However, there has been very little dialogue internationally about what works and what does not, despite the fact that many governments and international agencies have placed this key priority on their agendas.
what works and does not work in the process of developing and implementing health IT. Maccabi Healthcare Services is the second largest health fund in Israel
and to help translate them into contextspecific information that can empower providers in their work'.
This pressure to go for global innovation is enhanced by given socio-demographic factors, e g. shortage of skilled labour, in many industrialized countries.
and Labour Affairs in Hamburg and co-financed by the European union (EU). The findings of this survey are matched here against perceived opportunities
16 3. 3. 1 Shortage of Skilled Labour...16 3. 3. 2 Financial Problems and State Support...
19 4. 1. 1 Quantitative Availability of Skilled Labour...19 4. 1. 2 Reducing Bottlenecks in Product Pipeline...
20 4. 2. 1 Cheaper Costs for (Skilled) Labour...21 4. 2. 2 State-induced Incentives...
This pressure to go for global innovation is enhanced by given sociodemographic factors, e g. shortage of skilled labour, in many industrialized countries.
and Labour Affairs in Hamburg and co-financed by the European union (EU The findings of this survey are matched here against perceived opportunities
This paper unless specified otherwise works with the EC definition primarily since this definition has been adopted by most of the member countries of the EU including Germany thereby building the basis for most public policies
In Germany as well as in many other EU member countries SMES usually operate under high overhead costs, such as labour costs,
and Eastern europe. 1 Ifm Bonn works with a definition of SMES that differs from the official definition. 2 Definition criteria such as annual turn over
) According to the specifications of the State Ministry of Economic and Labour Affairs (Behörde für Wirtschaft und Arbeit) in Hamburg,
Abandonment of Innovation Projects owing to Financial Constraints 3. 2. 1. 2 Availability of Skilled Labour Another major hurdle faced by the survey respondents related to the difficulty in finding suitable
However, experienced skilled labour was generally difficult to find. 71%71%21%36%14%7%29%14%0%20%40%60%80%Diploma-holders Engineers
Managers Others With work experience Freshers n=33 Figure 6: Lack of Qualified Human resources as Barrier to Innovation BARRIERS TO INNOVATION IN SMES:
since both Germany and its Hamburg region endure substantial unemployment with an unemployment rate of nearly 9%.At the same time the industry is unable to fill vacant positions with skilled labour.
the desire to reduce costs by getting access to cheaper labour. Supposedly unfavourable regulatory conditions at home also did not play any worthwhile role in the decision to go international. 3. 2. 3. 2 Challenges of International Innovation The desire to engage in international innovation activities
In the following we describe the two most important aspects of this new research. 3. 3. 1 Shortage of Skilled Labour Firms not only in Germany
but in many other Western countries are faced with scarcity of skilled labour owing primarily to two reasons:
2004) b) Lack of student interest in engineering and natural sciences (see IWD (2007)) In Germany alone firms are facing a severe crunch of skilled labour,
According to some preliminary calculations the shortage of skilled (technical) labour, primarily of engineers and scientists, is leading to a loss of over 20 billion euros a year in the form of unrealized business opportunities.
recruiting skilled technical labour is increasingly becoming a grave problem (DIHK, 2007). Firms are reporting vacancy periods of 3 to 6 months to fill an engineer vacancy;
while the official labour mediation agency Bundesagentur für Arbeit confirms this trend (Dunkel & Kühnlenz, 2007;
SMES are more prone to suffer from the shortage of skilled labour than large firms,
fast-growing markets such as China and India, may offer tremendous opportunities, e g. in the form of vast pools of qualified human resources in science and technology, cheaper labour costs and access to new, fast
2006), suggest that seeking access to know-how (e g. in the form of skilled labour) is one of the most important drivers of global innovation.
4. 1. 1 Quantitative Availability of Skilled Labour The demographically disadvantageous factor of an aging population in many Western countries, including Germany,
With 14 million young university graduates (with seven years or less of work experience) India's talent pool is estimated to be the largest worldwide, overlapping Chinese talent pool by 50%and that of the USA by 100
Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,
2003). 4. 1. 2 Reducing Bottlenecks in Product Pipeline Global innovation activities may ensure that work can be carried out simultaneously from multiple locations and on multiple projects, if needed.
in addition to access to skilled labour, may also contribute to reducing costs of innovation. 4. 2. 1 Cheaper Costs for (Skilled) Labour Global activities,
The labour costs are however going up, see section 5. 2. 4. 2. 2 State-induced Incentives There may be induced lucrative state incentives to indulge in R&d activities abroad if the host country offers significant financial support, e g. in the form of tax
Even China and India are reportedly experiencing shortage of skilled labour with international knowledge standards;
wages of highly skilled labour in India reportedly grow by 10 to 15%and above per annum on average;
) Wage costs for semiskilled or unskilled labour, however, remain significantly lower than in Western, industrialized nations. 5. 3 Protection of Intellectual Property rights (IPRS) The protection of IPRS remains a concern,
For instance, Hirschfeld (2005) reports several incidences of intercultural nuisances in Indo-German software development work.
