It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter's (942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.
For example, social innovations, such as Wikipedia, can democratise the processes of developing and managing technology and knowledge.
but simply makes it easier for Google to index and search through images (von Ahn and Dabbish 2005).
and distributed group spaces of former years (https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chaos communication congress). Maker Fairs are very interesting expressions of this new form of networking events that emerged out of the big diffusion of the Makers Movement.
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft who now increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference.
161ouishare 165p2p Foundation 169patients Like Me 173peerby 179raspberry Pi 185safecast 191smart Citizen Kit 197tor 201ushahidi 207zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) 213 Case studies
just as social media and networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Flickr and Youtube are a crucial part of launching,
to be accessed via an all-new web portal. Presently 109 apps and visualisations have been made that make use of Open Government Data Vienna,
The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.
what the P2p Foundation do continued on a basis by donating in a similar way to that adopted by Wikipedia with users being given the option to donate preset or other amounts through a Paypal platform.
It actively encourages collaborative coding for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google,
Raspberry Pi has collaborated also recently with Google to deliver a new open source coding tool called Coder.
The overall cost for the DIY programming project, using Google's recommended materials, is under $50 and, importantly,
In late January 2013, Google announced it was giving the Raspberry Pi Foundation a grant worth an estimated £670
And let you take decisions about do you trust Google, do you trust Amazon, do you trust the BBC, whatever.
and text message and placed them on Google maps. This website had 45,000 users in Kenya,
but requires the Google maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms,
and areas hit by a natural catastrophe. 212 213 Zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) At a glance:
'Type of organisation Zooniverse is a project of the run by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA) via its web portal.
highly scalable application built in Ruby on Rails that runs on Amazon web services and uses Mongodb, Redis and a few other technologies.
the number of servers they're running can be scaled back to a minimal level(‘automagically'on Amazon web services).
but simply makes it easier for Google to index and search through images (von Ahn and Dabbish 2005).
and distributed group spaces of former years (https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chaos communication congress). Maker Fairs are very interesting expressions of this new form of networking events that emerged out of the big diffusion of the Makers Movement.
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft who now increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference.
161ouishare 165p2p Foundation 169patients Like Me 173peerby 179raspberry Pi 185safecast 191smart Citizen Kit 197tor 201ushahidi 207zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) 213 Case studies
just as social media and networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Flickr and Youtube are a crucial part of launching,
to be accessed via an all-new web portal. Presently 109 apps and visualisations have been made that make use of Open Government Data Vienna,
The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.
what the P2p Foundation do continued on a basis by donating in a similar way to that adopted by Wikipedia with users being given the option to donate preset or other amounts through a Paypal platform.
It actively encourages collaborative coding for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google,
Raspberry Pi has collaborated also recently with Google to deliver a new open source coding tool called Coder.
The overall cost for the DIY programming project, using Google's recommended materials, is under $50 and, importantly,
In late January 2013, Google announced it was giving the Raspberry Pi Foundation a grant worth an estimated £670
And let you take decisions about do you trust Google, do you trust Amazon, do you trust the BBC, whatever.
and text message and placed them on Google maps. This website had 45,000 users in Kenya,
but requires the Google maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms,
and areas hit by a natural catastrophe. 212 213 Zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) At a glance:
'Type of organisation Zooniverse is a project of the run by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA) via its web portal.
highly scalable application built in Ruby on Rails that runs on Amazon web services and uses Mongodb, Redis and a few other technologies.
the number of servers they're running can be scaled back to a minimal level(‘automagically'on Amazon web services).
Moreover, a recent Commission in depth market study on internet services provision from a consumer perspective showed that very little information was provided to consumers on internet providers'websites on issues such as blocking/slowing down of services
In the L'oréal/ebay case (July 2011) the Court clarified that"awareness"of illegal content can in particular be obtained by a notice that is"sufficiently detailed and adequately substantiated".
Firstly, to complete the Digital Single Market, those ICT systems sitting with internet providers, telecom providers, banks, postal operators, retailers, public authorities,
a step-by-step start-up Guide and a Web portal where technical guidance on measurement and relevant links are provided. www. oecd. org/innovation/green/toolkit/aboutsustainablemanufacturing andthetoolkit. htm PRE-SME
en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green dot %28symbol%29 p. 34: The Footprint Chronicles source: www. patagonia. com/us/footprint;
Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA anamarinoiu@yahoo. com http://www. rei. ase. ro Abstract: -The paper presents the results of a qualitative research on the perception and implementation of ecoinnovation in Romanian SMES.
