starting from an agreed overarching goal of economic development and from basic assumptions of democratic processes and fair competition, several principles, theories,
Social constructivism Epistemology P2p run-time architecture Biological ecosystems Networks Evolutionary architecture Democratic processes Innovation Competition Dynamic economy Scientific research outputs Open
Moore, 996) A wealthy ecosystem sees a balance between cooperation and competition in a dynamic free market.
Game theory sees atomised economic agents in competition to maximise their own utilities as offering a better explanation,
and the dynamic interactions (the relationships and the cooperation/competition) between all the economic players. The public consultation process produced a research agenda (Dini et al.
The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems, New york: Harper Business.
open and distributed infrastructure (avoiding points of centralisation by design) that allowed the emergence of creativity, bottom-up innova 13 tion and honest competition.
whose dominant players set the terms of innovation and competition. Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010
Honest competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
which was referred then to the Competitions Commission, and was finally forgone by Murdoch altogether. In broader terms, a joint report produced by Information Society Unit at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS)
there is also an international competition APIC (Airprobe International Challenge) organised between four cities: London (UK), Antwerp (Belgium), Kassel (Germany), and Turin (Italy.
over 100 exhibiting makers, hands-on workshops, demonstrations and DIY competitions. The launch of Maker Faire in the San francisco bay Area in 2006 demonstrated the popularity of making
To this end, the city hosts competitions with awards for innovation and development coming out from the open data generated to deal with the particular needs of citizens in the city,
Schwedenplatz (where citizens came together with experts as part of a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission statement to regenerate the Schwedenplatz area.
which was Europe's biggest open data competition to date, attracting 430 entries from 24 Member States.
open and distributed infrastructure (avoiding points of centralisation by design) that allowed the emergence of creativity, bottom-up innova 13 tion and honest competition.
whose dominant players set the terms of innovation and competition. Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010
Honest competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
which was referred then to the Competitions Commission, and was finally forgone by Murdoch altogether. In broader terms, a joint report produced by Information Society Unit at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS)
there is also an international competition APIC (Airprobe International Challenge) organised between four cities: London (UK), Antwerp (Belgium), Kassel (Germany), and Turin (Italy.
over 100 exhibiting makers, hands-on workshops, demonstrations and DIY competitions. The launch of Maker Faire in the San francisco bay Area in 2006 demonstrated the popularity of making
To this end, the city hosts competitions with awards for innovation and development coming out from the open data generated to deal with the particular needs of citizens in the city,
Schwedenplatz (where citizens came together with experts as part of a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission statement to regenerate the Schwedenplatz area.
which was Europe's biggest open data competition to date, attracting 430 entries from 24 Member States.
It also calls for measures to build confidence and trust in the Digital Single Market via actions in the field of competition (net neutrality, unfair practices), consumer protection (alternative and online dispute resolution) and infrastructures.
In the issue of competition enforcement, on 12 december 2012, the Commission adopted a decision that rendered legally binding the commitments offered by Apple Inc. and four international e-book publishers:
and application of its competition rules, including with regard to the use of selective distribution systems in the online world.
In practice, this is done through its own cases, through discussions with national competition authorities within the European Competition Network,
Moreover, the national competition authorities inform the Commission of their case investigations and their envisaged decisions applying EU antitrust rules.
Cases are discussed as part of the activities of the European Competition Network (ECN. There is also a working group within the ECN to discuss issues related to distribution agreements.
to ensure that the competition rules continue to be applied rigorously in the future. The Commission adopted on 31 january 2013 a Green Paper launching a consultation on business-to-business unfair trading practices22 in the food and non-food supply chain.
and often seem to be implemented to restrict competition, for instance in the voice market. Moreover, a recent Commission in depth market study on internet services provision from a consumer perspective showed that very little information was provided to consumers on internet providers'websites on issues such as blocking/slowing down of services
and competition on these markets and proposing legislative action where necessary, (ii) making sure that these payment services are transparent for consumers and sellers,(iii) improving and accelerating the standardisation and interoperability of payments by card, internet or mobile phone,
More competition between payment service providers and a level playing field between incumbent and new players in this field.
e-inclusion and e-health is also subject to this ex-ante conditionality. 54 COM (2012) 9609/2 http://ec. europa. eu/competition/state aid/legislation/broadband guidelines en
Consistent infrastructure access pricing is key to effective competition and investments in the EU telecoms markets.
