6311-Data processing, hosting and related activities, 6312-Web portals, 9511-Repair of computers and peripheral equipment,
web portals 951 Repair of computers and communication equipment With respect to the technology, examples of the characterization used include:
Google's Pagerank is a variant of the Eigenvector centrality measure (Spizzirri, 2011. In practical terms, eigenvector centrality is a measure of the importance of a node in a network,
through the National Innovation Office Kaleidoszkóp internet portal www. kaleidoszkop. nih. gov. hu. Figure 1: The EU's ICT sector in international comparison (2007.
14 1. 16 Growth in daily Google searches, 2007-2013.16 1. 17 Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users...
17 1. 18 Wikipedia articles total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles...17 1. 19 Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012.19 1. 20 E-government Development Index (EGDI),
Twitter, Youtube, Whatsapp. With more and more applications now available through mobile platforms (mobile apps), and the strong growth in mobile Internet uptake, an increasing number of people are joining,
Google remains the leading search engine in most countries, and accounts for around 90 per cent of the search market. 16 The number of daily Google searches reached almost 6 billion by end 2013 (Chart 1. 16)
and the total number of searches made through Google in 2013 exceeded 2 trillion. Social media sites have become the most accessed websites by users in both developed Chart 1. 16:
Growth in daily Google searches, 2007-2013 Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. statisticbrain. com/google-searches/.
/0 2'000 4'000 6'000 8'000 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Millions of searches 17 Measuring
and more than 100 hours of video content are uploaded every minute on Youtube, the leading international videofilesharing site with services in 61 countries.
As of early 2014, Youtube boasted more than 1 billion unique visitors monthly. Other top popular websites include Amazon,
Wikipedia and Linkedin as well as various news and online e-market sites at the national level (see below on e-business).
Wikipedia, the largest and most widely used online encyclopaedia, featured more than 30 million articles by end 2013 (Chart 1. 18).
By February 2014, Wikipedia registered more than 20 billion page views per month by Internet users. At the same time, the proportion of articles in English has decreased significantly from 46 per cent in 2003 to 15 per cent in 2013
Wikipedia articles total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles) Source: Wikipedia statistics at http://stats. wikimedia. org/EN/Tablesarticlestotal. htm. 0 5'000 10'000 15'000 20'000 25'000
30'000 35'000 Total English Chapter 1. Recent information society developments 18 content generated by countries and regions and highlight the differences.
Youtube) and blogs (e g. Twitter. In the developing world, data on ICTS in enterprises are scarce
which includes not just telecommunication companies but also over-the-top (OTT) service providers such as Google, Twitter, Facebook, Whatsapp, Netflix, Amazon and many others, captures a wide array of behavioural
Google, for example, is running about a thousand experiments at any given point in time (Varian, 2013a. Telecom network operators make extensive use of such techniques when rolling out new services, among other things for the purpose of pricing.
This broadly includes data captured directly by telecommunication operators as well as by Internet companies and by content providers such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
In the EU, for example, a number of directives require data producers to obtain users'consent before gathering any of their personal data. 5 One of the best-known examples of leveraging the online population's digital breadcrumbs for development purposes is Google Flu Trends (GFT.
In addition, mobile-operator data could be combined with customer information from popular online services, such as Facebook, Google or other, local (financial, social etc.
and by taking into account usage patterns or data from popular Internet companies such as Google or Facebook.
Not everyone uses Twitter, Facebook or Google. For example, ITU estimates suggest that 40 per cent of the world's population uses the Internet.
For example, the famous Google pagerank algorithm has spawned an entire industry of organizations that claim to enhance website page rankings,
Changes in behaviour could also partially explain the declining veracity of Google Flu Trends (GFT),
researchers having found influenza-like illness rates as reflected by Google searches to be no longer necessarily correlating with actual influenza virus infections (Ortiz et al.,
The point is that the underlying real-world actions of the population that turned to Google with its health queries,
with more and more people turning to Google with their broader health questions, thereby introducing additional search terms (due to different cultural norms
As Google's Chief Economist, Hal Varian, notes, there are often more police in precincts with high crime,
ITU and UN Global Pulse), the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, ICT industry associations and producers of big data (Google, Facebook, etc.)
http://policyreview. info/articles/analysis/big data-big-responsibilities. 6 See https://www. google. org/denguetrends/.
