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DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION Growning a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe.pdf

The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission's behalf may be held responsible for the use

data open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation, and strengthens inclusion, participation and, ultimately, human well-being.

Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and policymakers are still struggling to understand.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.

These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.

Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.

They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change.

is one example of the potential of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan and frustration over the lack of government transparency about local radiation levels.

Using the Arduino, an open hardware circuit board with a microprocessor Safecast built their own Geiger counters.

All data is plotted on a map that visualises radiation levels in a given geographical area, and which is free for anyone to access.

Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data.

Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible.

It has grown since to become the largest open database of companies in the world, including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries,

and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists and governments seeking to understand global corporate structures.

Another example of this potential is how the city of Vienna in Austria, has opened up more than 160 datasets on everything from budgeting to planning information.

and infrastructures e g. sensor networks where they connect their devices, such as phones and Internet modems,

which was founded in 2000 as a response to the lack of broadband Internet in rural Catalonia,

where commercial Internet providers weren't providing a connection. The idea was to build a‘mesh network'where each person in the network used a small radio transmitter that functioned like a wireless router to become a node in the Guifi net.

With more than 23 000 nodes, Guifi. net is the largest mesh network in the world

and provides Internet connection to those who would otherwise not be able to access it. 6 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Who are the digital social innovators?

in order to provide a privacy-aware decentralised environment for open data; 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce,

The Internet is approximately 40 years old and its capacity for generating societal and economic value is understood relatively well,

even though the web itself was founded at CERN to further a vision of scientific knowledge sharing. While massive commercial investment and business models fuelled the web's incredible growth,

the use of platforms like Facebook to serve social good has been disputed accidental and secondary to their primary commercial purpose.

A contradiction therefore, exists at the heart of the Internet. Despite the existence of a technical networking layer that could spread power

and give people more‘bottom-up'political and economic control over their lives, the existing commercial services built on top of this lower technical layer continues for the most part to empower existing‘top-down'centralised and established organisations in the corporate and government sector.

in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.

and solutions for a wide range of social needs and at a scale and speed that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet'.

These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;

and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www

1. 1 Project overview 1. 2 Harnessing Collective Intelligence for the social good 1. 3 Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe EXPLORING DSI

1. 1 Project overview 1. 2 Harnessing Collective Intelligence for the social good 1. 3 Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe Growing

In particular, we examine how some of these digital services can take advantage of the network effect of the Internet

as the Internet is increasingly the technical underpinning of the sociotechnical fabric of our societies.

1) the level of the technical networking infrastructure itself provided by the Internet and 2) the level of online services built on top of these networks.

when more users are added) 1 applies to the value of technical networks like widespread smartphone usage.

For example, despite the Internet being funded a military research project and the web a scientific project at their inceptions,

the Internet and web were based on open standards and a radically decentralised architecture that could be harnessed by any actor.

So the Web was able to reach a critical mass of connectivity so that both commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia) were able to exploit the network effect.

Beyond the Internet, many new technologies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,

and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb, but it may not apply easily to some other services such as edemocracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies.

For each kind of socially innovative service, we want to determine how they can maximise their impact using the infrastructure made available by the widespread usage of digital tools such as the Internet.

There are many cases of DSI being spread throughout society and we attempt to define and cluster these in this report.

They include: the collaborative economy, local exchange and trading systems, digital currencies, and awareness networks that incentivise experimentation with new models in a variety of domains.

citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;

the Internet forms a natural digital substrate for collective intelligence. Looking forward collective intelligence is necessary for social innovation to tackle the problems facing society in today's complex and interconnected world, where grasping problems such as the financial crisis, climate change,

such as collectively tackling problems via platforms based on crowdsourcing and cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation.

A potential future scenario to tackle climate change using collective intelligence could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data,

At the present moment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.

More than five billion additional people will connect to the Internet globally in the next ten years,

whilst over twenty billion objects will be connected to the Internet, transmitting data coming from people, sensors, the environment and objects themselves.