The market must change to allow more competition innovation and the emergence of up-to-date digital models.
which promotes competition and innovation and makes full use of emerging technologies. It should therefore adopt the Payments Services Directive II
The Commission, the European parliament and the Member States should encourage vigorous competition and innovation in the postal market and tackle cross-border barriers by pursuing a sensible approach on parcel delivery.
or channel supply constraints are in line with EU competition law, and that exclusive/selective distribution is allowed only under strictly limited
The Common European Sales Law could potentially lead to competition distortions. Foreign companies will benefit from the optional Sales Law
unless significant progress is made in areas such as skills, innovation and competition. The Nordic countries and Ireland are the most ICTSAVVY.
Skills, innovation and competition are crucial to making technology work. The productivity growth gap between the US and Europe is partly down to differences in effectiveness of ICT use.
Competition. Governments must maintain the assault on barriers to competition, particularly in telecommunications markets. This is particularly critical for the growth of broadband access.
Moreover, the benefits of enhanced telecoms competition must be extended to businesses and consumers in the EU accession countries.
ICT in the public sector. The executives we interviewed and surveyed believe the best thing governments can do to promote effective ICT use is to practise what they preach.
The ICT enablers index takes into account affordability of Internet access, telecoms market competition, security of the Internet infrastructure, government support for ICT development,
although patchily implemented, has encouraged also competition and made voice, Internet and data communications more affordable to many businesses and households.
unfettered competition Our cross-section analysis of 60 countries appeared to confirm a strong link in developed economies between the quality of the business environment and the economic impact of ICT.
In addition, competition in ICT-producing markets drives advances in technology and also pushes prices down,
Strong competition in the economy as a whole encourages other companies to use technology to innovate with their products,
A clear example of the benefits of open competition can be seen in Europe's liberalisation of its telecoms markets
sector 23 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 35 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 34 Promotion of common technology standards 36 Availability of good
and Internet 41 Development of e-democracy 15 Government innovation in providing online services to citizens 44 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Regulation to protect consumer interests
and reduce administrative burdens on product competition. Bart van Ark, an economist from the University of Gröningen, believes restrictive product markets discourage innovation and ultimately the effective use of ICT.
and harmonising zoning laws would encourage competition and innovative behaviour in this intensive ICT-using sector.
The current variation of competition and other regulations in different member states are often counterproductive, claims Mr Weyns,
A commitment to open markets and unfettered competition is clearly a factor in encouraging successful innovation,
and exploit technology's potential to the full. 3. Redouble the assault on barriers to competition. We've highlighted the benefits that telecoms market liberalisation has brought to European businesses and consumers in the form of reduced costs and better services.
But policymakers must continue to promote competition in the telecoms industry for two main reasons.
In the longer term, competition in the provision of broadband services must become entrenched to ensure that businesses
the benefits of competition must be extended to the EU's new members. Csaba Csapodi, director-general in Hungary's Ministry of Informatics, stresses that connectivity and cost of IT systems as well as telecoms services remain barriers to productive ICT use in accession countries.
Pressure on incumbents coupled with incentives for competition will provide a catalyst for broadband adoption. 4. Practise what you preach.
as of national income A qualitative indicator of competition in the telecoms market. A qualitative indicator of the security of the Internet infrastructure.
%respondents) Promotion of common technology standards 36 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 35 Government leading the way in innovative use of ICT 35 Schemes to promote access to higher
and Internet 41 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Promotion of common technology standards 32 Development of e
providing best value through innovation, efficient energy management and‘level playing field'competition and regulation. The vision embraces the latest technologies to ensure success,
Investment remuneration and stable regulatory frameworks will be necessary for a level playing field competition in a liberalised market.
Increasing competition is expected to keep a downward pressure on energy prices, but a more environmentally friendly energy mix may bring cost challenges.
Providing best value through innovation, efficient energy management and‘level playing field'competition and regulation. Commercialisation, whether in Europe or internationally, can only take place
Increasing competition will encourage efficiency and spur on technological progress and innovation. As a result, the internal market is expected to provide benefits to the European citizens such as a wider choice of services and downward pressure on electricity prices.
it can bring the benefits of competition, choice and incentives for an efficient development. The change might be described better as a revision of the traditional monopoly-based regulation of electricity supply.
