if this supply is combined with demand-side measures and more general framework conditions for firm growth and entrepreneurship.
home demand, firm strategies, competition, related industries, and their interaction. Advanced and sophisticated home demand is emphasised by Porter as an important factor for raising the national competitive advantage. 11 The existence of‘sophisticated'home consumers ultimately drives demand-side innovation as companies are forced to satisfy their needs to remain competitive.
In 2005, a high-level European expert group revisited and extended Porter's concept of lead markets.
climate change and resource scarcity. 14 This evolution is forecast to raise global demand in more sustainable cities.
pushed by demand-side measures such as standards, regulation for energy efficiency, impact on the environment, water and health, public procurement of construction and market mechanisms. 15 On the supply side,
such as the European green cars public private partnership, are combined with demand-side measures such as stricter EU regulations on passenger cars'CO2 emissions.
Europe is experiencing this growing demand particularly strongly, and therefore has large potential for‘lead users'reflecting increasing global market demand. 19 Figures 18 and 19 illustrate the strengths
which must be matched with a parallel development of advanced home demand. The article presents Europe's competitive position in the globalisation of knowledge
demand for integrated/convergent entrepreneurial graduates and skilled employees Networking/partnering organisations networking competencies, partnership broking,
In view of this demand for knowledge flows NSI scholars have listed IPR protection as one of the key functions within a portfolio
Policy 35 (7)( 2006) 994 1017.98 H. Katajisto, J. Kimari, Education, Training and Demand for Labour in Finland by 2015
Those leading CIOS who are embracing digital find themselves grappling with a new set of demands:
relatively few CIOS are equipped for the demands of a digital world and those who are not are increasingly at risk.
Digital is creating new demands for leadership. Some CIOS are ready for that and some aren't, notes Kornferry's Concannon.
it demands a different mindset. To delve deeper into this mindset, we assessed the characteristics of those CIOS most engaged in the strategic elements of their jobs,
that is a huge management demand, so it will affect your abilities on strategy and innovation.
For CIOS, all this brings new demands and pressures to which they will have to react.
This demands rapid-assembly teams that represent views from across the business, including marketing, finance and IT,
O32, Q55 Introduction In an increasingly complex business environment, organizations have been confronted with rapid changes in technology, competition, regulation and customer needs and demands.
Edquist et al (2009) Evaluation of Finnish Innovation System Full Report Provision of R&d & New Knowledge Networking & Interactive Learning Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship Customer Demand & Feedback New
It is now timely to complement this approach with a deeper understanding of the demand‘pull'factors of innovation.
People are also more mobile and high-value talent is scarce relative to global demand.
Services contribute a higher proportion to GDP in developed economies driven by consumer demand, increased disposable incomes and a demand for‘personalised'solutions.
Key investments in the electricity network are required to satisfy future demands, and the broadband offering in the region needs to be improved to support future enterprise potential.
Agri-Food Globally, the agri-food industry has transitioned from being led largely production to being led by market demands.
'This has resulted in a growing demand for lifestyle related products such as health enhancing functional foods (e g. cholesterol reducing products.
Demand for food products in the UK, a key market, has fallen due to lower aggregate demand conditions
Growth is driven principally by a growing demand for energy and a move to cleaner sources of energy production as the costs of carbon and other polluting emissions of traditional fossil fuels are being priced into production processes.
However, the limited demand for language skills by the existing cohort of companies can result in reduced retention of graduates with such skills and perhaps reduced interest in acquiring language skills.
more efficient ways of paying for software Vendors responding to these demands by embracing new delivery and pricing models, such as software as a service (Saas), infrastructure as a service (Iaas), platform as a service (Paas);
Customer Demand & Feedback New Market Formation Competence Building Skills and Education Provision of Consultancy Services Financing & Commercialisation Institutional Supports & Regulation FORFÁS REGIONAL
Low levels of educational attainment, both at leaving certificate and graduate level compared to other regions High numbers of relatively low skilled unemployed High levels of skills where demand has reduced significantly,
lack of demand and limitations due to existing track infrastructure. While improvements have been achieved for example enhanced commuter services to Dublin (from Carlow and Wexford especially) and the introduction of an early morning service on the Waterford-Dublin inter-city line,
To facilitate this demand, Eirgrid has suggested that the following investments in the Southeast's electricity grid are necessary;
and nationally indicates reasonable demand for these types of occupations in the South East. Economic Infrastructures Broadband From an enterprise development perspective, the timely delivery of advanced broadband services in key urban centres is the top infrastructure priority.