However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citizens address major societal challenges.

If we observe the Internet during its early phases when it was funded primarily by research and defense, its founding principles, such as network neutrality, equitable service,

and peer-to-peer architecture, were crucial to build a universal, open and distributed infrastructure (avoiding points of centralisation by design,

On the level of platforms for client operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over different underlying platforms,

and vendor lock in on the web. This was a hard and contested battle, which turned out to be the best way to do things, even commercially.

Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things

as their applications need access to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary‘app stores.'

A main Internet trend-threat is recognised today: an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,

Facebook dominating the social networking and identity ecosystem, while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms).

Apple has started a market that was entirely new; Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide;

Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and helped people to connect and organise.

However, one danger is that firms capture collective intelligence via proprietary lock ins, monopolistic behaviour and aggressive IP litigation rather than providing actual innovative services.

Thus, there is a danger that once users are locked in'to various monopolies, the level of innovation in these services will decrease.

Furthermore, most users have accepted giving away their personal data in exchange for free services. Yet this bargain not only undermines privacy

and weakens data protection but also commodifies knowledge, identity and personal data. There are other models that focus on innovation.

while the value of big data is associated often only with efficiency and profitability, big data can also be used for social good,

to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation. 1. 3 DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE INTERNET IN EUROPE The world wide web became successful

because it was built on a set of royalty-free open standards decided through an inclusive and transparent process, via standards bodies such as the IETF and W3c, continuing to this day.

Big data can also be used for social good, to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation. 18 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe European SMES,

developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.

The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still by the amount of data collected on proprietary platforms,

with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,

and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.

For example, the company is now pushing into smart watches, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart clothes and smart cities.

Their computing power can now then be used to store and analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data,

which raises significant issues of privacy and competition. Right now few of these opportunities are being taken advantage of by European social innovators

for the most part due to a lack of an open infrastructure and difficulty finding investment. The future of the Internet should remain pluralistic,

so that there is space for DSI alongside commercial services in the Cloud. In the long-term, if only a few non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services,

this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete This European infrastructure would enable a whole new round of innovation that may not even be possible within current business models,

with new players evolving, shaping and structuring whole new markets and societal institutions that can maximise social value and innovation.

The challenge for Europe is how it might acquire the competitive advantage in social innovation by developing distributed innovation ecosystems,

Europe could provide an alternative model in the form of investment in open infrastructures on the network, service and data layer.

Digital social innovation could play a central role in the development of the Future Internet and the Internet of things.

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 19 POWER TO INTERNET THE PEOPLE Wikis, Usergenerated knowledge P2p Free Content Blogs Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE

The alternative is to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs

The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.

Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture, open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data on demand

and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.

This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.

Avoiding anti-competitive dynamics and lock in would engage all particapents in the value chain and allow for a replicable and sustainable solution.

as alternatives to the centralised models of the current dominant global platforms that often monetise and sell personal data Creation and consolidation of new monopolies:

A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the‘Big brother'scenario, with big industrial players (mainly US-based) reinforcing their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,

and patents, appropriating users'data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud),

and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,

since we are seeing a consolidation of existing powers at every layer of the Internet ecosystem.

Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations,

which has been used to capture data on DSI organisation via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630 collaborative projects as of January 2015.

Data is categorised by: 1. A typology of organisations (e g. Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations and grassroots communities) 2. The way these organisations are supporting DSI (for instance,

and festivals) 3. The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge,

open hardware) 4. The area of society the organisations and their activities operate and seek an impact in.

Delivering a web service, Network, Research project, Research project, Advocating and campaigning, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology Trends:

Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,

A provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 6 macro clusters that capture the way DSI is growing and developing:(

In the UK, Nesta research documented how 25%of UK adults used Internet technologies to share assets and resources in 2013 20146.

create and share on the web. It achieves this through two primary activities Ouishare. net and collaborative economy events.

or linking currencies to data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to secured financial exchange services.