Regulatory bodies will develop harmonised rules to favour competition on a nondiscriminatory basis in the EU context.
presenting a novel form of competition for traditional establishments (Ally 2009). 24 Figure E. 3. 1:
The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity, Mckinsey Global Institute, 2011. Manyika, J.,S. Lund, B. Auguste,
This is due, in part, to continued uncertainty about sections of the European fi nancial system, inadequate competition in the services sector and fragmentation of markets in key strategic sectors.
30 Public Systematic entrepreneurship education throughout the curriculum, tailoring content to market needs Initiatives exist in a dozen countries on cooperation between education and business, entrepreneurial competitions, certification of entrepreneurship skills
and monitoring degree of openness The not-invented-here syndrome that leads to external work being seen as competition
Entrepreneurs play a key role in securing competition and innovation in the economy. In recent years innovation-driven entrepreneurship has become an important part of Danish policy.
the importance of this issue decreases while the relevance of other difficulties increases, including severe competition, availability of skilled employees and managers,
competition and cash-flow issues. There were also a number of barriers that innovative SMES experience over and above those that do not innovate:
Here again, the examples of Nordic countries (and especially Finland) show how European education systems can be tuned better to global competition,
The Emergence of Knowledge as the Source of Comparative Advantage 7. Confronted with lower cost competition in foreign locations,
"10 10 Tom Peters,"New Products, New Markets, New Competition, New Thinking,"The Economist, 4 march, 1989, pp. 27-32.
which leaves it vulnerable to competition from more technologically advanced companies. Customers eventually reward technological leaders that can provide them with unanticipated product innovations and improvements.
and (2) the degree of monopoly versus local competition. 49. One model suggests that a concentration of firms within a particular industry in a geographic region facilitates knowledge spillovers across firms (the Marshall-Arrow-Romer model.
There is also theoretic debate about the effect of competition on innovative activity. The Marshall-Arrow-Romer model predicts that local monopoly should be superior to local competition 13 Saxenian (1990,
pp. 97-98). 14 For an extension of this see Vernon (1994) and Vernon et al.
In contrast, Jacobs (1969) and Porter (1990) argue that competition is more conducive to the generation of knowledge externalities than is local monopoly. 15 Not only does a large number of firms result in greater competition for new ideas,
and local competition did positively influence industry growth rates in US cities from 1956-1987 (Glaeser et al.,
In addition, the results of this study indicate that local competition for new ideas within a city is more conducive to innovative activity than is local monopoly.
More specifically, regulatory policy, competition antitrust policy, and the public ownership of business are on the decline.
and David B. Audretsch, 1999, Science-Based Diversity, Specialization, Localized Competition and Innovation, European Economic Review, 43,409-429.
Van dijk, Meine Pieter, 1995, Flexible Specialisation, The New Competition and Industrial Districts, Small Business Economics, 7 (1), 15-28.
when firms confront a high degree of competition, as SMES in emerging economies do. Next to network ties, entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is another significant resource for achieving competitive advantage in general (Covin & Miles, 1999;
Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 3 (3), 187-210.22 Caniels, M, . & Romijn, H. A. 2005).
Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14 (1), 15-34.
Social structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (1), 35-67.
The consequence of this level of public subsidy is that much of the regional economy is cushioned to some degree from general competition.
Against a backdrop of high financial leverage and low private deposits coupled with relatively low levels of exposure to the dynamics of competition in other sectors it is difficult to see anything beyond a highly vulnerable and fragile economic environment for these firms.
the Bologna process and the new plans of the regional government to increase the specialization of universities is expected to bring more competition for student recruiting
For the highest level of vocational training students, ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE offers a business plan competition in which the winners spend three days training in the business incubators.
Culture and competition in Silicon valley and Route 128. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard university Press. Saxenian. A. 2007.
and the changing international terms of competition that have led to a growing concern with the overall innovativeness and competitiveness of the European economy.
are protected to some degree from general competition. Fourthly, although the local economy may be cushioned by EU and national subsidies,
including through awareness raising campaign, high profile public events, entrepreneurship competitions, entrepreneurship awards, support (financial and nonfinancial) for start-ups, etc.
Despite this, in the late 1980s the Danish Government identified the threat of increased global competition to the position of its firms in international markets.
A tradition of long term specialist apprenticeships between 5 and 10 years has continued through the 2000s despite increased competitive pressures on firms from foreign low cost competition (Christensen, 2010.
