According to that provision, online intermediaries providing"storage of information supplied by a recipient of the service"(hosting services such as social networks,
and others issues through engaging customers in meaningful conversations through a variety of media, especially via websites and online social networks, rather than by simply talking at customers through traditional media.
1 Abrahamson E.,Rosenkopf L. 1997), Social network Effects on the Extent of Innovation Diffusion: A Computer simulation, Organization Science, Vol. 8, No.
Although social network 3 The term‘active internet users'refers to individuals who use the internet every day or every other day (Unimccann 2012.
Microblogging is the use of social network services specifically created for the sharing of brief entries and content,
Ultimately, it is likely that the growing population of individuals using social networks will disclose increasing quantities of personal information online,
online social networks have been found to be an effective influencing tool for political participation in some cases,
Similarly, the evidence suggests that the use of social network services may be a tool for the empowerment of minorities.
Social networks, Job search Methods and Reservation Wages: Evidence for Germany, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin Discussion Paper No. 1055.
Understanding and enabling online social networks to support healthy behaviors. In advances in Social Computing (pp. 169-169.
Social networks on the Web, Cambridge university Working Paper. As of 15 april 2012: http://www. econ. cam. ac. uk/faculty/goyal/wp11/socialnetworksweb8. pdf 45 Granovetter, Mark S,"The strength of weak ties,"American journal
Information revelation and privacy in online social networks. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society (pp. 71-80.
The role of social networks in online shopping: information passing, price of trust, and consumer choice.
& Vitak, J.,Online Social network Sites and the Concept of Social Capital, Frontiers in New Media Research, 15,115, 2010.
"Social network Analysis and Mining: 1-15. Stoica, E. A a. G Pitic, and A i. Tara,"Crawling-A Solution For Efficient E-Government.
and Barry Wellman,"Geography of Twitter networks,"Social networks, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2012, pp. 73-81.
Exploring the Role of Social networks in the 2008 Presidential Nomination Contest,"The Harvard Networks in Political science Conference, 2008.
social networks in the surgical instrument cluster of Sialkot-Development and Change-Pakistan. Development and Change, 30 (1), 141-175.
because a long career path brings broader social networks and effectiveness in building new ties (Mosey & Wright 2007).
and social networks among private firms and university researchers that are viewed as a central component of third generation innovation models.
and the creation of a focused cooperative education program with some of the universities and innovative companies as a means to strengthen the social networks between firms and universities.
which RETA faces in terms of the need to intensify the social networks and linkages between innovative firms in the region and the existing technology parks without the option of physical co-location.
the increasing use of telecommunications technology and the creation of denser social networks through intermediary agents,
3. Absorptive Capability and Organizational Learning Theory 27 4. Social network in Organizational Contexts 32 5. Entrepreneurial Orientation 35 6. Innovativeness 39 VIII
a brief of main studies 30 Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons 34 Table 6. Entrepreneurial Orientation what we need to know to understand the concept 37 Table 7. Industrial classification of samples selected
Theoretical Framework Resource-based view Contingency Theory Resource-based view Social network Theory Resource-based view Absorptive capability and Learning Theory Research
Self-elaborated 32 4. Social network in Organizational Contexts Approximately 30 years ago, an important new area of research within the organizational context emerged.
The starting point of the study of social networks was drawn on a broader revitalization of the field of economic sociology (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003.
The entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays a critical role in the entrepreneurial process (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986.
In this sense, Brass (1992) defines social networks as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between them.
Social network research in organizational contexts highlights topics such as social capital, embeddedness, organizational networks, board interlocks, joint ventures and inter-firm alliances (see Borgatti and Foster, 2003;
) Consistent with the arguments provided by network research in organizational contexts we can state that the field of organizational behavior moves away from an exclusive focus on individuals to consider people in organizations in terms of their embeddedness in social networks.
Table 5 shows ten key reasons (arranged chronologically) why it is important to consider the social network from the corporate entrepreneurship perspective.
Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons Main idea Study 1 The presence of colleagues/partners in the entrepreneurs'personal networks is strongly related to all performance measures.
Hoang and Antoncic (2003 p. 166) 35 Table 5. Continued Main idea Study 7 A focus on the social networks of organization leaders is likely to enhance our understanding of organizational behavior.
Kilduff and Brass (2010 p. 309) 10 Social networks are influential in explaining the processes of knowledge creation, diffusion, absorption, and use.
Aldrich and Zimmer (1986) pointed out that the entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays an important role in the entrepreneurial process.
) Social networks can be defined as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between these actors (Brass, 1992;
the potential synergy between firms and their social networks can generate capabilities in learning that play an important role in creating
Members of social networks can directly influence the propensity to assume greater or lesser risk activities. 72 In addition, Ripollés and Blesa (2005;
2006) found a direct causal contribution of the entrepreneur's contact frequency with members of his/her families or social networks into a firm's entrepreneurial behavior.