This African success story has completely revolutionised the regional business terrain, at the same time empowering local people by providing an easy-to-use

Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge and open code.

Goteo is managed by the nonprofit Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return,

such as the open source DIY shoest kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona,

or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies.

Lowcost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC computer numeric control machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup,

and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collaborative making.

Recycle are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement, which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods,

Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume according to a set of shared ethics and principles.

The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around open products.

People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,

such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.

These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries.

A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.

Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle. The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration

and open culture can be applied to design, prototyping and production. Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.

Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting potential in combining innovative technology trends to generate unexpected services.

NEW WAYS OF MAKING An ecosystem of makers is revolutionising open design and manufacturing. 3d manufacturing tools,

free CAD/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products,

from grassroots movements, think-tanks and universities to big charities and public museums are hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools and 3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces.

a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises. 28 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe MAKERS MOVEMENT Maker Fairs are interesting expressions of this new form of networking events

and citizen participation through crowdsourcing legislation, such as Open Ministry or Liquid Feedback, are transforming the traditional models of representative democracy.

whilst participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions.

Social systems 16. 3b Order & Safety 32. 1b Education Pubblic spending Openspending is a data sharing community

and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.

Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending database

create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending project has a strong focus on government finance,

it supports any dataset consisting of a set of transactions, each associated with a quantity of money and a time.

and CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new bottom-up ecosystem for digital public services.

Crowdsourcing processes also present challenges that are often related to managing the crowd, quality or limitations of ideas, public commitment from policymakers,

It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.

In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu, drawing on the capabilities within communities (for instance,

The platform crowdsources opinions on city legislation, with the most popular ideas then being debated by the city council.

set up with the aim of enabling the crowdsourcing of legislation, promoting deliberative and participatory democracy and citizens initiatives.

The Open Ministry utilises crowdsourcing and it is operated fully by volunteers independent of governmental political parties.

000 votes for the proposal, primarily through social media campaigning. If successful the proposal is brought before parliament for a debate and vote.

and communities are now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioral change.

and Santander are pioneering new practices in open data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;

and communities are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment,

D-CENT is developing a decentralised social networking platform for large-scale collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen movements and governments.

Through the W3c partner, D-CENT is also helping to develop and implement open social web standard standards,

contributing to the W3c Federated Social Web Working group. 32 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global

sensor network where Safecast owners can map and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets.

The overarching aim of Safecast is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems.

Safecast was founded by Sean Bonner Joi Ito and Pieter Franken after March 11th 2011, when a 9. 0 earthquake hit Japan and triggered a destructive tsunami

In an effort to help, the partnership decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan,

and there were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger counter

built on the Arduino open hardware board. The team turned to‘the crowd'via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,

and help launch a sensor network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting.

which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location.

All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which visualises radiation levels across Japan.

a nonprofit tech company that specialises in developing free and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information.

and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.

The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it easier for organisations

identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts.

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 33 Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data

open APIS, and citizen science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services,

or Citysdk which is defining interoperable interfaces for city-scale applications. Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,

and the promotion and diffusion of knowledge systems in the public domain, such as Communia. These activities are favouring a shift towards open access and transparency,

Commotion and Tor are using bottom-up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards,

open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,

shared and maintained by a variety of projects around the globe. Important developments to re-decentralise the Internet,

leveraging P2p open technologies, are happening at many levels. For instance distributed social networking projects such as Diaspora,

Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos which make it easy to run your own secure cloud

and decentralised media publishing platforms, such as mediagoblin, are gaining new momentum. This open ecosystem approach has the potential to empower citizens and increase participation

while preserving the openness and accessibility of the Internet infrastructure. Many activities in this space are driven by grassroots networks,

organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal association of hackers from across Europe.

while preserving the openness and accessibility of the Internet infrastructure. It includes projects that are using bottom up privacy-preserving

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe's largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots communities coming together to develop

the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody. The latest gathering of the CCC in 2012 in Hamburg, Germany, brought together 6, 000 participants.