Fabian and Schmidli (2005) report similar problems in Sino-Swiss projects. 5. 7 Acceptance Issues The parent unit (headquarters) tend to interfere in the innovation work being carried out at the foreign location,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Management of Globally Distributed work, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, pp. 451-465.
The practical work and implementation of the program is done by TEN-T EA, Trans-European transport 6/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster network executive agency.
Multi-Annual call consists of several different work programs, all of which have their own goal and objective.
The projects have varied from feasibility studies to complex and concrete infrastructure works. Sources: http://tentea. ec. europa. eu/en/news events/newsroom/10 more implementation su ccesses show the continuous impact of the ten-t programme. htm http://tentea. ec. europa. eu/en/apply for funding/follow the funding process
http://bankwatch. org/our-work/who-we-monitor/ebrd http://www. ebrd. com/pages/homepage. shtml#&panel1-3 Private funding One of the important aspects in the EU funding is leverage.
For example in TEN-T financing the EU support is approximately 20%in works and 50%in studies
The EU grant from TEN-T program may cover approximately 20%of the works and 50%of the studies.
The construction works led to improved safety, higher capacity and better accessibility to the port.
Construction costs EUR 3. 8 billion Other works EUR 0. 3 billion Total construction costs EUR 4. 1 billion Project
and Finnish railway company VR-Track Ltd will be responsible for the construction work. VR-Track Ltd signed an agreement that includes rebuilding the superstructure on 66 kilometers of track
There were problems in the terminal and fixed equipment work. Also the rolling stock costs had been underestimated. In 1990 the project got its 4. equity after the banks of Midland, Natwest,
EU supports the construction works at the cross-border sections with approximately 10%higher grants
The start date for the construction works was in September 2009 and the road was completed in November 2011.
European union financed a part of the project by compensating 19%of the works costs with a share of 5. 3 Million euros.
Construction works will be completed in 2015 and the length of the section is 53 kilometer. Tieyhtiö Valtatie 7 is a project company
According to Todtling (2006), at the regional level, universities can serve as antennas for adopting external knowledge and mediator for local knowledge circulation, source of highly skilled labour, knowledge providers in university industry linkages
This work was cofinanced through the European Social Fund through The Sectoral Operational Programme Human resources Development 2007-2013,
The former defined as all creative work undertaken within the enterprise that increases knowledge for developing new and improved goods or services and processes
Finally, product innovation seems to have a positive impact on firms'labour productivity (Hall Et al. 2009.
For This paper is indebted intellectually to the collective theoretical and empirical work done on the subject by the Academic Unit of CSIC (Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica:
and Judith Sutz of work but rather the most urgent ones concrete deprivations that cause significant limitations to the quality of life in absolute terms.
profiting from the work done in these territories by a specific extension university program, the Metropolitan Integral Program.
those funded will have, somehow, to coordinate their work. The objective of the platform is to concentrate efforts in a complex and multidimensional SIP that is unlikely to be addressed efficiently by more classic and isolated research projects.
It reports on the empirical work of Tepsie examining the use of online networks and other digital tools to support and/or enabler social innovation.
127 5 Introduction and purpose Background The overall objective of the Tepsie project's Work Package WP8 (using online networks to maximum effect) is to examine the extent to which, how and why,
In this context, Work Package 8 examines the impact of ICT on, and its interaction with, social innovation,
of this report This deliverable D8. 3 reports on the empirical work of Tepsie's WP8 examination of so-called‘digital social innovation'
This report, D8. 3, presents and analyses the empirical desk work and case studies undertaken by Tepsie,
and making policy recommendations based on the cumulative work of WP8. 1 http://digitalsocial. eu/2‘Big data'refers to the vast amount of data that can be collected from the internet,
Education Environment Civic engagement Health Life satisfaction Safety Work-life balance General public services Defense Public order and safety Economic affairs Environmental
Scoreboard Tepsie themes Jobs Work-life balance Economic Affairs 1. Employment Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society) Health Health 3
Education and skills Participation and democracy Culture and arts Health and wellbeing Work and employment Neighbourhood regeneration Energy and environment Science Finance and economy.