For example, Birley (1985) found that social networks provide the main sources of help in assembling the resources needed;
social networks, cooperative networks, marketing information networks, reputation networks, and cooperative technology networks that, according to Lechner and Dowling (2003), enable growth in different stages of firm development.
For public policy-makers, the findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in companies'environments, can be valuable to society as a whole
and strategy management by investigating the impact of a firm's resources and capabilities such as EO, social networks and innovativeness on its performance.
our findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in SMES, can be valuable to society as a whole
-Reinforces the social network and the entrepreneurial spirit of the SMES to obtain potential growth, thus generating wealth and employment;
Entrepreneurship through social network. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. Eds.
a social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17,419-439. Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.
a social network perspective. In Research in Politics and Society, Moore, G. and Whitt, J. A. Eds.
Social network research in organizational contexts: a systematic review of methodological issues and choices. Journal of Management, 38,1328-1361.
Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28,1-22. Griffin, P. A.,Lont, D. H. and Sun, Y. 2010.
a social network perspective. Journal of organizational behavior, 31,309-318. Kirbach, M. and Schmiedeberg, C. 2008.
and market failures and drivers The cluster originated from a tight social network among biotechnology firms, venture capital and research institutions.
Next to the social network effect, also the heterogeneity of individuals and organisation regarding knowledge, skills and experiences contributed to the succes of the cluster.
collaboration PPP and VC Strong social networks of university graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company Capabilities World leading scientists on biotechnology Very
However, the CEO of the Quebec Photonics Network sees the relatively dense social network of Québec City confined to a relatively small area as a reason why collaboration might be easier.
A Social network Analysis of the Quebec Optics and Photonics Cluster, Paper presented at the DRUID Summer Conference 2004.
such as the growing online social networks and other collaborative communities for knowledge exploration 36,94. Moreover, little work has been done on downstream networks exploiting existing knowledge 91.3.13.
Online social networks: Enlarging the knowledge exploration landscape The OI model stresses the importance of using a broad range of sources for innovation and commercialisation activities by firms.
Online social networks are used frequently by firms as one of these channels but NSI scholars have not heeded them enough to date 95.
An illustrative case of online social networks is the trend towards open source software 71. An oft-given example is the Linux Foundation.
Online social networks may solve problems for current business development or pool ideas 97 for future business development.
and profit-seeking organisations are linked up in online social networks. Individuals are assigned carefully to certain communities, for example, those serving a given sector.
Sci. 17 (4)( 2006) 484 500.95 R. Cachia, R. Compañó, O. Da Costa, Grasping the potential of online social networks for foresight, Technol.
The Internet has opened an avenue for social networks and these virtual platforms are multiplying, which incentivize collaborations between Social Entrepreneurs and across sectors, pool resources
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 19 POWER TO INTERNET THE PEOPLE Wikis, Usergenerated knowledge P2p Free Content Blogs Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge and open code.
distribut ed social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe and experiment with services and protocols.
wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives, solve social challenges,
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of relations (Wasserman and Faust, 1994).
In the case of the DSI social network collected in this study, the nodes in a graph are organisations,
This dataset is likely to fairly represent the empirical phenomena at hand with two caveats 1) It has a bias towards English speakers as the survey was translated not into other European languages 2) As outreach was directed by the partners it is likely to reflect their social networks in more depth
than disconnected social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in detail. The graph of the networks is given in Figure 11
TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...
Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up,
and combines the informal nature of social networks with a methodological approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process.
Besides the standard tools available in most social networks, Futurium participatory tools offer several features to support collective foresight, such as scenario building, collective debate and voting for policies.
and provide a holistic framework to support them. 5. Democratic and distributed social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.
I would call it Yups. com: Yups for the positive votes and Oops for the negative ones.
Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998. Collective dynamics of‘small-world'networks.
mobile apps and social networks apps, etc.;90 DAE Scoreboard: http://ec. europa. eu/information society/digitalagenda/scoreboard/index en. htm 86 c) include measures in support of the regional capacity to plan,
Thus, weak ties‘represent local bridges to disparate segments of the social network that are unconnected otherwise'(Elfring and Hulsink 2003: 411.
but also in supra-regional or even worldwide social networks) that‘offer particular()advantages for firms engaged in innovation and knowledge creation.'
and maintaining social networks have a long tradition in the region (Stoerring and Christensen 2004). Moreover, a widespread awareness of the importance of further developing the technological system can be found (Dalum et al. 1999;
Social networks, Resources and Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 103-109. Johannisson, B.,M. Ramirez-Pasillas and G. Karlsson (2002:
and Use of the Internet (Hungarians are keen to engage in many internet activities and outperform the EU average on use of the Internet-80%use social networks, the highest in the EU). At the same time,
) 52%(2014) 7 37%(2013) 14 37%(2014) 3b2 Social networks%individuals who used Internet in the last 3 months (aged 16-74) 80%(2014) 1
and 80%use social networks. The use of social networks is the highest in the EU. 47%of the internet users listen to music,
watch films or play games online, and 52%make video calls. Despite the progress last year, Hungary still falls well below the average on internet banking and online shopping.
