates how SMES can foster long-term collaboration with research institutes, peers,
as it enabled them to think more deeply about the uniqueness of their work. As one health-services company owner/manager remarked:(
Universities are increasingly called upon to adjust their work, both in terms of research activities and human capital development,
local firms and universities to work collaboratively; and ensuring the sustainability of Smart Specialisation Strategies beyond the structural funding timeframe.
if it is to work. Universities can benefit not only from the receipt of EU Structural Funds,
The ACS Automotive Centre is a platform for development work and knowledge transfer between automotive manufacturers,
ESF was managed by the Department for Work and Pensions. Universities for the most part were excluded from the ESF programme
The results of EUA's work are made available to members and stakeholders through conferences seminars, website and publications
the Young Foundation's work shows how digital technology is leading to increasingly creative responses to social issues. www. Maslaha. org is developed an organisation by the Young Foundation that aims to help Muslims deal with the everyday dilemmas
/2010/05/so was it an internet election. html vii http://www. citybeast. com/londoncyclists. html viii http://www. youngfoundation. org/our-work/ventures-and-investment/healthlaunchpad/portfolio
and processes needed to put the remedies to work, it will only benefit society if its results are transformed into products
Key to this argument is that renewable energy generation is more labour intensive and therefore job creating than nonrenewable investment.
while older children combined work and secondary school. In addition to schools New Lanark set up a crèche for working mothers, free medical care,
The more the system appears to work giving people security and prosperity the more its norms will become entrenched as part of peoples'very sense of 25 identity. xliii Organisations then become locked into routines
what works on a larger scale establishing working prototypes of the new system, for example the low carbon housing in Hammarby Sjöstad in Sweden and Vauban in Freiburg.
These might include employers seeking new types of skills (e g. better ability to work in teams, or software programming.‘
effective demand refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation really works.
because much of the work of non profit organisations and the social economy does not necessarily fall under the rubric of social innovation-many non profits
Their work is based on four main principles: Collaboration with users, front line staff and other stakeholders,
In 2007, Participle started working with Southwark Council, Sky and the Department for Work & Pensions,
and community/voluntary associations to‘work insertion'organisations and companies limited by guarantee. Social enterprises also work across a range of social and environmental fields-in Poland and Finland, for example,
social enterprises are mainly nonprofit work insertion organisations; in France and Sweden, childcare services make up the bulk of social enterprise activity;
'or‘work insertion'integrating the long term unemployed or disadvantaged and marginalised groups into the labour market. lxviii A study of the WISE sector in Europe carried out by research network EMES,
and on the use of volunteer labour.''lxxi As a result of these relationships, social enterprises are embedded often within their local communities.
The M-PESA application is installed on SIM CARDS and works on all handsets. M-PESA has revolutionised money transfer in Kenya and significantly reduced levels of financial exclusion,
The growth of social enterprise Work Insertion-Diakoniewerk Arbeit & Kultur, Germany Diakoniewerk Arbeit & Kultur ggmbh (or the‘deacon's activities for work and culture')in Mülheim is a fairly typical example
of a German Work Insertion Social Enterprise (WISE. It was set up in 1985 to run a small number of employment measures funded by the regional labour office
but has expanded since into a social enterprise which provides wrap around services for social welfare in the community.
Its three main activities are to get marginalised job seekers back into work; to buy, restore and sell low-priced 46 second hand recycled products (including clothes and furniture) to those on low incomes;
and a small number of employment programmes were run by the regional labour office. It is now an independent nonprofit company limited by guarantee employing approximately 250 people on mainly fixed term contracts
One of the other innovative aspects is that those who work for a Koispe may earn a wage without losing their benefit payments.
which are responsible for exploitative labour practices, cause harm to people and planet and so on. Instead, their portfolio of investment funds will cover a range of more than profit companies that have primarily social or environmental goals.