Case study focus areas by theme Theme Focus Area Employment Preparing for work Finding work Creating
and doing work Place making (community and local development) Smart places Local community development Civic engagement
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted by the case) Employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities,
etc. 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) 5. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) 6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) 7
. Other Place making (for community and local development) 1. Improved place-related facilities and amenities (digital,
Overall, in WP8's empirical work, a deliberate choice has been made not to examine already well known
low job skills and the digital divide Jobbanken (DK) Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them self-esteem,
and reducing society's costs Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers
& volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend Eslife (ES) Flexible work matching for household & family tasks,
and doing work Mission Leben (DE) Providing people with a mental illness with work, improving their life and self-esteem CSE:
Strategic issues, trends and challenges The potential for innovation in the workplace in terms of changing job types, how work is performed
Across Europe, there are also considerable differences in the institutional and regulatory systems within which work
which workers are guaranteed not any work and thus income at all. On the one hand, this may benefit freelancers who have the skills,
whilst on the other hand there is evidence this condemns many who do not have such resources to a working life characterised by intermittent and uncertain work and income. 11 In Europe,
by the European WISE Network (Work Integration Social Enterprises as a tool for promoting inclusion),
/social-economy/13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promotinginclusion 19
or enabled by ICT typically reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity,
there is no general agreement as to the types or quality of any new work or new work forms.
It is clear that an increasingly flexible model of work is leading to threats to traditional benefits,
and quality of work, revolving around the use and creation of implicit and tacit knowledge.
What we think of as‘routine'is part of a dynamic cycle in which new work, knowledge and processes are created and older types
Access to information and networks allows people to make more informed decisions about work and careers.
Training and preparation for work can now take place more easily and cheaply online. People are able to find work that interests them/employees who fit their requirements much more easily through the availability of online contracting
Work can be split up into chunks both time-wise and location-wise, thus enabling work to be undertaken by many people across the world simultaneously,
which allows it to be completed more quickly and cheaply. Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free
and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries. ICT thus makes it easier for workers to find jobs
It is clear that labour is becoming more disjoined from location, and work is increasingly disaggregated and shared across space and time.
There is a rise in so-called‘homeshoring, 'where people work for a virtual organisation or callcentre from their homes,
and competences relevant for work by facilitating or improving the social and other supports relevant to preparing for Work on this basis,
Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) using ICT. Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.
for example by matching those looking for work with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes.
for example the US-based Taskrabbit which also recently launched in the UK. 16 ICT can assist in finding work in two main ways:
by facilitating or improving the matching of paid work with workers looking for such work by facilitating
or improving the matching of unpaid/voluntary/reciprocal work with people looking for such work.
Improved matching between work demand and supply using ICT. 3. Creating and doing work ICT helps in the introduction of,
or increase in, new forms of employment, such as telework, distance work, flexible work or itinerant work,
as well as completely new types of work such as web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT
or are in the ICT sector. Work may be performed away from the organisational premises at another location or‘on the move,
'and may also result in completely virtual forms of (semi) permanent or temporary work, or so-called‘project'work.
ICT can also assist people enter or become stronger in the labour market who are excluded more or less from the traditional labour market,
such as the disabled, older persons, or would-be workers who are disadvantaged otherwise (such as immigrants with poor language or other skills).
and doing work: by facilitating or increasing the amount of work and/or the number of jobs by facilitating new,
or improving existing, ways of working (e g. in terms of quality, flexibility, location, remuneration, etc.)There are two social innovation outcomes examined for this focus area:
Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) using ICT. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) using ICT.
In addition, there is also one theme-wide social innovation outcome: Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT. 16 https://www. taskrabbit. com
300 youth Jobbanken (DK) 17 Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them selfesteem,
387 started in a protected job Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) 18 Flexible work matching for jobseekers
and manage the supply and demand of labour and volunteers, and better utilise existing resources-Public (€600, 000 seed money 2005), private and civil funding, civil partners, private operation-80,000 users, 13. 7m potential, 9 FTES,
across UK Eslife (ES) 19 Flexible work matching for household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area-Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit
000 people matched with work in 7 cities, growing to>25 cities in 2014 Skillendar (UK) 20 Skills calendar to match job seekers
and doing work Mission Leben (DE) 21 Providing people with a mental illness with work, improving their life
and doing work cases. Although many of the cases provide outcomes in two or more focus areas (see section 3. 2. 3),
and doing work cases show a mix of public and market funding and mixed actor operation.