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe The World wide web Consortium (W3c), an international community that works on developing

and the Iot Council, promoting an open Internet of things vision, are good examples of this. Expert bodies are essential for providing expertise and coordinating inclusive processes of decision-making amongst key stakeholders.

Its objective is to teach the high-level abstraction of programming as a sequence of instructions to young children in schools

These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,

They do this through a combination of seed fundings as well as nonfinancial support such as access to co-working spaces and business support and mentores The Open Data Institute's start up programme,

and Provenance to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around,

The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow.

Types of organisation Providing funding for experiments/R&d Providing nonfinancial resources (i e. opening up public data sets) Delivering

open knowledge, open data, open networks, and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,

open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,

and the insights we are deriving from case studies about these. It is important to note that the activities of many of the most exciting digital social innovations can be grouped under two or more trends.

Safecast for example relied on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit,

and on open data to share and analyse the data captured across all of the Geiger counters.

Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:

social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart

Santander OPEN DATA Open Vienna City SDK Wikiprogress Provenance OPEN KNOWLEDGE Goteo Communia Landshare Liquidfeedback Examples Technology Focus (Total 1044

) 412 269 258 105 OPEN HARDWARE Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 39 The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner

or the world and in people's everyday lives has become a key enabling factor for the spreading of the digital society.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated dataprocessing location.

The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed and stored

as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment.

Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the usage of energy, pollution, geodata, traffic, geography, tourism and other areas.

which would be fed by open data from the OSN. A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density

Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop applications for citizens

in order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data. For instance Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks of sensors that capture activity from static sensors as well as citizens to create cities that better

Community networking (also known as bottom-up networking) is an emerging model for the Future Internet across Europe and beyond,

While commercial access networks from either commercial telecom companies or by local governments tend to follow a well-known centralised network architecture and operation model

Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the‘democratisation'of the access technologies,

and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes and management schemes.

and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks,

and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks. The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,

open and neutral, mostly wireless telecommunication community network. It started in Catalonia in 2004 and as of January 2012 it has more than 15,

Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an autonomous system (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6.

privacy-aware and crypto tools that bounce Internet users'and websites'traffic through‘relays'run by thousands of volunteers around the world,

TOR also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features and provides the foundation for a range of applications that allow organisations

Tor PRIVACY AWARE NETWORK ANONYMITY ONLINE PROTECT YOUR PRIVACY Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 41 OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture,

and interpret open data coming from people and from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government

or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for

what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds. Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies

and driving forward the open data movement. The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability as well as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions,

and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent.

Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by breaking the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data

and data lock in. Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured,

computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved

and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus

open data, together with open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access

and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility.

Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number of mobile devices.

Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster, smarter, more networked and personal.

Dataflows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network-aware sensors, actuators, video cameras,

RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, coordinate and‘reason'with each other.

For instance, the city of Vienna has, with its Open Data in Vienna programme, demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.

The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from statistics and geographic data on traffic

and transport to economic figures. It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,

which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project

which focuses on opening up and visualising the Estonian budget. The citizen science project Globe at Night is yet another example of this,

where citizens using the camera and geo-tagging functions on their smartphones help the research project measure global levels of light pollution,

effectively coupling open data and citizen science. 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34,

Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in formats that make it easy for software developers,

researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into webbased or mobile applications that citizens may find useful.

The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission,

such as City SDK that help cities to standardise their interfaces and reuse solutions across Europe.

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 43 There are other local governments around the world that are successfully developing open data portals.

In the United states, the cities of Chicago, San francisco, Philadelphia, and New york are only a few of the examples worth mentioning.

and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices,

and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil Open Data.

Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.

One of Europe's biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15. It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation,

Prize Idea, Prize App, Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data.