For further information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection. 16 It should be noted that there is not a harmonized methodology for the allocation of revenues from bundled packages to each specific service Taking into account the increasing trend towards the bundling
For further information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection. 43 Based on interviews between LIRNEASIA and operators in South and Southeast asia. 44 For example
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sector antenna. 46 A media access control (MAC) address is a unique identifier that is assigned to network interfaces mostly by a hardware manufacturer.
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MAC ADDRESS. 47 An international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number is a 15-digit number unique to the particular SIM in a subscriber's handset.
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International mobile subscriber identity. 213 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 List of references Arpce (2011), Agence de Régulation
Wired Magazine, 16 (7). Askitas, N. and Zimmermann, K. F. 2009), Google econometrics and unemployment forecasting.
http://static. googleusercontent. com/media/research. google. com/en//archive/papers/initialclaimsus. pdf. Choi, H. and Varian, H. 2012), Predicting the present with Google trends.
The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis. Science (New york, N y.),343 (6176), 1203 5. doi:
a comparison of traditional surveillance systems with Google Flu Trends. Plos One, 6 (4), e18687. doi:
All public bodies will adhere to this Line Action Portal (Operational) Implementation of the web portals goes through stages;
Low%of Citizens are using web portals to submit forms and a smaller number of%of enterprises are interacting online with public authorities Romania's e-governance portal being average among its peers has areas for improvement toward providing digital governance experience in the below areas:
of web portals used in the interaction with citizens, and of related complex services used by such institutions as support services.
Single web portal with access to all public institutions websites and public services. Public institutions websites with real time feedback option implemented.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.
where commercial Internet providers weren't providing a connection. The idea was to build a‘mesh network'where each person in the network used a small radio transmitter that functioned like a wireless router to become a node in the Guifi net.
so that both commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia) were able to exploit the network effect.
and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb, but it may not apply easily to some other services such as edemocracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies.
an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps
For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.
One of the most well-known is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
. wikipedia. org/wiki/Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h 47 http://www. w3. org/48 http://open-stand. org/about-us/principles/49 For more information
http://bit. ly/V2knnk 50 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reinventing innovation policy Policy Tools and Action 20 http://ec. europa. eu
-agenda/en/about-startup-europe Interoperabilidad 51 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interfaz de programaci%C3%B3n de aplicaciones 52 http://es. wikipedia. org
/wiki/Extensible markup language 53 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Resource description framework 54 http://linkeddata. org/55 http://www. w3. org/TR/rdf
-sparql-query/56 http://www. theopeninter. net/57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dataportability 58 http://www. w3. org/Social
/WG 59 http://dcentproject. eu 60 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hypertext transfer protocol secure 61 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Red privada virtual 62
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/End-to-end encryption 63 https://abc4trust. eu/64 http://www. ftc. gov/system/files/documents/reports
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arduino#mediaviewer/File: Arduino316. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 47 (2014) Smart Citizen kit online Flickr, Al Billings Available from:
Several studies suggest that even the most price-sensitive Internet consumers respond very strongly to well-known, heavily branded (large) retailers, such as amazon com.
http://www. bcg. com/documents/file84709. pdf 24 How the Internet is transforming the economy, a series of studies by the Boston Consulting Group commissioned by Google, 2010-2011;
Case C-324/09, L'oréal v ebay, judgment of 12 july 2011, par. 95-96, available at:
"83 Google contribution to the public consultation on the future of electronic commerce in the internal market and the implementation of the Directive on electronic commerce (2000/31/EC), available at:
The ECJ ebay vs. L'oréal judgment in case C-324/09 confirms that awareness in the sense of Article 14 can be obtained through a"notice"that is sent to an intermediary and that is sufficiently precise and substantiated.
This has resulted in a degree of regulatory 85 Joined cases C-236/08 to C-238/08, Google vs.
Google Inc.)stated that the Directive was not relevant for the liability of a news search service
however, the Hamburg Court held (in Peterson v Google Inc and others90) that a video sharing site for videos uploaded by third parties cannot benefit 86 Crown Court, Gloucester, 06.02.2010, ref. no.
The court ruled that Youtube could not benefit from a liability exemption for hosting providers as, for the following reasons,
o Youtube provides a specific layout of the website and Youtube's logo is shown in rather big letters above the playing video;
o Youtube provides links to related videos; o Youtube displays commercial video clips and not only content that expresses a personal opinion. o Because of the arrangement of the website the average user cannot tell at first sight that the videos were uploaded by the user and not by Youtube;
o The homepage of Youtube suggests that Youtube exercises editorial control as it suggests certain videos;
o Youtube actively connects advertisements to uploaded videos; o Youtube's Terms and Conditions indicate that Youtube can use the content uploaded on its site as its own content.