Google user data requests...29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested...
30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges.
Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from
which Google reported having received requests (not all countries are reported to have filed requests in all years covered):
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests,
or provide information on Google's services. 30 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10 Source:
Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and the limitation of freedom of speech.
Several governments have shared their databases with the public to spark innovation through data analytics and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries,
Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.
New york times (2013), Google Ventures Stresses the Science of the Deal, not the Art of the Deal. 61.
as well as serving to enhance the region‘s international reputation by attracting global firms, such as Microsoft and Google,
Top 3 Online Players UK 1. Amazon 16%2. Tesco 9%3. ebay 8%Mobile commerce accounted for nearly one third of all online sales in the UK
Eze Vidra, head of Google's London Campus co--working space, has spoken of the pivotal role of London with the potential to become the leading start-up hub in Europe based on its access to talent
and digital processes 5 http://www. standard. co. uk/news/techandgadgets/google--chief--london--can--be--leading--hub--for--europes--tech--startups--9234955. html
and CISCO at Google Campus, London where centres of excellence are spread out across thousands of miles and differing time zones.
‘Bournemouth Digital Pier'ESRC Report Dec 2013 http://www. standard. co. uk/news/techandgadgets/google--chief--london--can--be--leading--hub--for--europes
Consider developing a regional web portal along the lines of the existing Waterford City website at http://www. waterfordbusinessinfo. ie FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA:
percent went through Dublin Port. 13 Google maps 24 securing business friendly services that are faster
The waterfordbusinessinfo. ie web portal has been developed by Waterford City council in conjunction with the enterprise development agencies.
Ireland has a strong track record to date as an offshore location for centralised customer support and shared services activities with companies such as Facebook, IBM, Dell, Google, HP,
it was free (Wikipedia, 2013a). Adventure had no graphics, just words on an amber screen.
and play the games collaboratively or competitively (Wikipedia, 2013b). And coming soon was called something a smart terminal,
and the miniaturized devices courtesy of Moore's Law to utilize it (Wikipedia, 2013c). But the confluence of these developments would bring dramatic consequences to education.
2013) Deeply Engaged Learning As suggested by Google's Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, the interconnected student can become an active collaborator in a continuous learning process (2013).
This kinesthetic learning approach builds on a well-established body of educational research called legitimate peripheral participation (LPP)( Wikipedia, 2014a;
Wikipedia, 2014b. In LPP, students engage actively in the real work of a discipline under the mentorship of a faculty member with expertise in the discipline.
Wikipedia (2013a. History of massively multiplayer online role playing games. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History of massively multiplayer online games Wikipedia (2013b.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing game. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Massively multiplayer online role-playing game Wikipedia (2013c.
Moore's law. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moore%27s law Wikipedia (2014a.
Kinesthetic learning. Retrieved on 24 february 2014 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kinesthetic learning Wikipedia (2014b.
Legitimate peripheral participation. Retrieved on 24 february 2014 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legitimate peripheral participation Correspondence:
John V. Pavlik, Professor, Department of Journalism and Media Studies, School of Communication and Information, Rutgers University, New brunswick, New jersey, United states
Mounting a national R&d programm www. google. at/url? sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0cbsqfjaa&url=http%3a%2 F%2fwww2. ademe. fr%2fservlet%2fgetbin%3fname%3d91375dbf7a06a5 CCF071CFAF3A6C0F7A1242119409511. pdf&ei=q8xstd3cem238qoqu4xrd Q&usg
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.
where commercial Internet providers weren't providing a connection. The idea was to build a‘mesh network'where each person in the network used a small radio transmitter that functioned like a wireless router to become a node in the Guifi net.
so that both commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia) were able to exploit the network effect.
and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb, but it may not apply easily to some other services such as edemocracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies.
an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps
For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.