In total, 13 awards were given. There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized

since 2009 and Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City. 44 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe OPEN KNOWLEDGE Co

open source and open access Communia PUBLIC DOMAIN The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in

Ordinary people today use blogs wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,

solve social challenges, and to participate in e-campaigns, crowdfunding etc. Furthermore, the ability to access, use,

partners got together to explore the development of collaborative web projects and bottom-up broadband technologies15.

Other interesting examples of multidisciplinary research projects are the Network of Excellence on Internet Science (EINS),

that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understanding of Internet networks and their co-evolution with society,

such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute's (UK) open data training sessions for charities.

and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making

and using open hardware solutions and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware

whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend and sell the design or hardware based on that design.

The hardware's source, the design from which it is made, is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it.

Ideally open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability of individuals to make

and use hardware. Open-source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.

The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.

The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor

which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.

In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.

Arduino has grown to become popular, selling more than one million units to date, largely because of its creators'decision to make the board's design‘open source,

'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social

innovation initiatives relying on open hardware, such as Safecast and the Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 47 Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor

network tools to citizens, enabling the measurement of levels of air pollution, noise pollution or air humidity in the vicinity of a private home, school or office.

The project was developed originally within the Fab Lab Barcelona at the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia and crowdfunded via the Goteo and Kickstarter crowdfunding platforms.

With its relatively low-cost model the Smart Citizen Kit sees itself as acting as a bridge between more typically technical and nontechnical citizens

The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the‘kit'itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.

The kit is an electronic board based on the Arduino, equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light.

The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.

A number of cities, including Manchester in the UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data

and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit. Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot.

People, places, and objects can be instrumented with tracking and sensing devices that continuously stream and measure data about real-world activity.

This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices, which facilitate the anywhere/anytime access to the Internet,

and to new services So-called Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), which are becoming increasingly important in this context.

and with the Internet, is giving rise to what has been named as Industry 4. 019 This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres.

This can also mean increased surveillance prediction and control of people and the environment. However, as outlined by Rob Van Kranenburg,

successful Iot means the best possible feedback on our physical and mental health, the best possible deals based on a real time monitoring for resource allocation,

the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware

Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data 47 45 44 41 40 38 34 25 18 17 15 12 6 5

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DELIVERING A WEB SERVICE RESEARCH PROJECT EDUCATION

streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a‘big picture'of European DSI that can provide strategic recommendations for the EC.

Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu, in combination with our hybrid iterative strategy of case study interviews, workshops and events relevant to these communities,

we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.

Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of relations (Wasserman and Faust, 1994).

In the case of the DSI social network collected in this study, the nodes in a graph are organisations,

and the edges represent joint projects. The results of this analysis have informed the recommendations on a policy

This dataset is likely to fairly represent the empirical phenomena at hand with two caveats 1) It has a bias towards English speakers as the survey was translated not into other European languages 2) As outreach was directed by the partners it is likely to reflect their social networks in more depth

than disconnected social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in detail. The graph of the networks is given in Figure 11

Cityofedinburghcouncil Universityofedinburgh Cityofeindhoven MADEMERGENTARTCENTER CMC2COMMUNITYINTERESTCOMPANY Coexisthance Communiaassosiation NEXA Consorziotiberina Riverwatch/Tevere Coventryuniversity Fundaciói2cat Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten

The largest community (10.29 per cent) is focussed around open hardware and open networks and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam,

Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with a centre on Futureeverything,

and its local chapters as well as city councils working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall

it is the most highly interconnected and intermixed with open networks. Open knowledge is the most popular technological focus of DSI,

such as those around open data, are connected developing communities. Nonetheless, the vast majority of communities are interconnected not.

such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central

Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing

Comparing the power law distribution (dark grey) to exponential distribution (light grey against the real actual network data (turquoise.

Successful actors in DSI have managed to leverage large networks using the Internet in order to accomplish innovation at scale by the network effect.

the key sign of a‘scale-free'network, in digital social innovation in the data in Figure 4, at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.

Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of links (approximately 350 links) is needed to gather all the disconnected organisations to a single European network

but via a recommendation system a future version of the Digital Social Innovation website could introduce innovators to both other local innovators

adapted from Sestini, F (Digital) Innovation Venture capital Big data and cloud computing COMPETITION, ECONOMIC ENTERESTS Innovation and innovation policy are not new to the European union.

The European commission has announced an ambitious Digital Single Market Package that will create the conditions for a vibrant digital economy

and society by complementing the telecommunications regulatory environment, modernising copyright rules, simplifying rules for consumers making online and digital purchases,

Top-down and systemic approaches The most relevant initiatives are the European Innovation Partnerships, Smart Cities, the Future Internet Public-Private Partnership Programme (FI-PPP),

and the European Cloud computing Strategy. Their main goals are to promote and standardise pan-European technology platforms,

The development of the Future Internet is addressed mainly through a number of technical projects, such as the FI PPP23 and the 5g PPP24.

There are also a number of projects in the areas of einclusion, ehealth, participatory planning, and egovernment.

A EU Big data strategy is becoming a priority for the competitiveness of European industries. In this framework the EC is promising to launch a multi-million euro Public Private Partnership on big data with industry.

The focus is driven business, with little attention to societal challenges or to the inclusion of civil society and bottom-up approaches.

the call for the creation of an open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES set up supply chains,

and to get access to cloud computing and legal advice. Further support, investment advice and funding oppertunities for SMES and young companies are also available through the Startup Europe programme.

Other activities are happening in the Internet of things (Iot) focus area, where the IERC-Internet of things European Research Cluster25 coordinates a variety of Iot R&i projects.

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 59 (Digital) Social Innovation FI-PPP and computing Collective awareness platforms (collective intelligence) CENTRALISED

TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...

Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up,

human-centred approach that is characterised by emergent forms of community intelligence. Relevant bottomup initiatives are the Collective Awareness Platform for Sustainability and Social Innovation (CAPS), Web entrepreneurs, young entrepreneurs in the field of active and healthy ageing, digital champions,

innovation camps and so on. In particular CAPS facilitates SI processes and democratic decision-making through distributed platforms that foster collective intelligence and leverage the potential for crowdsourcing, citizen science

open democracy, and the collaborative economy. These platforms based on open technology can gather and integrate information

in order to allow participation and citizens'feedback, as well as integrating peer information and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing.

Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access, such as Global System Science, providing scientific evidence to support civil society to collectively engage in societal actions and policy-making.

and combines the informal nature of social networks with a methodological approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process.

Besides the standard tools available in most social networks, Futurium participatory tools offer several features to support collective foresight, such as scenario building, collective debate and voting for policies.

identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.

and provide open data sets, in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data. 2. EU public Digital ID with citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID

for all citizens with guidelines and rules to ensure privacy, rights, and fundamental freedoms in the digital environment.

Big data and cloud companies but also States have a lot of control over an individual's online identity.

and crowdsourcing People can use their time as asset and use mutual credit systems and alternative money in order to help projects go life.

and provide a holistic framework to support them. 5. Democratic and distributed social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.

I would call it Yups. com: Yups for the positive votes and Oops for the negative ones.

CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT AND FEEDBACK 6. Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable.

Software packages that are patented can be expensive, and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish. 7. Gender Equality in DSI Promote gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT in DSI by tackling things such as criteria for funding

, visibility ect. DSI disproportionately male dominated. Less diversity can hinder innovation and women bring new perspectives while improving access to information, education and work opportunities for women.