Obstacles and responses Despite growing international competition from lower cost producers in China and Eastern European, Denmark‘s employment remained relatively stable up until 2007 but with the economic downturn and collapse of global demand in many key markets,
enhancing rivalry and creating competition (Wong et al.,2005). ) Hence, the important contribution of entrepreneurship to national growth has been documented by several authors in the literature (Levenburg and Schwartz, 2008;
In circumstance of uncertainty and constantly competition both locally and internationally it seems essential to identify the strategic posture which may reflect firms'strengths and that probably influence their performance (Ramíres-Alesón and Espitia-Escuer, 2001.
Environmental hostility represents the degree of threat to the firm posed by the multifacetedness, vigor and intensity of the competition.
In this sense, Covin and Slevin (1989) added that a hostile environment is characterized by intense competition,
It is acknowledged that competition is based increasingly knowledge, as firms strive to learn and to develop capabilities faster than does the competition (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990;
Teece et al. 1997). ) Based on Cohen and Levinthal's (1990) definition, absorptive capacity is the ability to recognize external information,
and aggressive competition (thus far considered as a single dimension). Assessment of past research: a review Rauch, Wiklund, Lumpkin,
It is a forward-looking perspective characterized by the introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation of future demand.
In the same way, Covin and Slevin (1989) added that the hostile environment is characterized by intense competition,
It is a forward-looking perspective characterized by the introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation of future demand.
2009) highlighted the importance and the significant impact of innovation activities, competition and new products development on the internationalization,
the social structure of competition. Harvard university Press, Cambridge, MA. Caldera, A. 2010. Innovation and exporting: evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms.
and competition is intense. To make sure that consumers choose and continue to choose, your product or service over that of your competitors,
including financing, skills, competition, regulation and public funding. Among the many factors that drive innovation, emerging new technologies have played always a key role in the history of innovation.
Lowering prices for new technologies depend on the degree of competition and the ability to utilise economies of scale at various stages of production.
1982) and from a fierce competition among technology producers who are seeking competitive advantages by customising new technologies to the needs of users.
a right mix of collaboration as well as competition to stimulate innovation. Market characteristics should be right to enable actors to reap the benefits of their investments
to avoid direct competition with Asia (production focus). Global production networks with global demand. In the past strong focus on telecommunications equipment.
Also the fact that competition in the sector is global provides incentive for local actors to work together (Northern lights
Public policy The Walloon government decided to address the critical situation of international competition and saturation of its old industrial structure by launching, in August 2005,
However, all needs to be considered in the light of international competition as well. The growth and the development of cluster will also largely be determined by the relative production costs of China versus other parts of the world.
or innovations should be forced into competition. Barriers to entry can be lowered by providing joint facilities
including anticipatory demand, international orientation of users, intense competition, and a price advantage over alternative technological solutions.
In all KETS, Europe is confronted with an increasing competition from East asia which caught up significantly in the past decade whereas North america tends to show decreasing shares in global technology output.
national and international levels as well as from different policy domains, including research, innovation, education, competition, industry, taxation, health and environment.
International competition for goods and services in the upper parts of the value chain is increasingly tougher.
In economic terms, it also means stronger rationale for Open Innovation strategies in increased competition for knowledge-based and high value-added goods and services.
since it increases the competition between knowledge centres, triggering specialisation profiles. It can also be the base for complementarities
home demand, firm strategies, competition, related industries, and their interaction. Advanced and sophisticated home demand is emphasised by Porter as an important factor for raising the national competitive advantage. 11 The existence of‘sophisticated'home consumers ultimately drives demand-side innovation as companies are forced to satisfy their needs to remain competitive.
This article sets out to assess the technology profile of Europe in the context of increasingly tough international competition and fungible R&d investment moving from one country to another, depending on market opportunities and specific
but also for competition in terms of attractiveness and specialisation profile. In this context, Europe is maintaining its strengths as a world centre of knowledge production.
10.2777/29715 This article analyses Europe's competitive technology profile in the context of a globalised knowledge economy and increasingly tougher world competition for the upper end of the global value chains.
Examples of such policy instruments are competition policies, tax policies, and subsidies. Therefore, prior to the OI era, innovation came about either through private R&d spending in firms or through government investments in the public sphere 70.