Forfás reviewed water and waste water supply and demand in all NSS centres in 2008. Based on an analysis of demand and supply, the priority in the South East region is additional waste water treatment capacity in Wexford town.
Forfás will be working with the Department of the Environment to update the water/waste water needs of enterprise in the NSS centres later in the year16.
as it will increase the volume of water available to meet demand without necessitating significant capital investment in new water treatment capacity SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS to supply 9, 000 cubic metres
and 220 kv electricity stations to accommodate additional demand, in excess of projected demand, without the need for additional grid reinforcement17.
Capability (MW) for Additional Demand at 220 kv and 110 kv Stations in the South East Station 2011 2014 2017 Arklow 80 80 70 Carlow
the timing of grid investment plans need to be reviewed to take account of the implications of reduced demand
Agri-Food Globally, the agri-food industry has transitioned from being led largely production to being led by market demands.
'This has resulted in a growing demand for lifestyle related products such as health enhancing functional foods (e g. cholesterol reducing products.
New species development in the aquaculture sector to service growing international demand; High growth opportunity in functional foods/nutraceuticals to address the‘wellness'market;
However, the limited demand for language skills by the existing cohort of companies in the South East can result in reduced retention of graduates with such skills and perhaps reduced interest in acquiring language skills.
more efficient ways of paying for software Vendors responding to these demands by embracing new delivery and pricing models, such as software as a service (Saas), infrastructure as a service (Iaas), platform as a service (Paas);
in locations such as data centres and delivered on demand. Cloud computing is impacting the ICT industry in terms of the products
Work permits issued in the South East43 The number of new employment permits issued in recent times is indicator of the demand for labour that could not be met from domestic or EEA sources.
There needs to be greater interaction between enterprise bodies, agencies and education and training providers in addressing skills demands in a systematic and coordinated way.
focused on areas of pro-investment regulation, infrastructure planning and investment and demand stimulation. There is a need to enhance backhaul capacity for the region
is another indicator of the demand for labour that could not be met from domestic or EEA sources.
this is illustrated by the emergence of new actors who seek to mobilise STI to meet social demands in areas such as health, energy or the environment.
long term forward-looking intervention, inter-ministerial, demand-side instruments combined and coordinated with supply-side instruments, participative,
These feedback loops carry the different elements of social demand toward upstream stages (e g. R&d.
Normally, the economic meltdown is supposed to trigger the demand of radical change and it attributes the economy recovery.
In order to meet the demand and to ensure the quality of their service, SIEL Bleu has need a strong for trained physical activity teachers.
New broader innovation approach also takes into consideration that both demand and supply side factors influence the way innovations emerge
The need for useroriented innovation in addition to demand-oriented is recognized. The users and user communities are seen increasingly important for business success and development for commercially successful innovations.
that whilst expertise has never been either as widespread or in such demand as today,
So what we might call the customer for knowledge is increasingly moving from being a passive recipient of innovation to active in the demands they make of it.
But it is not just public demand or the co modification of everyday life that makes the blurring of these boundaries so important.
How do we deal with the rising and changing demand for healthcare? How do we prevent our country from flooding in times of climate change?
Poor demand articulation by social and business community might be a problem, but also weak incentives at knowledge institutes to take into account the social impact of their research.
The degree to which companies wish to innovate depends very much on the demand for innovation.
When innovations shall meet social demands, one has to understand social demands. Public participation is the political involvement of citizens in public decision-making on different levels, from local, regional, national even to supranational level.
In this chapter we analyse various forms of direct and deliberative democracy in order to assess their applicability for a participative innovation policy.
and combine participative tools in order to meet the new policy demands for innovation to meet social challenges.
Interactive, on-demand multimedia resources such as the Khan academy enable students to learn the basics of any discipline asynchronously (Khan academy, 2013.
and stimulating demand for other products (Frishammar and Hörte 2005). Hypotheses SMES that can demonstrate timely responsiveness and rapid and flexible product innovation,
Strong external demand for local commodities, especially from China and other Asian economies, coupled with good macroeconomic management have allowed the countries in the region to put their short-and medium-term growth outlooks on a glide path
These systems surcharge the users of a transport network in periods of peak demand, to reduce traffic congestion.