ECOSYSTEMS AND INNOVATION LABS 9. Funding a Public-Private-People Partnership (PPPP) on distributed architectures The EU should promote to create an open decentralised digital ecosystem including open data distributed repositories

distributed cloud, distributed search, decentralised social networking, public identity management, and encrypted email service. The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the ecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),

and are imposing their rules of the game. Europe needs to invest in future infrastructures that reflect the European values,

support SMES and civic innovators and deliver public good. Distributed, privacy-aware enabling infrastructures can also reestablish trust.

funding &c) Increasing the potential value of digital SI (eg making available open data, ubiquitous broadband) Enabling some of the radical,

DARPA led to the creation of the internet, the R&d funding at CERN led to the invention of the Web) Encourage people to think about:

Who could implement it (European commission, national governments, municipal etc.?Who will benefit? What are the barriers?

and told them we'll email their pledge back to them after six months (this keeps people on their toes

start-ups and social innovators Taxes Crowdfunding & Challenge Prizes Open access Open standards Interoperability Open licensing Open platforms Open Data privacy-aware technologies

and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality Magna carta for the Internet Enabling

They combine investments in new hardware and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.

PUBLIC/DIRECT FUNDING President Obama set up an office for social innovation in the White house with a fund for supporting NGOS.

(i e. free and open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers,

In effect, open source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels. Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched

(and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special attention was paid to open source procurement.

In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled.

Participating in open procurement calls should be made easy. Public procurement of innovative solutions Commissioning tools could also be set up to see

if the deployment of the DSI strategy across Europe is meeting the needs of their target beneficiaries (entrepreneurs, business, developers, citizens and other communities).

One of the most well-known is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation

according to their websites, inspire, connect and enable individuals and institutions around the world to sustainably impact society.

The Nesta Centre for Challenge Prizes has run prizes in everything from energy to waste, data to education.

and Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 71 Challenges&prizes The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta

and the Open Data Institute and has been very successful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data.

The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo Vasconcelos,

while preserving citizens'rights and data protection. One of the first steps of DSI policy implementation should be to integrate new legal approaches to open access, open standards and copyright reforms.

An important general issue is to conceive transparency/open data and privacy/data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites.

the right to data protection and privacy, as given in both legal frameworks (such as data protection) and technologies (such as encryption) should apply to individual citizens.

Conversely, institutions and in particular public institutions and work done with public money should be open and transparent.

Open standards should be at the core of the technical infrastructure. Open standards should have an adequate legal and governance backing,

Open standards are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks. Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stakeholders such as companies,

and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48 Public sector information should be made available under an open knowledge license

so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licensing issues.

CC0 public domain dedication is an effective legal tool that allows the waiving copyright and database rights on PSI,

The Internet is the best example of the power of interoperability. Its open architecture has given billions of people around the world access to information,

the possibility to add (web) content and services themselves, access to devices and modular applications that talk to one another.

Today mobile devices with always-on Internet connectivity are becoming widespread. 74 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe INTEROPERABILITY50 In the area of copyright,

OPEN PLATFORMS Users of the Internet ecosystem include the independent application and service providers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in a raw and processed form,

as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competition.

All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.

User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55).

Opening up access to an application's source code exposes that code to a relatively large number of developers,

subjecting it to rigorous critical inquiry of a pool of reviewers larger than the one proprietary developers have available to them internally.

Example of Legal Framework: Net Neutrality Example of Legal Framework: Directive on the reuse of public sector OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data,

but actively engaged in producing it. The primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leveraging asymmetries of information and differentials of access.

Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data,

as long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy dimension encoded using open standards

and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data and determine its ownership,

both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators.

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define

and make public how network operators manage traffic volumes and restrict applications usage. Network neutrality means that Internet service providers

and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair competition

Currently the telecoms single market proposal has being reviewed by the Council member States) of the EU

and implement open data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels,

to begin opening data. The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately €40 billion per annum.

The 2013 revision of the European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a harmonised and more transparent way.

Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented

Federated Social Web Do-not-track technologies should be implemented in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information,

to make it easier for businesses to innovate on top of the infrastructure. There is a need for privacy-aware technologies based on trust and ethics

A broader investigation on the implications of the current personal data market and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.

New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens should be encouraged. For instance in the UK, the government backed Midata programme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control,

while the US has introduced green, yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively).

76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system

Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop standards to make it easier to build

and integrate social applications. These standards will give citizens greater control over their own social data,

allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems. The federated web standards will also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory democracy.