Slivers of Time's portal can be tailored to specific needs linking employers wanting short-term staff with workers offering flexible work,
People looking for work or to volunteer can also create a profile building a‘talent pool
i) notification of work or a task which needs doing, ii) proposals from people wishing to provide work or tasks and acceptance,
and iii) completion of the work or task and payment to Eslife of 15%of price paid.
The types of tasks matched are babysitting, elderly care, pet care, cleaning, minor moves, and repairs.
Creating and doing work ICT used: Both standard and bespoke ICT is used also alongside physical and traditional activities depending on the skills and aptitudes of the individual.
Mission Leben has developed content creation and issue identification platforms, for example as inventories of work to do and work done.
Preparing for employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) Surfen zum Job:
Improvement of all-round work and ICT skills of unemployed people with a mental illness, and their motivation to learn.
provides benefits of legal and insured work compared to informal work. Mission Leben: comprehensive workplace and work process transformation to match the capacities and needs of people with a mental illness.
Finding employment 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many also found employment directly via the case.
Slivers of Time: 80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m potential, facilitated by 9 full-time-equivalent staff across the UK.
For example, Leeds City council coped with peaks in service demand for street cleaning, data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply.
and volunteers looking for work, in 7 cities and growing to over 25 in 2014 (latest two months of data show 600-700 tasks completed by 75-80 task providers).
when they need it. 4. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) Slivers of Time:
and volunteers seeking flexible work to link with people needing care and their carers to give the latter some support, relief or a break.
focuses on‘people helping people'philosophy on a family, community and neighbourhood life context helps to enrich work in the local area.
Creating and doing work 5. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) Mission Leben:
and about 20%are social enterprises. 6. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) Mission Leben:
Increase in more varied types of work available to people with a mental illness, like scanning, sorting
more satisfying and more highly remunerated work through supporting start-up innovations where the individual has much greater influence and control over their current and future work.
laundry and similar work used to be sent to cheaper wage countries, but is done now more locally saving transport and other physical costs.
and skills of the beneficiaries through direct activation and participation within a clear and goal oriented structure to help the beneficiary become ready for work both in terms of capability but also motivation. 28 Finding employment All three
This is reinforced by the fact that much of the work and many of the tasks directly support family, community and local life,
'Creating and doing work The two cases, Mission Leben and CSE, are at opposite ends of the spectrum between a protected and adapted workplace in the former case and a dynamic, innovative and challenging workplace in the latter case.
and undertake new work. Each case uses various mixes of both standard and bespoke ICT alongside physical and traditional activities depending on the skills and aptitudes of the individual.
Creating and doing work The main barrier for the Mission Leben case is that the bespoke ICT needs backup systems and support, often at short notice,
and thereby increase the likelihood of obtaining work in the future. Thus, although successful employment preparation initiatives exist in many forms with and without ICT,
and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of labour,
whilst in turn enabling them to access flexible work or tasks that suit them. This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing the need for costly intermediaries (the‘middleman,
and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel resources in deploying both permanent and occasional staff
and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain. ICT also enables much greater flexibility, personalisation and‘mass customisation'of work and tasks
which additionally increases both economic and social‘efficiencies, 'thereby improving the productive deployment of unused assets.
and interests protected in new forms of labour and employment contracts, mediated as necessary by policy-makers
Creating and doing work The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is mainly an enabler rather than a supporter of social innovation in these cases.
and doing work cases exhibit a range of actors, with a mix of public and private funding,
any work task or process to match the variable needs of potential workers, regardless of their particular characteristics.
Policy issues The main policy implication is the use of ICT to enable the inclusion into the labour force of most if not all individuals who are willing and able to work
New types of productive work can be created and carried out if ICT is used intelligently for the benefit of both society as a whole and of employers.
This also directly improves the lives of the individuals concerned by enabling them to carry out work
The CSE case also illustrates how such work can itself become more creative and innovative with potential spillover effects on new types of productive work and potentially in new areas and sectors of work.
and doing work focus areas, for example by making it possible to setup new business models and adapting workplaces to workers'special needs.
and doing work cases scale-free dissemination and copying networks are starting to become common,
and demand for labour are developed which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources.
In turn, these require careful balancing of the interests of both the supply and demand sides of labour so as not to lead to exploitation.