One of the most well-known is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
. wikipedia. org/wiki/Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h 47 http://www. w3. org/48 http://open-stand. org/about-us/principles/49 For more information
http://bit. ly/V2knnk 50 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reinventing innovation policy Policy Tools and Action 20 http://ec. europa. eu
-agenda/en/about-startup-europe Interoperabilidad 51 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interfaz de programaci%C3%B3n de aplicaciones 52 http://es. wikipedia. org
/wiki/Extensible markup language 53 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Resource description framework 54 http://linkeddata. org/55 http://www. w3. org/TR/rdf
-sparql-query/56 http://www. theopeninter. net/57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dataportability 58 http://www. w3. org/Social
/WG 59 http://dcentproject. eu 60 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hypertext transfer protocol secure 61 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Red privada virtual 62
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/End-to-end encryption 63 https://abc4trust. eu/64 http://www. ftc. gov/system/files/documents/reports
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arduino#mediaviewer/File: Arduino316. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 47 (2014) Smart Citizen kit online Flickr, Al Billings Available from:
And just days before, the Commission extended its open source web portal, the Open source Observatory, (http://ec. europa. eu/idabc/en/chapter/452) to develop interoperability between applications.
Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR. 89 Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature. 90 American Bar Association Section of Science and Technology Information security Committee E-business
Amazon or ebay are already icons of e-commerce that changed the landscape of the retailing industry.
Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature. Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism.
where patients rate the services of doctors and healthcare providers via a web portal or a health oriented network 20,
Additional problems appeared with the growing use of web portals rating healthcare services. Patients often subscribe to expert websites and search information regarding their illness on the Internet.
One example is Google dashboard privacy tool, which through a web interface displays to users what information about them is stored
Alibaba, a Chinese online sales company, is now larger than Amazon and ebay combined, and still growing (Osawa et al, 2014).
The emergence of global technology-based giants like Google and the different models of business they bring,
Vogel-Verlag Würzburg, 1992 If you use a search machine like google and search under methode 635,
Amazon com is an online book retailer that is valued at $120 million. It is one of the most successful examples on the Internet.
The UK version of Amazon com is Book Pages. This company has a loyalty points scheme to encourage customers to come back
To put these findings in perspective one has to consider that the search engines with the largest number of Web pages indexed (such as Google) index no more than sixteen per cent of the surface Web.
Literature searches page 249 of 271 http://www. google. com http://www. alltheweb. com http://www. msn. com http://www. yahoo
http://www. google. com http://www. alltheweb. com http://www. msn. com http://www. yahoo. com Databases http://www. census
Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,
) Many firms, including as reputed names as Google and Infosys, are complaining of a shortage of suitable candidates.
Google to set up R&d centre in Bangalore, in: The Hindu, 13.12.2003. Tiwari, R. 2007: The Early Phases of Innovation:
Amazon and ebay that created on-line bookstores and auctions rather than Barnes & noble and Sotheby's. Here are some categories for use of IT in business model innovations.
Cisco, Google, Motorola (R&d centre), IBM (R&d centre), HP, Delphi (R&d centre. Stakeholder and policy dialogues to achieve the ambitions One of the main goals of the regional authorities of the Malopolska Region is to engage citizens, especially scientists,
Falagas, M. E.,E. I. Pitsouni, G. A. Malietzi and G. Pappas (2007), Comparison of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar:
Professor Ph d. Popa Ion Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania popaion 2000@yahoo. com Professor Ph d. Dobrin Cosmin Management Faculty
Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania cdobrin@yahoo. com Abstract Romania, a New Member state of European union, has undertaken a complex process to adapt to new conditions and requirements of European market,
. Nicolescu Ciprian Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania cnicolescu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Sebastian Management Faculty Academy
of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania ceptureanu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Eduard Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest
Romania eduard ceptureanu@yahoo. com that innovative efforts within SMES were focused especially on new products (34.87%),new technologies (26.99),
The EU aims to provide a unique internet portal to facilitate multimodal trip-planning in and between major urban centres in Europe.
and make little or no use of external knowledge (Wikipedia, n d.).Innovation has been studied in several forms in the entrepreneurship literature.
Exporters are thus significantly more innovative than subcontractors. central tendency bias, acquiescence bias and social desirability bias (www. wikipedia. org, 12-2-2013.
and data collection taxes, directed specifically at large internet companies such as Google and Facebook. 125 Higher taxes on ICT-producing companies may raise the price of ICT goods and services for everyone else.