FEDERATED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT User data is moving more and more into the‘Cloud 'and people are getting their music,

videos and applications digitally. The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as social graphs)

and behavioural patterns of the user, is mined continuously and analysed with the main objective of maximising value extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance).

In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)

and go (no barriers to exit) regardless of who they are (no discrimination) and what systems they use.

Thus, the platform should also deploy not only open-standards but also standardised identity management, fully respecting the users'privacy and ownership of the data.

Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy, Citizenme65 and many others that are part of an emerging sector of Open Personal data Stores66,

Privacy Dashboards, and Trust frameworks to manage identity, that have emerged out of a new vision of identity management

and trust that is advocating for a New deal on Data67 to balance the power between big companies, government and people over their personal information.

Example of Legal Framework: The EU data protection reform package Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 77 The Data protection reform is currently being discussed by Member States The aim is to to build a single and comprehensive data protection framework to develop tools

and initiatives to enhance citizen awareness, and to ensure that businesses receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation.

This should prevent any unauthorised collection, processing and tracking of personal information and profiling, including citizens'preferences,

Companies should be compelled to be transparent about how they collect users'personal data and the real value they extract from trading personal information.

including the right to control how personal data is used, the right to avoid having information collected in one context

and the right to know who is accountable for the use or misuse of an individual's personal data.

A Magna carta for the Internet Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the Web is advocating for a sort of Magna carta for the Internet to estabilish basic rights and freedoms,

to keep the Internet open, without surveillance and censorship, and to halt power abuses from Governments and corporations.

The Magna carta for the Internet goes along with recent UN General assembly (UNGA) resolution on The Right to privacy in the Digital Age. 68.

A Magna carta for all Web users could be directly crowd-sourced from the Web itself,

and systems integrators such as FIPP or 5g PPP, there is scope for more experimental approach that invest on alternative infrastructures that are decentralised

INVESTMENT ON ENABLING INFRASTRUCTURES Community and bottom-up networking is an emerging mode of the Future Internet,

as complementary solutions to commercial access networks from either commercial telecom companies or by local public providers.

This includes the need for distributed data repositories and management systems distributed secure Clouds, distributed search,

and federated social networking. It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of

which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Government labs Nesta and Bloomberg Philanthropy in their study71 of government funded innovation teams and labs highlight how four different types of government funded labs can help drive innovation, through better support for, development and utilisation

This should include the use of social networking platforms, independent media and other news applications. For instance, the elaboration of a newsletter or creating a DSI strategy blog would be a helpful instrument to spread the message from the European commission

and to provide updated information about policy deployment. A DSI networking platform that crowdmaps initiatives

as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,

or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights.

or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential customers.

using analytics software to test demand. Financial Value: There has to be a market for the venture to be sustainable

and draw upon existing data and research from other sources. Level 2 You are gathering data that shows some change amongst those using your product/service At this stage,

data can begin to show effect but it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as:

pre and post survey evaluation; cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,

by showing less impact amongst those who don't receive the product/service. We will consider robust methods using a control group

and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point for your customers.

Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 85 Webindex Innovation policy frameworks examples The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80

which looks at key statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey),

ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.

European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies,

Building on existing schemes, such as innovation partnerships and PPPS with bigger telecommunications corporations, new schemes could be created to provide financial support for large-scale DSI experiments across Europe.

Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the digital economy and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research.

However, noninstitutional actors (hackers, geeks, social innovators and activists) are key in this process since they are able to generate creativity,

As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website,

or consortia of these to compete with telecommunications corporations to for public contracts. 3. Support the scaling of DSI,

Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,

plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures. At regulatory level The Digital agenda emphasises the need to adopt open standards

and interoperable solutions to fully exploit the development of existing and emerging technologies. These open standards should not be optional;

they should become public policy guidelines at the core of the technical infrastructure. Technical solutions do not work by themselves,

what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.

Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large collaboration between public and private.

Ultimately just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.

The incubator programme run by the UK's Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support early-stage businesses can be adapted to support

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