In digital interactions such as social networks and forums individuals are leaving a lifelong trail of personal data.
social networks such as Facebook let users restrict or grant access to other users or groups on their data (e g.,
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Online Social networks. 2007) 43 48 30. Giuri, L.,Iglio, P.:
task forces and facilitate social networks etc. Without this champion organisation, any effort will not be sustainable. 4 Summary of the findings from IPF IMPROVING INNOVATION SUPPORT TO SMES 13 4. 2 Tool Set in order to support the methodology
and interaction between firms and other actors is replaced by the current social network theory of innovation,
the social entrepreneur sets out to tame social networks of influence. In this respect, what is extremely important for us is not so much the particular type of strategy used by an actor but the significance of this strategy,
Social networks and innovation (handicraft industry in bantul, yogyakarta. Munich: MPRA, 28032. Brata, A..2009. Innovation and social capital in the small-medium entreprises:
development of demand-driven, easy-to-use and affordable services for all users, learning from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks;
and social network. 8) The funding programmes shall be suitable for supporting early stage innovation. 9) The modernization of the Act on venture capital and clarification of the incentive mechanisms. 36 3 vision and objectives The specific objectives related to
Software for Social network Analysis.'Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies..30 high level of GDP and a sound R&d landscape.
'Social networks, 20:2, 135-41. Borgatti, S. & Everett, M. 2000.''Models of core/periphery structures.'
'Social networks, 21:4, 375-95. Borgatti, S. P.,Everett, M. G. & Freeman, L. C. 2002.'
Software for Social network Analysis.'Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies. Boutellier, R.,Gassmann, O. & von Zedtwitz, M. 2008.
'The Use of Social network Analysis in Knowledge Diffusion Research from Patent Data.''Paper presented at International Conference on Advances in Social network Analysis and Mining.
Dachs, B. & Pyka, A. 2010.''What drives the internationalisation of innovation? Evidence from European patent data.'
'Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification.''Social networks, 1: 3, 215-39. Garlaschelli, D. & Loffredo, M. 2005.'
'Structure and evolution of the world trade network.''Market Dynamics and Quantitative Economics Selection of papers presented at the First Bonzenfreies Colloquiumon Market Dynamics and Quantitative Economics, 355:1, 138-44.44 Gibbons, D. E. 2004.'
we apply social network analysis to study the locations of international R&d centres and the relationships between the countries owning
establishing a social network for professionals similar to Linkedin. Success has come from high quality management, a well-focused strategy and execution of a viable business model.
The social network that wasn't. The Big Money, 1 september 2009, http://web. archive. org/web/20100727140400/http://www. thebigmoney. com/articles/money-trail/2009/09/01
Fabernovell (2007) XING Best practice social network websites. Interview with founder, download. 74 MARKOFF, J (2007) Move over Silicon valley,
Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social networks, 1 (3), 215-239. Fujita, M, . & Thisse, J.-F. 1996).
Economics of Agglomeration: C. E. P. R. Discussion Papers. Fujita, M, . & Thisse, J.-F. 2002).
websites By visi+ng trade expos and fairs We tend to be contacted by others By using own social network 0%20%40%60%80%100%The share of R&d expenditure in the ICT sector
%Last but not least, policy should support the application of various research methods (e g. teacherled research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
Supporting the application of various research methods (e g. teacher-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
Supporting the application of various research methods (e g. teacher-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc.
, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis, learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of ICTELI..
around 30 per cent of European enterprises used social media, ranging from 15 per cent of enterprises in Latvia to 55 per cent in Malta. 18 Activities are mostly related to social networks (e g.
in many ways the social network fails as a representation of society. On the one hand, for example, the American Facebook user's relationship status of married on Facebook is very similar to real life (census) data on the average age
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 184 Customer profiles include details about customers'mobility patterns, social networks and consumption preferences.
This often calls for an understanding of the level of influence of each subscriber's social networks, both on-network (i e. within the same operator) as well as off-network (i e.