Infrastructure D12 50 Total 1. 200 Active Demand Response and integration with Smart Homes Smart Metering Infrastructure & Data processing Integration of RES,
60 D8 100 D9 100 D10 90 D11 80 Integrated communication Infrastructure D12 50 Total 1. 200 Active Demand Response
Information models Data security, Protocols Infrastructure, System security &-arcitecture Balancing price flexible demand DK: National thematic focus FINLAND 35 FI:
cabling-power electronics,-primary substations-strategic planning of smart grids-2nd generation AMR-interactive customer-customer behaviour-demand response-active market participation
National thematic focus Active Demand Response Energy efficiency from integration with Smart Homes Integration of Smart Customers Metering Infrastructure Smart metering data processing Integration of Smart Metering Monitoring and control
National thematic focus-Reduction of Peak Load-Energy efficiency-Microgrids-Energy Storage-Offshore HVDC-Demand Response AACCTTIIVVEE CCOONNSSUUMMEERRSS Integration of Renewables Low Environmental
National thematic focus-Active Demand Response-Energy efficiency from integration with smart homes-Metering Infrastructure-Smart metering data processing Integration of Smart Customers Integration of Smart Metering-DSO integration
namely the call for Energy networks and demand side management. The equivalent document containing R&d implementation guidelines of the innovation policy
demand-side management and decentralised electricity production: Mounting a national R&d programme. The goals of this report were:
-ADEME's strategic orientation for Research and development 2007-2010 R&d-programmes Available-Call for R&d projects"Energy networks and demand side management"R&d and Innovation policy, Innovation
demand-side management and decentralised electricity production: Mounting a national R&d programme; -Roadmap for smartgrids and electicity systems that integrate renewable energies R&d Framework,
demand-side management and decentralised electricity production: Mounting a national R&d programm www. google. at/url?
as they are a necessary tool for demand side management. No scenarios, project information or platforms are available in Greece.
and the demand for quality healthcare, seem to require digitally-extended collective intelligence, such as collectively tackling problems via platforms based on crowdsourcing and cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation.
It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.
Recent global developments have revealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more participatory,
using analytics software to test demand. Financial Value: There has to be a market for the venture to be sustainable
and it would make sure that services deployed answer to concrete unmet local needs and demand.
therefore integrate policies that are formulated with demand side considerations, through approaches such as public-private partnerships.
Innovation users or groups representing demand-side perspectives and consumers, relevant nonprofit organisations representing citizens
'where mismatches between SME latent and implicit needs and demand for support, on the one hand, and the effective value added of the existing support,
consistency between policies addressing the supply and the demand (take-up) of innovations. Entrepreneurship: Favourable conditions for equity investment, business angels and venture capitalists;
it is imperative that new demand-side perspectives, embodied in innovation-user or interest groups of consumers, are represented
entrepreneurship promotion events Develop latent demand for innovation (innovation vouchers, placement of students in SMES) Orient polytechnics centres to new qualifications Training for low-skilled and unemployed
It is relevant for the regional authorities to adapt their offer of support services to the demand of the different types of enterprises:
and knowledge that can contribute to regional growth and development (i e. demand side). Successful partnerships involve'boundary spanners'providing leadership within
and stimulating demand for new applications (cloud computing, ebusiness) and ICT usage (ecommerce for SMES and consumers, smart energy networks and low energy lighting, ICT R&d, etc..
which will provide information on the supply and demand of KETS in the EU and third countries.
This mechanism will provide EUWIDE and international market data on the demand and supply of KETS,
have potential in generating social demand, engaging the public and addressing social concerns in rapidly growing markets,
knowledge of international market and technology demand, strategy development for international R&d activities, identification and selection of partners, identification, selection and acquisition of technology, skilled personnel, funding
or fostering market opportunities (e g. by stimulating private or public demand for eco-innovations). Starting with demand issues provides more chances for successful innovation than starting with R&d grants,
as it allows the design of the innovation process to more precisely match the market opportunity
Some of the most successful innovation support schemes such as the US Small Business Innovation Research scheme (SBIR) 125 take public sector demand for innovative, affordable and high-quality solutions as a starting point.