Policy 30 (7)( 2001) 1091 1114.21 D. J. Teece, Competition, cooperation, and innovation: organisational arrangements for regimes of rapid technological progress, J. Econ.
O32, Q55 Introduction In an increasingly complex business environment, organizations have been confronted with rapid changes in technology, competition, regulation and customer needs and demands.
on the other hand the European commission has to watch carefully the rules of fair competition within the European Economic Area.
in full respect of the need to preserve free and fair competition. Without excluding any areas dorm such initiative,
when an accentuate competition on the internal market and a rapid change rhythm in their activity domain can be associated with the orientation to the international market-between them it should be mentioned the niche's strategy,
and to promote competition. There is a high correlation but not full coincidence between entrepreneurship and innovation. 261 The degree of innovation is monitored by policy makers.
The pace and extent of global competition has intensified significantly over recent years. Globalisation enables companies to reach new untapped markets.
Even firms serving the domestic market are facing international competition (e g. in retail, pharmacy, supermarkets.
Commodity prices are low for agricultural goods with strong competition arising from low cost production locations.
or by their understanding of the benefits of collaboration with others in a way that realises the value of complementary capabilities (rather than direct competition in the same‘space),
In addition, there is a lack of choice/competition in the backhaul provision within the region generally, from towns such as Kilkenny
and competition from lower cost locations will impact on employment levels overall and could result in a net reduction in employment within the region over the coming years.
The initial challenge is to win investment for Ireland in the face of intense global competition from larger scale countries.
Despite intensified global competition, the IDA has announced 13 new investments and/or expansions in SSCS over the past 9 months
The indigenous BPO companies face stiff competition from the larger global players based here not only for new business opportunities within the domestic market,
and/or to retain existing customers against intensified global competition. Innovative approaches are being adopted which involve offering a blended model,
Global competition is intense and Ireland cannot afford 57 Cost reduction remains a key driver,
which ascertains the limits of market mechanisms based on free competition. It calls for an evolutionary approach to solve problems by applying science
Research Issues Relating to Structure, Competition, and Performance of Small Technology-Based Firms, Small Business Economics 16 (1), 37 51.
by intense local competition (8th) and low market dominance by large companies (2nd). Germany's business sector is sophisticated very,
On the other hand, Norway's competitiveness would be enhanced further by continuing to upgrade its infrastructure (27th), fostering greater goods market efficiency and competition (28th
Its goods market is characterized by high levels of competition and an environment that facilitates new business creation.
Improvements to the institutional framework and greater competition in local markets have also been registered; these will further strengthen the country's competitive position.
which is characterized by intense local competition (16th). Turkey also benefits from its reasonably developed infrastructure (51st), particularly roads and air transport,
In addition, labor markets are considered too rigid (137th) and the level of local competition low (82nd), mainly the result of a lack of liberalization in some services.
Ukraine could realize further efficiency gains from instilling more competition into the goods and services markets (117th) and continuing the reform of the financial and banking sector (114th).
The weak level of competition (136th) caused by inefficient antimonopoly policies (124th) and high restrictions on trade and foreign ownership as well as the lack of trust in the financial system (134th) contributes to this inefficient allocation of Russia's vast resources,
In this latter pillar, insufficient domestic and foreign competition is of particular concern, as the various barriers to entry appear to be more prevalent and more important than in previous years.
inefficient allocation of production resources caused by insufficient levels of competition, and a low capacity to generate new knowledge to strengthen R&d innovation in the region.
and its relatively high levels of competition (31st) and openness to FDI (9th. The country has made also progress in addressing some of the most pressing weaknesses that have hindered traditionally its competitiveness potential.
The lack of effective competition (100th), especially in some key strategic sectors, also hinders an efficient allocation of resources that spills over into most sectors of the economy.
and the intensity of local competition (46th). However, its competitiveness is hampered by a weak public institutional setup (130th)
Structural reforms to improve the functioning of the goods markets by increasing domestic competition (143rd)
Low domestic competition (144th excessive red tape when starting a business (141st), and high trade tariffs (125th) as well as rules and regulations that deter FDI (144th) limit the efficiency of good markets.
and by fostering more openness to foreign competition currently ranked at 42nd, reflecting barriers to international trade and investment.
Second, measures to intensify domestic competition would result in efficiency gains and contribute to energizing the economy by allowing for new entrants.
establishing a regulatory framework that encourages competition to foster economic diversification, and developing a sound financial market (134th).
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