For example, by understanding their customers'relationships to their social networks (and their relative importance within them),
Furthermore, social network insights can be used by an operator to market its services to the off-network contacts that are connected to its customers
fraud detection Social network analysis marketing Agent monitoring Enhanced credit Algorithmic liquidity needs prediction Income and poverty assessment Mapping social divides GDP estimates
bad harvest Ag yield/shock predictions Campaign effectiveness Social network delineated market areas Predictive algorithms to anticipate prod. churn Social network targeted marketing Post-disaster refugee reunification
They combined this analysis with a study of users'social networks with two users being considered as connected
or participating in social networks. Survey-based data can also be broken down by individual characteristics, including gender, age, educational level and occupation,
and release additional big datasets containing weather, public and private transport, energy, event and social network data.
the subsequent social network analysis could contain errors (overstating or understating tie strength, for example). While it may not be possible to establish data provenance as envisaged by scientists,
social networks and consumption among men and women, and between different socioeconomic groups, which would not have been possible using only the call records.
and telecommunication operators and Internet companies, including search engines and social networks, on the other, is necessary
. 2011), Out of sight out of Mind-How Our Mobile Social network Changes during Migration. 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third Int
All company employees are now on an internal social network. Intel has also set up teams based on accounts
Social networks: platforms that allow the user to connect and interact with other people, based on mutual interests and experiences,
Otherwise said, 40%of the total European population is represented by active social network users. 4 Global Web Index, Q2,
searching for information, communicating by means of the social networks, etc..The electronic commerce continues to increase significantly, even in the context of the actual economic crisis.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 19 POWER TO INTERNET THE PEOPLE Wikis, Usergenerated knowledge P2p Free Content Blogs Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge and open code.
and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks,
wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives, solve social challenges,
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of relations (Wasserman and Faust, 1994).
In the case of the DSI social network collected in this study, the nodes in a graph are organisations,
This dataset is likely to fairly represent the empirical phenomena at hand with two caveats 1) It has a bias towards English speakers as the survey was translated not into other European languages 2) As outreach was directed by the partners it is likely to reflect their social networks in more depth
than disconnected social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in detail. The graph of the networks is given in Figure 11
TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...
Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up,
and combines the informal nature of social networks with a methodological approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process.
Besides the standard tools available in most social networks, Futurium participatory tools offer several features to support collective foresight, such as scenario building, collective debate and voting for policies.
and provide a holistic framework to support them. 5. Democratic and distributed social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.
I would call it Yups. com: Yups for the positive votes and Oops for the negative ones.
Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998. Collective dynamics of‘small-world'networks.
and also the much wider domain of e-commerce transactions in goods and services. 11 Online retailing, online press, search engines, social networks, blogs, media streaming, online gambling and e-health
searching for information, communicating via social networks, etc..Electronic commerce continues to grow substantially, even in the current economic crisis.
several new services and activities have emerged that the legislators could not have foreseen, such as video-sharing sites, selling platforms, social networks and peer-2-peer services.
whereas others, in particular selling platforms, video sharing sites, social networks and search engines, favoured the inclusion of those activities within the"safe harbour"regime.
discussion fora and social networks. For example: Usenet (a system in which users post messages to a newsgroup) was considered a caching provider by the German Regional Court of Munich96
Myspace) 100 held that the social network service Myspace was not offering a hosting activity and therefore 94 Paris Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI), 26.10.2010;
In 2009 the Commission brokered an agreement on a code between a large group of social networks with the objective of ensuring the safety of minors online. 131 On 4 may 2011 a representative group of right holders and internet platforms
A similar case, on the compatibility of such a filtering obligation for a social network, is currently pending before the ECJ. 140 3. 4. 5. 2 National law Article 15 has been transposed in different ways across the EU. Some Member States did not consider it necessary to introduce a prohibition of general monitoring in their legislative framework
Millions of citizens publish photos, blogs and text about families, friends and colleagues on social networks such as Netlog, Linkedin and Facebook,
The question has been raised to what extent the commercial communications rules of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive also apply to new services such as the online social networks. 183 See recently for example the Ker-Optika judgment,
and the Enterprise Europe Network226 confirm that businesses with an interest in 223 On 16 november 2011 the Commission hosted a seminar to discuss consumer problems with digital products, such as e-mail, social networks, music, films, e
Such trends force universities to adapt innovative marketing strategies embracing social networks, interactive websites, intranet and content marketing techniques
The use of social media by universities is on the rise with many leading universities having hundreds of thousands followers on their social network pages.
On Medium, a social network developed in North america, one can find long reads and open speech publications.
and reinforcing the vision with active social network management and orchestration. Russell et al describe innovation ecosystems as‘the interorganisational, political, economic, environmental,
Social network or crowdsourcing businesses reflect these new business models and a new philosophy where Internet is the natural environment in
When entrepreneurs tap into larger social networks to pitch an idea, they begin to create mindshare
using social networks and crowdfunding platforms to finance their businesses and projects. By doing so individual entrepreneurs and early growth companies can solicit donations from individual stakeholders (including friends, family, colleagues, other business owners, etc.
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