129 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/business-environment/public-procurement/105 The ERDF permits the strategic combination of investments in R&d&i capacitybuilding with demand
They address a social demand or need (e g. elder care), contribute to addressing a societal challenge (ageing society) and,
In this regard, it has a pivotal role in answering (together with private stakeholders and the civil society) today's major societal challenges such as demographic ageing, increased demand for healthcare services, risk
174 the improvement of demand-side conditions and, in particular, public procurement as a driver for innovation?
training, materials and promotion to the demand and to better reach the target group. In particular, the development should follow the recommendations of the document related to the evaluation of the helpdesk to be published by end 2013.
and should follow the target group's demand for initial IPR services as established e g. through analysis of helpline requests,
Depending on the demand of the target group the activities may be provided in the most demanded EU languages.
and they have to be driven demand, launched at the moment agencies themselves recognise the need to revise programme formats.
or collective transport service in areas of low or dispersed demand complementing the main public transport network.
The EU-funded project AQUAFIT4USE is developing innovative ways to help the most water-intensive industries reduce their demand on this most precious commodity.
8 Lack of time 15.0 12.5 No need for innovation 5. 0 12.5 Deficiencies in marketing or 7. 1 4. 7 commercialization Dominating external demands
Considering the modest effects of technology centres regarding technical know-how and technical services the cause is not only insufficient or inadequate supply but also the lack of demand.
For example, incremental improvements of design could be innovations in sectors with broadly standardised customers demand such as textile industry or furniture production;
which leads to them being trapped in a vicious circle of low demand for R&d and poor matched public funding. 2. 1. 3. The Development Paths Of high-Technology Industry A common question to be found in the RTD
'Dei Ottati 2004: 9). 24 See Dei Ottati 1994 for further information on Prato's history. 56 because of the worldwide decrease of demand for textile products (Dei Ottati 2004;
they do strongly depend on international framework conditions (like the US dollar exchange rates) and international demand (Binder and Sautter 59 2006).
but also to satisfy even smaller demand volumes. This in itself is a success factor for the cluster again.
Videos and Games%individuals who used Internet in the last 3 months (aged 16-74) 47%(2014) 18 51%(2012) 13 49%(2014) 3a3 Video on Demand
So far, demand side innovation policy has only been taken into consideration by the government as a future option.
Hungary Competitiveness in reaping income of global demand and markets Investment in knowledge, technology intensive clusters,
thus affecting the demand for transport in spatial and temporal terms. Technological trends will meet the demand for comfort
safety and speed through advances in ICT in the field of telematics. This covers systems for traffic
The demand for e-skills and ICT practitioners Only 8%of all enterprises actually employ ICT practitioners (most of the small companies cannot do so.
a task force established in 2003 to assess the demand and supply of ICT and e-business skills and to develop policy recommendations, the ICT Task force, a group
Demand factors, such as a reduction in heavy bulk transport and the increasing importance of door-to-door and justin-time services,
thus to grow significantly as the total transport demand in 2010 is expected to be 40%higher than in 1998.26 The facts
it will never be able to make a real contribution to the expected increasing demands for European transport. 2. 2. 3 Maritime transport High quality waterborne transport is less costly and more environmentally friendly than road transport,
Transport is also the fastest growing demand sector in New Member States (NMS), with its share in final energy demand in these states rising from 19.2%in 2000 to 25.4%in 2030.
The challenge for future urban transport systems is to meet the demand for accessibility for people,
thus affecting the demand for transport in spatial and temporal terms. Technological trends will meet the demand for comfort,
safety and speed through advances in ICT and telematics (traffic and transport management systems, travel information and reservation systems, vehicle guidance systems, mobility cards).
Low-cost access to the Web and the dissemination of e-business technologies provide firms with a tool to satisfy customer demand by using traditional services in conjunction with growing information-based services.
so has the demand for ICT-related skills. Improving e-business skills, especially among SMES, has been identified as a relevant concern for policy in several E-business Watch sector studies. 60 In particular in sectors where processes are supported increasingly
especially in the TLS sector. e-business applications is increasing the demand for individuals with creativity
either medium-or low-skilled labour for productivity increases (see Section 4. 1). To a large extent the demand comes from SMES,
which absorb most of the available expertise. 3. 2. 1 Demand for ICT skills and skills development Employment of"ICT practitioners"The e-Skill Forum, established by the EC in March
Demand for ICT skills and skills development Transport & logistics sector (TLS) Companies employing ICT practitioners Average number of ICT practitioners employed Companies having outsourced ICT
The total demand for ICT practitioners in Europe has been estimated roughly at about 0. 23 million persons per year including replacement demand. 65 The sectoral survey on e-business in 2006 reported that enterprises are anticipating skills shortfalls for ICT practitioners
and challenges as it creates new supply chain requirements and capabilities and new marketplaces with particular demands.
and supply chain managers to meet these demands by integrating systems, collaborating within and across firms,
To meet customer demand for seamless, comprehensive and reliable information on which to base business decisions today,
Marketing, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers, and attempts to satisfy this demand.
