whose majority experienced an increased sense of security. 15 DREAMING DREAMING integrated familiar devices-such as blood pressure cuffs, mobile phones and TV-in a single platform.
We have grown accustomed to the benefits brought by the Internet, smartphones, and the visible and invisible computing power around us.
The project has developed Energy Life, a web-based solution for mobile phones which makes users become aware of the power consumption of their home appliances in real time, with the overall target of reducing power consumption in households by 15%.
helping users to monitor their consumption via mobile phones and adopt energy-saving behaviours. The solution uses gaming
whether it is fixed or in-vehicle (mobile), and whether it concerns private or public transport or both (table 4). Black and Van Geenhuizen European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 49 Table 4. ICT applications,
In more advanced applications, mobile (in-vehicle) applications are being integrated with the fixed applications to arrive at a better fine-tuning of the systems
It allows patients to book appointments on site at the surgery, over the phone or over the internet in the way that is most convenient for them.
York Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust have converged a voice and data network with almost 4000 phones and over 2000 PCS.
using wireless phones which integrate with the hospital's patient record. There are two main routes for emergency admissions into the Hospital.
and send a message to the wireless phone on the on-call doctor (s) while the ward will also be notified of the pending admission, through it appearing on their own wardlist and electronic whiteboard.
From either a wireless phone or a computer screen on the ward, the medical staff will be able to see some basic details of the patient including the reason for admission,
and a further message is sent to the wireless phone, informing the doctor that the patient is present.
The doctor, using the phone, can acknowledge and accept the admission, which lets others know they have accepted the responsibility of attending the patient.
A list of my patients is always accessible on the wireless phone. The staff on the ward can see that the patient has been accepted using the electronic whiteboard
when time is available instead of being tied to the phone. Patients can renew their prescriptions online,
China is not competing with other countries in the supply of iphones, but rather in the supply of finalassembly services,
which form only a small portion of the iphone's final price. Accounting for a country's supply-chain position,
such as phone consultations or using electronic media to communicate with patients. The empirical evidence that FFS payment schemes tend to result in the over-provision of services and the under-provision of coordinated,
postal mail, phone 2 Machine transportable data transmission of nonstandard information via basic ICT; information within the document cannot be manipulated electronically.
The complex care e-mail/telephone follow-up management fee To encourage the use of e-visits, from 1 january 2008,
a complex care e-mail/telephone follow up management fee at a rate of CAD 15 (payable up to a maximum of four times per year/per patient) was made also available.
This fee enables the practice to use two-way telephone or e-mail communication with the patient or the patient's medical representative to follow-up case.
training and support (e g. by providing help with data entry), reimbursement for complex care e-mail/telephone follow-up,
The OECD has suggested that the Australian economy would benefit from a shift toward less mobile
Subscribers to broadband internet grew thirteen-fold from 2003-04 to 2011-12 and mobile phone users almost doubled (BITRE, 2013b;
The Government is providing $100 million for the Mobile Black Spot Programme to improve mobile coverage in regional Australia
and stimulate competition by rolling out new mobile base stations. The Government is committed also to starting the detailed planning necessary to build new dams to ensure water security for communities and industries.
SPEAKING AND LISTENING Capabilities Needs 1 2 3 1 2 3 Using the telephone Travel arrangements Introducing yourself
furthermore, is validated itself also by the fact that over 6 million new mobile phone subscribers are added per month in India (TRAI,
Telephone subscriber maintains growth: 6. 57 million Wireless Subscribers added in May 2007, Telecom Regulatory authority of India, Press release no. 61/2007.
Clausen, et Kamairah Ismail is the Director of Technology Entrepreneurship Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTMTEC), Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia (phone:+
Europe in a changing world inclusive, innovative and reflective Societies4 INSO-9-2015 Innovative mobile e-government applications by SMES 4. 00 INSO-10
A firm that is interested in developing a new cell phone, for example, can break down the cell phone into the following components--receiving signals from tower,
The firm can decide to generate new ideas for a human input device by searching for all possible human input devices used in other (non-cell phone) products
less than 3%of the total support activities. 53 Following this analysis, we conducted random phone interviews with four of the MEP center directors.