In Italy the Civil Court of Rome (RTI and others vs. Youtube and others) 91 also considered that a video-sharing site could not benefit from a liability exemption.
The court stated that Youtube was not to be regarded as a hosting provider but as a"digital broadcaster"and was considered consequently fully responsible for the published content.
Youtube would play an active role and would not limit its activities to providing server space for users to independently upload
and organise content. The case law on online selling platforms is fragmented also: The Paris Commercial Court considered that ebay might not benefit from a liability exemption for its hosting activities. 92 The court considered that the sellers on ebay's website (recipients of ebay's services in terms of the E-commerce Directive) act under the authority
or the control of ebay (the provider of an information society service in terms of the E-commerce Directive), in which case, in accordance with Article 14 (2) of the Directive,
the liability exemption for hosting activities does not apply. The court came to this conclusion
because ebay plays an active role in promoting sales with the objective of increasing profits by,
for instance, appointing sales managers, creating online"boutiques "and offering the option of becoming a"power seller".
"In the L'oréal vs. ebay case93 the Paris Civil Court considered that ebay could offer its clients various services on the same site without losing the right to benefit from a liability exemption.
However, only some of ebay's activities are covered by the definition of hosting of Article 14 of the E-commerce Directive
and eligible for the liability exemption (for instance ebay's selection of"daily deals"could not be covered) 91 Appeal Panel Decision of Civil Court of Rome, IP specialist section, 22.02.2010,
and Court of Rome, 15.12.2009, Section IX, RG n. 54218/08, available at: http://www. scribd. com/doc/38060158/Ordinanza-Tribunale-di-Roma-16-dicembre-2009-RTI-vs-Youtube 92 Paris Commercial Court, 30.06.2008;
available at: http://www. legalis. net/spip. php? page=jurisprudencedecision&id article=2354 93 Paris Civil Court, 13.05.2009;
page=jurisprudencedecision&id article=2639 29 In the ebay vs. Maceo case94, the Paris Civil Court considered that ebay's activities are covered by the definition of hosting.
That ebay receives revenues related to sales carried out on its website was considered irrelevant in this context. In this case, it was considered that ebay was not an editor as it could not be proven that ebay checks the messages that users post on the site.
The fact that ebay has designed the architecture and structure of its site and that it has developed systems for organising
and ranking the content on its site is not sufficient to conclude that it cannot benefit from the hosting liability exemption.
The UK High court in L'oreal vs. ebay95 considered without any further reasoning, that ebay's activities could not be covered by Article 14 of the ECD
because its activities would go far beyond the mere passive storage of information provided by third parties.
EBAY actively organises and participates in the processing and use of this information. The UK High court has decided not yet on the hosting status of ebay as it requested guidance from the European Court of Justice (see the judgement referred to in Chapters 3. 4. 2. 2 and 3. 4. 3. 1). Similarly fragmented
case law exists in relation to blogs discussion fora and social networks. For example: Usenet (a system in which users post messages to a newsgroup) was considered a caching provider by the German Regional Court of Munich96
The first case concerned Google's paid referencing service""Adwords",and its liability for infringements of trademarks held by The french luxury group LVMH,
http://www. ifpi. org/content/library/Pirate-Bay-verdict-English-translation. pdf 104 Joined cases C-236/08 to C-238/08, Google vs.
HTML 31 through Google's search engine. These advertisement links appear whenever a"keyword"that can be reserved by an economic operator corresponds to the word (s) entered as a request in the search engine.
"and that Google had prevented not them from doing so. The french Cour de Cassation asked the ECJ
whether, the referencing service provider (Google) could be held liable for this. The ECJ in this case refers to recital 42 in the preamble of the Directive to conclude that an intermediary service provider"has neither knowledge of nor control over the information
which it stores"(paragraphs 113 and 114) In analysing the Google"Adwords"service, the ECJ notes that"with the help of software it has developed,
Google processes the data entered by advertisers and the resulting display of the ads is made under conditions which Google controls.
Thus Google determines the order of display according to, inter alia, the remuneration paid by the advertisement"(paragraph 116).