Barka works to assist the socially vulnerable including the long-term unemployed, homeless persons and those suffering from substance abuse,
The combination of hard work and human interaction has proved for many individuals to be a miraculous recovery from addictions
which values education and rehabilitation into society highly, The Halfway Foundation works with those who are willing to recover providing daily clinical care assistance and education,
Portugal Projecto Geracão (The Generation Project) works to combat truancy and school dropout by providing education, training,
The programmes run by the Projecto Geracão range from work and play provision for the very young
web and tech support, policy work, media and PR and internal/external evaluations. While the franchisees are responsible for fundraising,
Diagram 6. Housework, paid work and leisure (Minutes per day and person, latest year available) The household plays a critical role in developing social innovations especially in fields
time credits and vouchers have been one attempt at including elements of the household economy into the mainstream economy by valorising voluntary labour.
The second element is based a time credit which aims to make voluntary work visible and accountable.
which can play an important role in promoting personalized care, independent living and sustainable ways of work (example:
The practical work of supporting innovation is undertaken often best by bodies that are both inside
and work towards policy reform in line with Estonia's developmental vision based on innovative thinking. xcix Social Innovation Fund,
For example, a London borough would borrow £5m for an intensive programme of work with young offenders,
Some of these innovation units work within organisations, either within or across departments, some have been established to encourage collaboration across departments
whether the solutions developed will work for citizens in practice. Mindlab's mission is to involve citizens and businesses in developing new public solutions.
and sharing of experience and new knowledge that encourage innovation in both the public and the private sector. 5. Visibility-Communicating Mindlab's work and how our parent ministries experiment with new methodologies and forms
Mindlab's work is also based on design methodologies and approaches and builds on principles such as visualizations, prototyping, iteration and co-creation.
The 27th Region works as a laboratory for the 26 French Regional Councils and its goal is to foster creativity, social innovation and sustainability in public institutions, through community projects, prototyping and design thinking.
providing new and useful lessons about what works and what does not in the social sphere.
Its work is based on the belief that the third sector is teeming with good ideas but too few of them change the world because of the lack of connection between the third sector and the bodies that could commission and fund an innovation.
In its work to 31 march 2010, the Exchange is aspiring to demonstrate the effectiveness of brokerage in supporting third sector innovation.
Helix a programme invested in establishing healthier work environments and ways of working, and Gigahertz Centrum a centre developing energy-efficient electronics and mobile communications. cvi Recently, VINNOVA, together with five other leading European innovation agencies-Enterprise Ireland (IE), FFG (AT), Senternovem
works to change the culture of an organisation so that innovation becomes a natural part of its ethos not a barrier to success. Innovations in American Government Awards Innovation awards play a critical role in highlighting innovative programmes and projects within government.
particularly smaller ones, resort to volunteers to cover the work. While a majority of employers formally assess
Whilst ESF programmes will continue to support those who have difficulties in finding work, this focussed support for innovation within the work place, for life long learning and adaptability,
and economists to develop better indicators of social progress and well-being, bearing fruit in the Stiglitz Commission's work for President Sarkozy in France
The Young Foundation‘Evaluation Tool'can be used to generate metrics including a framework to assess‘what works'
It provides a framework for learning about what works over time. Conclusion Our specific recommendation is for the European commission to move forward on two fronts:
and take-up of innovations, drawing on the work underway in the OECD and elsewhere on service
Much of this work needs to be done at national, regional and local levels. However the European commission has a central role to play in enabling new capacities to be developed.
Work should also be supported to deepen some of the underpinnings of the field, including more sophisticated and useable measures of social value (moving beyond current SROI and other models);
. com/xl This section draws on very useful work by Timo Hämäläinen (2007),‘Social Innovation, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance'in Timo J. Hämäläinen and Risto
I. Bode, A Evers and A. Schulz,(2002)‘ Work Integration Social Enterprises in Germany',Working papers Series, no. 02/04 Liège, EMES European Research Network. lxxi A. Bacchiega & C. Borzaga
J. 2009) Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. cliii Key dimensions including material living standards, health education, personal activities such as work
Together with the other volumes in this Series, we hope that this work provides a stronger foundation for social innovation based on the different experiences and insights of its pioneers.