The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT to align the types and processes of work
and tasks to specific individuals and operationally focus on what the individual can do rather what they cannot do. 3. Policy issues related to ICT in social innovation Following on from the strategic and operational issues,
The creating and doing work cases illustrate a strong inclusion policy of catering for people previously excluded from the labour market
and by creating new types and areas of work, thus also increasing the productive deployment of unused or underused assets with similar caveats as above.
The other four cases in the employment theme, in the preparing for work and the creating
and doing work focus areas, need to deploy ICT in such social need cases alongside physical and traditional activities as it is more difficult to make such functionalities separate or discreet from each other.
and doing work: more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
& work processes for vulnerable people, for enabling vital online knowledge & experience sharing. Mix of public & private funding,
Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on what can be done rather than what can't Inclusion policy for people previously excluded from the labour market
and for creating new types and areas of work, thus increasing the productive deployment of unused assets. 36 Place making Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out across Europe in relation to strategic issues,
This approach is increasingly focusing on the daily social needs of people for work, education,
local currency to exchange work and goods, regulated informally in community-Local civil funding through subscriptions & from university;
The overall belief is that encouraging people back into work will have the biggest impact on quality of life and self esteem,
Supplementing this work Hackney CAB Crowdmap carried out research into the housing market in Hackney and published research findings on the website.
The model only works well when otherwise competitor organisations work together. This implies a change in mindset and new types of business model, also related to the Dutch personal budget and client-based budgetary system.
These concepts work only if the user fully integrates the community technology and services into his/her life pattern,
and how to make these‘work harder'for them ICT connectivity makes the sharing economy possible on a scale never seen before 48 www. zipcar. com 49 www. airbnb. com 50 Given the above very general definition
and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
and its organisers have an active policy of letting communities work openly and regulate themselves.
both to make the system work, as well as ensure that real value and knowledge are generated and experienced by members.
On-and offline forums like Repair Cafés work because everybody can be an expert in something.
when this works well, into a dynamic ecosystem of increasing value. ICT imparts much greater flexibility
and social care Productivity in a labour-intensive sector coupled with declining availability of the workforce Policy drive towards self management,
Moreover, the new model has to work from another perspective than the old one. Instead of an institutionally based model of health care, the aim is to create a participatory model where care should be a team activity where the patient becomes the central member
This has to be facilitated in school, home, work and community settings. Action is required through educational, professional, commercial and voluntary bodies
which has given also them much greater flexibility in their work. The creation of an innovative culture in the hospitals involved with improved understanding of operational and project leadership processes,
as well as making the hospitals more attractive places to work. Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health and social care 4. Scaled health impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities) Dothiv:.
Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on what can be done rather than what can't Inclusion policy for people previously excluded from the health market.
While people in the outside world work collaboratively and flexibly in distributed teams, using a variety of digital tools
and university not ready for work/higher/further education Mismatch of skills especially digital literacy Need for lifelong learning,
as the validation of the work of the students is sometimes based on peer assessments by fellow course participants.
Giving information on early childhood development, MONDEY works also to disseminate knowledge on this topic. The website informs about the project and its aims, too.
The new knowledge reacts upon the work with children the monitoring and the fostering directly.
While the biggest part of MONDEY works online, face to face contact plays an important 120 role to teach parents and professionals on the content of MONDEY.
and constantly monitor the students'learning progression which creates a better awareness and understanding of what works,
In MONDEY's case reciprocity works. There are already first insights into the development of children gained
IPTS (2014) Exploratory Research on Internet-enabled Work Exchanges and Employability: Analysis and synthesis of qualitative evidence on crowdsourcing for work, funding and volunteers, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European commission, Joint Research Centre, Sevillle, Spain.
Kavanaugh, A l.,Fox, E. A.,Sheetz, S d.,Yang, S.,Li, L. T.,Shoemaker, D. J,
theoretical framework for further empirical work) of the SI-DRIVE FP7 supported social innovation research project:
Sennett, R. 1998) The Corrosion of Character, The Personal Consequences Of Work In the New Capitalism, Norton.
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted) Employment 8. Increase in jobs & work (number & duration) 9. Improved jobs & work (quality & remuneration) 10.
Improved entrepreneurship & work skills (personal & collective) 11. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. 12.
And these failures are a necessary part of learning what works. Indeed, Samuel Beckett's famous line‘Try again.
Networks operate in all works of life and are now being affected profoundly by ICT. To investigate networks
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