Shared information between supply chain partners can only be leveraged fully through process integration. At this time supply chain management has moved from low level and highly fragmented set of administrative and overhead operations to a strategic enterprise initiative by a systemic integration of the following components:
The demand by retailers for smaller, more frequent deliveries to premises generates additional traffic. In addition the out-sourcing of logistics services by companies to subcontractors adds to the numbers of commercial vehicles accessing the city
These trends are taking place against a background of a growing public demand for more sustainable urban living and a more acceptable quality of life.
and the composition of the demand for labour. For this study, an extended Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) paradigm was used as a conceptual framework for the analysis of ICT impacts. 110 Developed by Mason (1939) and Bain (1951),
and finally the workforce composition and the demand for labour, most importantly with regard to knowledge and skills.
consequently, may influence the demand for labour and its composition. It may also further shape the relationships with suppliers and customers, for example with regard to collaboration intensity.
reducing demand for unskilled labour and increasing wage 111 TFP is a measure for disembodied technical change in a production process.
thus, the application of ICT may increase the demand and wages for skilled labour and decrease the same for unskilled labour(‘digital divide').
Without an automated and computerised information system it would be impossible to generate this type of operation data to satisfy these client demands.
and analysis tasks, including the supply and demand analysis. Systems and online tools for marketing.
To better face the growing demand of the market, Saima Avandero joined the Belgian group ABX LOGISTICS in 1999.
Digital solutions to improve people's quality of life can respond to the demand for sustainable healthcare systems.
which level of demand is uncertain. As a response to this market failure, public authorities should make greater use of their purchasing power.
and transport demand and by examining the direct application of ICT in the transport system.
Following a discussion of the various negative externalities of transport and a discussion of the latest insights into the impacts of ICT on transport demand,
but also as becomes increasingly evident the generation of new transport demand. The extensibility impact of ICT use has allowed an acceleration of activities over both larger and smaller spatial scales
we will summarize the most recent insights into ICT use by persons and businesses and concomitant impacts on transport demand.
Use and Transport Demand It is recognized now increasingly that the links between ICT use and transport are inherently complex and far from a simple substitution model,
Impact on transport demand (persons) Use of E-services: shopping, banking, education, entertainment, government services On-line, last minute, booking (flights, hotels, holidays,
but may cause increase of travel demand to central places with high-level services (e g. to enjoy shopping experience).
Delivery may be reorganized to decrease transport demand; but if time pressure, more frequent delivery with smaller loads.
Impact on transport demand (persons) Remote (simultaneous) development and design Reduces travel demand of R&d personnel to some extent,
Remote diagnostics (monitoring) Reduces travel demand of servicing engineers, but is limited still due to legal issues concerning responsibility and liability of partners,
which ICT use leads to additional transport demand (persons and companies). ICT Innovation and Sustainability of the Transport Sector European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 46 Second-order adverse effects.
Such signalization can be phased in some areas and demand responsive in other areas but the objective is to decrease the amount of vehicle standing time
because the provision of information may encourage the acceptance of demand management measures. Advanced Traveler Information systems Personal information systems may take different forms
Table 5. ICT applications and potential for adoption in US and Europe Application Different potentials Excessive driving reduction (as well as lower emissions and fuel use) Signalization (e g. set in series) or demand
Demand responsive growing in the US, less likely in Europe. Larger potentials in US (private cars) as (status) symbol, also less expensive.
The authors Black and Van Geenhuizen European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 57 6. Concluding Remarks The above discussion on the impacts of ICT use on transport demand and on working
Exceptions are impacts of teleworking on travel demand and the impacts of ICT use in the transport system on fatality reduction, particularly off-vehicle speed limitation and in-vehicle driver assistance.
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