we want this work to grow and develop. Your comments, thoughts and stories are welcome at the project website:
and quickly reflect on what works and what doesn't. 10 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION End notes 1. Murray,
Through experiment it is discovered then how these work best (such as the discovery that giving computers to two children to share is more effective for education than giving them one each.
and programmes that work well for one group may fail for others. Where governments in the past focused on typical or‘average'citizens,
which started as a research and development project and now works with a wide range of service users across the UK. 1 PROMPTS,
what works, including many counter-intuitive findings. 7 The circuit of information New needs can also be brought to the fore through effective feedback systems.
and artists to work alongside the policy team to create lateral comments on the issues.
or why a group of young people don't find work. These models have to use multiple disciplines
and producers such as the work undertaken by design consultancies like IDEO, thinkpublic, Participle, and Live/Work or the Hope Institute's citizen teams formed around public service improvements.
One recent example is IDEO's work with the SPARC centre at the Mayo Clinic (see-plan-act-refine-communicate),
which involved turning an internal medicine wing into a laboratory designed to improve patient-provider experiences.
'and the work of consultancy firm What If? 42) Forum theatre is a form of theatre developed by Augusto Boal in Brazil, in
One example is the work of‘activist architect',Teddy Cruz. Cruz uses‘waste'materials from San diego to build homes, health clinics and other buildings in Tijuana.
One example is the work of Children's Express in feeding children's views into the design of ideas for estate regeneration
2002)‘ Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison.''London: Do Tank Ltd. 2. See Boal, A. 1979)‘ Theatre of the Oppressed.'
One of the common themes of contemporary social innovation is that it often works best by moving quickly into practice
RCTS have been used increasingly in fields such as welfare to work. They are seen often as a gold standard for evaluation,
These may be‘skunk works 'or more like corporate venturing units whose primary target is the number of spin-off enterprises created. 98) Paying for time.
Business models that work are themselves a prime area for social innovation. They are as diverse as business models in commercial markets,
and of influencing the way the sector works. 107) Incomes and outcomes. There are a range of social business models that involve recognising the potential value of a venture's assets
which they operate, providing work, services, and support. Examples include Japanese food consumer co-ops, and the Mondragon family of co-ops in Spain. 115) Mutuals.
which specialises in work-based mentoring projects. Based on the idea that‘everyone remembers their first boss'
and in part through the engagement of board members in the active work of the venture.
and engaging members and stakeholders. 124) Consumer shareholding can be used to involve consumers more directly in the work of a venture,
because they are effective and well understood models. 127) User orientation and autonomous work groups.
Operations The distinctive value and values of a social venture show up not just in its structures but in its operations how it works with others, uses technologies or works in partnership. 131) Socially-oriented supply chains.
but it also needs to avoid processing in plants with poor labour records. It often takes time to build up robust supply chains of this sort
as well as motivation from within, on the basis of its ideas and the way it works to realise them.
Many ventures are by their nature information intensive in respect to the quality and tangibility of their work, the stories of those involved in it,
A workplace should provide a clear and engaging insight into the work that goes on and culture that rests within the organization.
They demonstrate much of their work visually, through photos and graphs. Some arrange tours and generate income from them.
as well as see the work of the employees and staff. It is always a useful exercise for a venture 4 76 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION to consider how it could best present its work
and its social purpose tangibly as if it were a gallery 140) Open events to provide an opportunity for organisations to engage a wide variety of people in the work of the organization.
They are an occasion for experiencing the venture's culture. Events of this kind are much more important for social ventures than commercial ones.
then the experience of the work and of contributing to a social goal has to be powerful enough to persuade them to continue.
There are similar issues of effective supply (the proof that a particular model works) and effective demand (mobilising sources of finance to pay for the idea or service).
The challenge of the 21st century is to find out what works and scale it up.
effective supply refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation really works.