With the great success of some of the world ICT leaders, such as Apple, Google, Intel,
Greg Sterling, France Wants To Tax Facebook, Google‘Personal data Collection,'Marketing Land, January 21, 2013, http://marketingland. com/france-wants-to-tax-facebook-google-personal data-collection-31196;
Jacob Albert, France Wants to Tax Data mining, and It's Not a Bad Idea, Quartz, January 22, 2013,
or Uber, or Google, or...Bloombergview, February 12, 2014, http://www. bloombergview. com/articles/2014-02-12/france-loves-tech-but-not-amazon-or-uber-or-google-or.
-152. Miller and Atkinson, Are Robots Taking Our Jobs, or Making Them? 153. Nicholas Oulton, Long term Implications of the ICT Revolution:
/and Will not Let Norwegian Enterprises use Google Apps, Datatilsynet, January 25, 2012, http://www. datatilsynet. no/English/Publications/cloud-computing/Will not-let-Norwegian-enterprises-of-Google-Apps/.
/184. Merkel Proposes Secure European Web, BBC News, February 15, 2014, http://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-26210053.185.
Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of prior government intervention to form clusters, from
16 Google key lessons...18 Amazon key lessons...19 Skype key lessons...20 XING-key lessons...
60 Google...62 Skype...66 XING AG...71 6 A1. 2 Display technologies...74 Cambridge Display Technology (CDT...
Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of prior government intervention to form clusters, from
and to some extent Google, has shown, innovation cannot be centred only on technological areas but must also be applied in product and service design.
From the US experience we know that Stanford university has had a tremendous impact on the emergence of high-tech companies in Silicon valley, starting with Hewlett packard all the way to Google.
Google, Apple and Amazon. Even so, there are well known examples of European innovation in this sub-sector, e g.
See the web services value chain in Appendix 3 for the verticalization strategy used by Apple, Google, etc.
and eventually acquired by leading USA web services players, first ebay and now Microsoft. In the following sections we analyse in more detail the development of companies in the three sub-sectors,
Google being a good example. It is a sub-sector where the USA dominates with the largest players all being first movers Google in search, Facebook in social media, Apple in music content with itunes, ebay with online auctions and Amazon in online retail.
The cases studies analysed in this sub-sector show that the success stories are based on a combination of two elements.
Silicon valley for Google, Apple and Facebook, Seattle for Microsoft and Amazon. These US clusters have drawn on government local investments for R&d
Apple was the first to do it followers are Google with Android and the various Android-based apps stores (with a Google smart phone or tablet possibly soon),
Google key lessons Google's success depended on two extraordinary, self-confident and highly talented people unwilling to follow the crowd.
Google's founders benefited from a very supportive and nurturing environment with mentors who were able to protect them
Public funding of basic research had a part to play in the Google success 19 story,
it is hard to identify any way in which Google directly benefitted from government support.
The lessons from Google are difficult to translate into policy support for innovation. It seems like a unique set of circumstances.
as Stanford did towards Google's founders. Amazon key lessons The more advantageous business environment in the USA was a key factor for Amazon's successful start up and growth in its first few years.
as our case studies of Google, Skype and XING show especially for US VCS, characterized by rapid payback with low entry costs
Thus web services such as Facebook, ebay, Twitter, etc have been favoured strongly by the VC community. Yet, the US VC industry has been investing in diverse sectors,
and far more recently in web services, e g. for Google. Here the protection of IPR through patents has allowed Apple to defend its position against newcomers attempting to enter some of its markets (e g. smart phones and tablets.
The competitive advantage from holding patents is behind Google's purchase of portfolios of patents from IBM, twice in 2011 and also the $12 billion acquisition of Motorola Mobility.
This is the case in the Oracle plea against Google in April/May 2012 over the use of the Java language to write APIS for the Android operating system. 21 Patent pools may be used where a standard complex technology is being assembled
Willow Garage, supported by Google, has made open operating 42 systems for robots available, which are used widely in the academic and triple-helix style innovation communities driven by academia. 22 In contrast to patent pools,
and Google's Android. We may expect this importance will be amplified over the coming decades as all three figure in tomorrow's ICT world of mobile devices,
Mr Almunia, to Google on abuse of its significant market power, in search related practices (Alex Barker, 2012, Google told to change
as in the case of Google or CDT. Sometimes, entrepreneurs were the driving force harnessing the skills of technicians (e g.