However, the ECJ considers that to examine Google's activity in the light of recital 42,
"the role played by Google in the drafting of the commercial message which accompanies the advertisement link
or in the establishment or selection of keywords is relevant"(paragraph 118, underlining added). The second ruling from the ECJ on the liability exemption regime concerns ebay and L'oréal.
In its ruling of 12 july 2011 In case C-324/09 (see also Chapters 3. 4. 2. 1 and 3. 4. 3. 1) the ECJ had been asked, inter alia,
whether the selling platform ebay could be held liable for trademark infringements committed (and possibly to be committed) through its site.
ebay had bought keywords, including trademarks held by L'oréal, from paid internet referencing services (such as Google's"Adwords").
"In parallel to this, L'oréal had identified several infringements of its trademarks through/by the selling platform ebay.
The question posed to the ECJ was to what extent ebay could benefit from the exemption of liability on account of"hosting".
"The ECJ first confirms that an online selling platform in principle offers an information society service
it is essential that the provider be an intermediary provider within the meaning intended by the legislature in the context of Section 4 of Chapter II of that directive (see Google France and Google, paragraph 112)".
or control over, those data (Google France and Google, paragraphs 114 and 120)"."Paragraph 113"(.
and provides general information to its customers cannot have the effect of denying it the exemptions from liability provided for by Directive 2000/31 (see, by analogy, Google France and Google, paragraph 116).
"Paragraphs 115 and 116) The ECJ suggested that Ebay would potentially in some instances not have such a neutral position:"
"In some cases, ebay also provides assistance intended to optimise or promote certain offers for sale"(paragraph 114). 3. 4. 3 The conditions in Article 12 to 14 ECD Articles 12 to 14 of the ECD contain a number of specific material
idpdf=F-20040203-3 36 Youtube LLC. 117 Some stakeholders, in particular intermediaries, therefore suggested that the Commission should propose a so-called"Good samaritan clause".
L'oréal vs. ebay (see also Chapters 3. 4. 2. 1 and 3. 4. 2. 2) the referring court referred the question of
=37 whether ebay was aware of facts and circumstances from which the illegal activity was apparent:
whether ebay provides such assistance but it already indicated that"in some cases"(without further specification) ebay does play such an active role.
The ECJ does not elaborate explicitly on how a hosting service provider can obtain"actual knowledge".
Google case. The AG claims to"have some difficulties"with the conclusion of the Court that recital 42 would contain conditions for all intermediary services for benefiting from a liability exemption
For instance, traffic management by internet providers (see Chapter 4. 3. 4 on net neutrality) could, according to some stakeholders, be interpreted as selecting
"and the ebay vs L'oréal case. 40 Apart from the E-commerce Directive, there are other pieces of European legislation relevant for NTD procedures.
The provision is silent about injunctions. 48 In the L'oréal vs. ebay case138 the European Court of Justice accepts, in principle, the compatibility of effective and proportionate injunctions against providers such as operators of online marketplaces.
138 Case C-324/09, L'oréal v ebay, judgment of 12 july 2011, par. 141, available at http://curia. europa. eu/juris/recherche. jsf?
In a case concerning Rolex, Ricardo and ebay, two online selling platforms, the Bundesgerichtshof142 (the German Federal Supreme court) considered that an injunction against the two intermediaries forcing them to apply filtering software would not be infringing Article 15.
In France, in a ruling of 13 may 2009 in a case concerning ebay and L'oreal
143 the Court refused to oblige ebay to implement filtering software for its"health and beauty section"to prevent infringements of L'oréal's trademark.
The Court considered that filtering software was not necessary as ebay had made the required efforts to prevent trademark infringements,
This principle is not always compatible with the practice of"traffic management"generally used by internet providers.
however, also be misused by internet providers to prevent access to information society services, in particular when they are competing with the services of the internet provider (such as telephony or television services).