A good example is the work of ASA (the Association for Social Advancement, or Asa meaning hope in Bengali) to develop an alternative to Grameen in microcredit in Bangladesh.
It works with councils in developing good practice through a network of online communities, web related resources and peer review.
But it can only work if operations can be codified under enforceable rules. Without codification, it is difficult to ensure quality
Maison Bengal is a fair trade company that works with artisan cooperatives and NGOS in Bangladesh.
web and technical support, policy work, media and PR, and internal/external evaluations. While the franchisees are responsible for fundraising,
Metrics to show what works and what deserves to be grown There are many metrics for judging
Over several decades a great deal of work has gone into the design of measures of social value.
and girls expertise Pilot Tool kit Development Finalize summit definition Validate Indicators Test Acceptance Our Work Portfolio M&e The Work of Others Global Health Agenda Girls Database
The Nike Foundation's work to develop the ability of adolescent girls in developing countries to deliver social and economic change to their families
when you should work, learn and retire. This idea leads to a range of innovations in everything from employment law
The commission recommended far-reaching changes, including paying attention to non-paid work, rethinking the contribution of finance to prosperity,
These individuals can work within, or across, organisations. They can be involved in adopting or adapting existing innovations.
Some work within organisations, either within or across departments, some are set up to encourage collaboration across organisations,
They are shared much more than work spaces. They are places where social entrepreneurs, community activists, nonprofits,
284) Innovation hubs are shared work spaces which are designed specifically to promote collaboration and innovation such as CAN Mezzanine in the UK, Social Fusion in the US or the worldwide Hub,
and this theory underpins much of its work. This theory is based on a pyramid with three levels:
and action research collaboratives such as the Young Foundation's work with local authorities on neighbourhoods and wellbeing. 303) Service collaboratives such as the UK's Primary Care Collaborative,
and social entrepreneurship. 305) Action learning sets are groups of between four and seven people who come together on a regular basis to reflect on their work,
new tax and pension rights and other rights for different types of paid and voluntary work;
and NGOS, exemplified in the work of Philips in developing new models of The State The Market The Household The Grant Economy The Social Economy Source:
ensuring the work continues even after government funding stops in 2010. Image courtesy of Andrew Hayward/Centre West. 1 152 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION 329) Online budget-setting tools.
Employment Zones allowed contractors to innovate new methods for getting unemployed people into work, with payment linked to outcomes rather than inputs and outputs. 379) Differential tax,
Innovation from the workforce The close involvement of the workforce in innovation has been a feature of Toyota's methods of work organisation that has spread to manufacturing and service industries over the past 25 years.
or freeing up time for public sector workers to volunteer for socially innovative projects. 394) Secondments of public sector employees into‘skunk works',innovation teams,
and what mix of funding for individuals, teams The State The Market The Grant Economy The Household 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 169 and enterprises works best,
and democratise the sector's source of finance. 416) Intermediaries for contributions in kind provide labour
The students work Processing bamboo as part of Prosperity Initiative's plan to transform the bamboo sector in Northwest Vietnam.
It works at the local, national and regional level, with organisations including non-governmental organisations, trade unions, faith-based networks, professional associations, nonprofit capacity development organisations, philanthropic foundations and other funding bodies, businesses,
and from community/voluntary associations to‘work insertion'organisations, and companies limited by guarantee. Social enterprises can generate income in a myriad ways.
or Work Ventures in Australia. 444) Consumer co-ops such as the Japanese food co-ops which have 13 million members.
companies and organisations which are responsible for exploitative labour practices, cause harm to people and planet or are at odds with the values and mission of the investing organisation.
donations, charging for some services to cover the costs of 100 400 350 300 200 150 50 250 0 Germany Italy UK France Finland USA Paid work
Unpaid work Leisure Housework, paid work and leisure (Minutes per day and person, latest year available) Note:
Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size
while providing incentives to creators by enabling them to retain some rights over their works.
which allow academics to publish works online for free. Valorising the voluntary Another set of methods have tried to give formal value to time in the household.