Google's founders benefited from a very supportive, nurturing environment, with mentors who were able to protect them
Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of government intervention to form clusters from
The case studies of Google Apple, E Ink, irobot and Amazon emphasize that moving on to a new company is normal,
At Stanford, Google's founders benefited from a very supportive, nurturing environment, with mentors who were able to protect them
Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of government intervention to form clusters from
as our case studies of Google, Skype and XING show having relatively low entry costs and low capital intensity.
Thus web services such as Facebook, Google, ebay, Twitter, etc are favoured strongly by the VC community.
8 easy steps to beat Microsoft (and Google), presentation, 2010. Isaacson, W.,(2011) Steve jobs, Simon & Schuster, NY, USA.
in books only, using the first‘Mosaic'web browser and its descendents such as Netscape. Its founder, Jeff Bezos, who came from a NY hedge fund background,
company reports) Amazon has had one of the fastest growths in the Internet's history even against ebay and Google.
In 1999 it tried to set up it own auction website, directly in competition with ebay.
, http://yahoo. brand. edgar-online. com/Displayfiling. aspx? dcn=0001193125-11-016253; http://uk. finance. yahoo. com/q/pr?
s=AMZN; Faber Novell: http://www. slideshare. net/fabernovel/amazoncom-the-hidden-empire Google Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation,
headquartered in Mountain view, CA. It provides internet search and advertising services, as well as a plethora of online tools and platforms including:
Gmail, Maps and Youtube. Most of its Web-based products are funded free by Google's highly integrated online advertising platforms Adwords
and Adsense. 63 Google was founded in Menlo Park, CA in 1998 by Larry page and Sergey Brin while they were Phd candidates in computer science at Stanford university.
In 2006, the company moved to its current headquarters in Mountain view, California. The company's mission statement from the outset was"to organize the world's information
"36 Google's growth since its launch has been phenomenal, with annual revenue growing to almost $30 billion in a little over 10 years. 96%of revenue comes from advertising,
but was renamed Pagerank and then Google. In 2001, Google was granted a patent describing its Pagerank mechanism.
The patent was assigned officially to Stanford university with Lawrence Page as the inventor. Initially Google was very much an intellectual, scientific, Utopian endeavour.
Without doubt both Page and Brin were outstanding computer scientists but, beyond that, their most notable characteristic was their overwhelming self-belief as Barry Diller put it,
Yahoo and Excite for $1m they turned it down. Google's success seems contradictory, the curious result of its founders'unstinting belief in pursuing
what they thought was right rather than the pursuit of commercial success. Initially there was no business plan
this was 35 http://www. google. com/about/corporate/company/36 http://investor. google. com/corporate/code-of-conduct. html 37 CEO, Interactivecorp.
their approach meant they did not follow the route of companies like Yahoo and Excite that sought to be portals for a variety of content.
Google wanted to get users off their site to where they wanted to go as soon as possible.
Better search was of less interest to Yahoo and Excite because they wanted users to stay on their site for
Google did not have revenue from subscribers. The commercialization breakthrough for Google came when it found a way to monetize search.
Adwords gave it a way of auctioning advertising slots on the search page, favouring firms offering the highest bid price and high benefits to users.
Google has continued to innovate or acquire a wide range of software products. It offers online productivity software,
and social networking tools, including Orkut and, more recently, Google Buzz and Google+.+Other applications include its web browser Google chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing software,
and the Google talk instant messaging application. Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system,
as well as the new Google chrome OS. In August 2011, it acquired Motorola mobility for $11. 5 billion.
Despite this activity, some analysts believe that as the company has got bigger so quickly it is finding it difficult to maintain its success. 39 Google has insisted famously that its employees be allowed to spend 20%of their time working on projects other than their core work (Innovation Time out ITO.