This can be done either by blocking certain services outright or by making it very unattractive to access them,
The Commission Communication on the open Internet and net neutrality in Europe193 reports several instances of blocking of legal services (in particular of Voice-over-Internet-Protocol services by mobile internet providers),
on 20 november 2010 the Commission started investigations into Google following allegations of abuse of market dominance in the areas of online search,
Commission probes allegations of antitrust violations by Google, IP/10/1624,30. 1..2010, available at:
Laura CORAS Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania eliza. paicu@yahoo. com Professor Phd Adrian Dumitru TANTAU Bucharest University of Economic Studies
, Romania ad tantau@yahoo. com Abstract: Given the limited amount of research written about the open innovation practices of companies located in Romania,
Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning Schmidts@irs-net. de Schofield Tatiana Synergy lab tatianaschofield@yahoo. co. uk Schreurs Mary Ann
as the firms look to advance their technology'2. A recent search of Google trends produced about 85 million results in less than a second 3 with high regional interests from South korea, Finland, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Germany
more than 600 000+likes on its news page on Facebook 36 and 650 000+subscribers on its Open Course Ware page on Youtube with millions of views 37.
3) http://www. google. com/trends/explore#q=open%20 innovation (as of 14.1.15)( 4) Linus Dahlander, David M. Gann,(2010),
(37) https://www. youtube. com/user/MIT (38) http://www3. imperial. ac. uk/festival (39) https://hubbub. net/about/Contact:
Wikipedia).()( 2) Translations available in English are unofficial. There are several unofficial translations available on the Internet with certain differences.
considering especially the so-called‘Coase Theorem'regarding the allocation of rights in economic analysis. 27) Wikipedia, Novelty (patent).(
Additional partners are, for instance, Google, Youtube and Apple who support lab users through workshops, lectures, coaching and training.
The lab is located in Berlin-Kreuzberg. The lab's activities are focused on new technologies 70 O P E N I N N O V A t
Large multinational enterprises such as Deutsche telekom AG, Deutsche Post AG, Otto Group, Bertelsmann AG, Axel Springer AG, Prosiebensat. 1, Microsoft and Google
Providing all public services, especially security, health education and economic services through web portals and applications; Becoming a pilot area for new technologies such as 4g and 5g, Wimax, IPTV, Wi-fi points and Basaksehir mobile applications;
Slack chat screenshot Let's say, Dropbox meets Google Apps, meets Yammer;)-With an investment from Google Ventures and the world's famous venture capitalist Kleiner Perkins, the valuation of the company amounts to USD 1. 12 billion.
At that time there were only 268 000 users. That is a lot of money for a start-up launched just one year ago.
That is fundamentally different from searching on Google. These examples are relevant because corporate innovation is not dead.
References (1) Google glass, http://www. google. com/glass/start/,2014.2) M. Curley and B. Salmelin,‘Open Innovation 2. 0:
a smartphone app. and a web portal. This service is evaluated involving volunteer participants into a minimum 3-day usage experience where they wear the monitoring device and use the related smartphone application and web portal.
In this way they are able to monitor their body performance indicators during daily activities. At the end of the experience, a questionnaire based on different aspects was given to each participant to explore the scenario from the consumer point of view.
Thanks to the Internet, more and more interactions are online and financially driven (ebay, poker, trading. Rationalizer brought ratio into financial decisionmaking.
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Square, Inc. 5) Rationalizer Phillips and ABN AMRO 2009 http://www. mirrorofemotions. com/Contact Dr Gohar Sargsyan
IBM, Nokia, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple) show, the platform owner potentially gains substantial advantages in terms of value creation and market dominance.
Facebook and Google ads; Public platforms: relevant European commission Portals, National and Regional Government sites; Indirect:
Wikipedia. With 23 million articles in 285 languages and over 100 000 authors, Wikipedia is a testament to the collective power of individual minds and to the innovative spirit of crowd wisdom:
had we been tasked with predicting the success of Wikipedia over Microsoft Encarta, the latter probably would have been considered the likelier of the two candidates to succeed,
as Microsoft is funded a well company with extensive resources and an established infrastructure. Yet reality shows the opposite:
with 365 million readers, Wikipedia is now the world's go-to source for knowledge,
Wikipedia is the tipping point for the power of the modern crowd. While the key illustrations here support the notion of looking outward for innovation and value,
7) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Co-creation (8) Venkat Ramaswamy, Francis Gouillart, The Power of Co-Creation:
Typically, data is where Google stands for. Numerical analysis of what works best. Apple is the other side of the virtual spectrum.
Data driven firms like Facebook, Amazon and Google, on the other hand, take the hacker way. They run experiments thousands upon thousands of them.
but also many web based startups like Pinterest or Youtube exemplify this direction. This connects well to the lean startup movement:
Likely, this happens in a joke or many of the virals on Youtube. Superiority theory explains how people use humor to feel superior over others.
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