SPICE has established more than 40 projects in South Wales whereby institutions like local authorities, schools, colleges and housing associations grant time credits for various kinds of volunteer work
or equivalents such as Ithaca Hours that represent a specified quantity of labour time. With Ithaca Hours a unit is valued at $10,
and while most work is valued as one unit, certain professionals like dentists are allowed to value their hour more highly.
In this scheme someone works for an hour helping an old person with shopping or housework. If they work outside the hours of 9am to 5pm they get one
If they undertake body care work they get two hours. The time dollars they receive can
which mobilises citizens who are not teachers to work in schools. 518) Producer-consumer collaboration, such as Community Shared Agriculture, in
200 Liftshare 198 Limited liability Partnerships (LLPS) 65 Linux 139 Live Work 31 London Climate Change Agency 158 Mapping 17-19
154 White house Office of Social Innovation 132 Wikipedia 138 Wikiprogress 120 Wiser Earth 178 Wordpress 138-139 Workplace as Museum 75 Work
His recent work has focused on new waste and energy systems and on projects in the social economy.
Work by scientists such as Walport 1 as well as by thinkers such as Schön 12 Galimberti 8, 1 http://gamesforchange. org/2 http://www. ushahidi. com/and Feenberg 5 help to understand,
. & Whittle, J. 2014) Imaginative labour and relationships of care: Co-designing prototypes with vulnerable communities.
local or regional organisations that work with SMES to facilitate the change process. A recent assessment report4 launched by the European commission, Directorate General information Society,
and share knowledge and experiences When groups of organisations adopt networked methods of cooperative work,
while the other is comprised of work teams inside departments inside divisions inside businesses inside industries. 16 The new paradigm requires thinking in terms of whole systems that is,
The companies within them coevolve capabilities around innovation and work cooperatively and competitively to support new products,
are committed fully work together forming a community a critical mass of enterprises (including the small organizations) use the ecosystem as business tool.
encompassing elements of precursor works by Lowe (1982) and Sábato and Mackenzi (1982), interprets the shift from a dominating industry-government dyad in the Industrial Society to a growing triadic relationship between university
is characterized by high specialization and work centralization, limited mobility of workers, rigid and inertial institutional boundaries, low interaction with entities of another institutional sphere,
and increase collaboration to improve work effectiveness. Subsequently, boundaries between the job categories involved in these hybrid structures become looser
manifested through increasing communication and interconnectivity between people and institutions, mobility of people and financial capital, delocalisation and globalisation of production sites, labour and social relationships, etc.
Elements like generation and internalization of new skills and abilities required for integration into dynamic work environments, access to both information and knowledge,
and financers, were elided (Freiberger and Swaine 2000). 14 changing in the Knowledge Society, in line with the changing nature of work, workplace and organizations (Heerwagen,
and moving towards a vision of work that is defined as a lifelong process of education and cognitive development rather than a company career (Spittle, 2010).
industry and government institutional spheres to work more closely together to promote innovation. In the early 1990's a group of foundations were created to fill gaps in the country's innovation funding system.
the industries it was intended to support had moved largely from the region to be close to raw materials, lines of distribution and access to inexpensive labour.
which put together resources to develop a strategy for the renewal of a region that had been in economic decline from the early 20th century due to departure of industries and firms to regions with raw materials and cheap labour.
such as strong knowledge base, skilled labour services and proximity to sources of knowledge and expertise, are much more important than cost reductions, especially for high-tech firms.
and better work conditions to attract distinguished researchers rather than develop young researchers. 16 The Brazilian popular cooperative incubator model was invented bottom-up by a university incubator
which importation of organisational innovations work and when do they impede development? What methodology should be developed for such an analysis,
The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace (downloaded on 8 april from http://www. wbdg. org/resources/chngorgwork. php.
‘The changing nature of work'(downloaded on 9 april from http://andrewspittle. net/2010/02/18/the-changing nature-of-work/)Steinmueller, W. E. 1994.
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