Gmail, Google news, Adsense and Orkut. But the policy of letting a thousand flowers bloom has also been difficult to manage,
and also has led to some mediocre products that have relied on the marketing power of the Google brand. 40 38 According to Ram Shiram (see Auletta,
p. 53). 39 Unleashing Google norms, running the rapid innovation engine, http://nbry. wordpress. com/2011/07/26/unleashing-google-norms-running-the-rapid-innovation-engine/40 http://smartstorming-blog. com/googles-8020-formula-it-can-work-for-you/;
/http://blogs. reuters. com/mediafile/2011/10/20/sergey%E2%80%99s-secret-google-projects -and-the-challenge-of-1000-blooming-flowers/65 Capital investment Google received about $1miilion in angel investment around the time it incorporated in September 1998, from Andy Bechtolsheim (cofounder of Sun microsystems) Ram Shiram
(ex Netscape), David Cheriton (Stanford computer science Professor), and Jeff Bezos41 (Amazon). In June 1999, a $25 million round of funding was announced,
with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.
Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later in August 2004. At that time Larry page, Sergey Brin,
and Eric Schmidt42 agreed to work together at Google for twenty years, until the year 2024.43 The sale of $1. 67 billion in shares gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.
The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google. Many of the Google's original employees became instant paper millionaires.
IPR was of great concern to Page and Brin and Backrub was kept under a cloak of secrecy.
Page was a huge admirer of Tesla and he was well aware that Tesla had shared carelessly his inventions with others.
Consequently the algorithms behind Pagerank were guarded zealously. However, as Phd research students, they were expected to present their work
In its very early days, Google operated out of the living room of the graduate housing apartment Brin shared in Escondido Village.
The Google computers and server were stored in Page's graduate residence. Stanford university seem to have extended considerable tolerance to Page and Brin, turning a blind eye to them acquiring computing resources.
Schmidt served as Google's CEO; he is now Executive Chairman. Prior to joining Google,
he was the chairman and CEO of Novell and chief technology officer at Sun microsystems. 43 http://money. cnn. com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google. fortune/index. htm
44 Page, Lawrence and Brin, Sergey and Motwani, Rajeev and Winograd, Terry (1999) The Pagerank Citation Ranking:
Stanford Infolab. 45 John Batelle, The birth of Google, Wired, August 2005, http://www. wired. com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle. html 66 Human capital:
Google benefitted enormously from the pool of talented computer scientists and other Silicon valley engineers because of the dot com crash and failure of other firms.
Google was able to take its pick from the best of the talented people around.
The VCS who invested in Google thought that Page and Brin needed proper and experienced business leadership;
but really didn't want a business executive to run Google they thought of them as bureaucrats rather than engineers and entrepreneurs.
How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture, New york:
Skype was acquired by ebay in September 2005 for $3. 1 billion, but relations between the founders and ebay soured as growth targets were missed.
A 70%stake was acquired by an investment group led by Silver lake (including the original founders) in November 2009,
This undoubtedly led to ebay becoming disenchanted with Skype's performance and the seeming failure of synergies to emerge with ebay and its other big acquisition, online payment system, Paypal.
History and development The basis for the start-up of Skype was the coming together of the entrepreneurial skills of Zennström
and the ebay threatening to completely destabilize the company. Following the departure of Zennström and Friis,
Meanwhile ebay was preparing to float Skype via an IPO but Zennström and Friis were done not.
and Friis joining the Skype investor group with 14%ownership. ebay then sold 70%of Skype to the investor Group led by Silver lake. 47 http://www. prnewswire. co. uk/cgi/news/release?
and ebay got most of its money back in recouping $2. 55 billion. In essence Microsoft paid about $1000 per subscriber
which some have questioned as being excessive. 49 It is being seen as a defensive move by Microsoft to avoid Skype falling into the hands of Google,
Both Google and Facebook were reported to have been in talks to buy Skype. 50 The battle over the coming years for the VOIP market will be between Skype in the hands of Microsoft and Google talk, Apple Facetime and Facebook Chat.
Google (especially Youtube) and other US web service providers may force them to align with EU standards of privacy in the future as legal processes develop.
http://ca. finance. yahoo. com/blogs/insight/kodak-lesson-ending-didn-t-happen-191731960. html Paul Semenza Kodak Exits OLED Business After 30 Years;
) Later, the company adopted Google-like practices with employees encouraged to use"free time"to work on their own ideas to develop prototypes.
Sales & After sales Generic Web Services Value Chain for a large operation (Google, Apple, Amazon,
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