1-514-843-2160 phone: 1-514-843-2015 email: dgtrembl@teluq. uquebec. ca Biographical note Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay is the Canada Research Chair the Socio-Organizational Challenges of the Knowledge Economy.
Each local design project costs €75 000 for the cost of the office, material, phones, cars, documentation, including salaries for Project manager, Supervisor,
Each local design project costs 75 000 euros for the cost of the office, material, phones, cars, documentation, including salaries for Project manager, Supervisor,
Method and scope Because of the complexity of the issue, phone interviews have been chosen as the most appropriate method to enquire with key policy-makers in the countries
and used for the phone interviews. The questionnaire is produced in two versions national and regional.
and preliminary internal discussions by the interviewees were needed to make sure that all questions could be covered during the phone interview.
To order reports Earthprint P o box 119 Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4tp England Telephone:(44 1438) 748 111 Fax:(
Offering a pink mobile phone in addition to a black mobile phone, for instance already opens up a new market niche.
and were followed up by additional questions by phone when needed. Comments from websites, annual reports, marketing material
as well as increasingly portable devices that are brought in, such as mobile phones and portable navigation systems, the so-called‘nomadic'devices.
Over 95%of automotive accidents are estimated to involve a degree of human misjudgement or malfunction, due to factors such as excessive speed, fatigue, distraction (mobile phones,
Communication systems benefit increasingly from the multi-channel wireless connectivity offered by mobile telecommunications, low cost satellite technology, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and mobile wireless local area networks (WLAN.
As a result, consumers and businesses in Europe can rely on a less robust mobile communications infrastructure.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT ITIF BY PHONE AT 202.449.1351, BY EMAIL AT MAIL@ITIF. ORG,
and the EU in flat panel displays of all types, used for mobile phones, tablets, computers, TVS and other consumer electronics devices.
and the EU in flat panel displays of all types, used for mobile phones, tablets, computers, TVS and other consumer electronics devices.
since the development stages of mass-market products (see value chain in Appendix 2) require‘crossing the valley of death'to initial production and then full-scale industrial volumes for a mass market of displays for mobile phones,
the original processor conceptual design for its smart phones and ipads is licensed Cortex from ARM in the UK,
Apple was the first to do it followers are Google with Android and the various Android-based apps stores (with a Google smart phone or tablet possibly soon),
Amazon's customer databases hold names, addresses, telephone numbers, email addresses, profiled preferences and, most important, credit card details of its 137 million customers.
In this way, the Japanese will build mass market scale in mobile phone and tablet size screens (3 to 12) for the expected market expansion from 2013 to 2016.
Here the protection of IPR through patents has allowed Apple to defend its position against newcomers attempting to enter some of its markets (e g. smart phones and tablets.
This is especially useful for ICTS governed by standards such as cellular mobile and image processing with the MPEG series.
if the pool becomes the basis for international standards (e g. as for 3g mobile with UMTS)
Microsoft's proprietary Windows, has a comparatively minor market share today in mobile and its future here is still unclear. 22 The European commission's Interchange of Data between Public Administrations Programme (IDA) in 2002 financed an independent study on the opportunity of making software specific to the public administrations
It has led to the ipod, iphone and ipad and itunes and Apple's App store. Apple has had failures,
Equally, its smart phone, the iphone, and its associated Apple Store web service for application(‘apps')purchases and download has revised the mobile cellular industry.
This is a most significant change in its own business model. The plunge into Web-based services was been designed carefully to complement the simultaneous move into pure consumer products
bypassing content aggregators, content retailers and in the case of content for the iphone, the mobile operators.
In August 2011, Apple Inc.,attained the largest market capitalization globally, taking first place from Exxon Mobile, with some US$370 Billion (18 SEP 2011) and advanced in February 2012 to over US$500
with traditional mail and phone ordering distributors such as Ingrams the market leader in the USA.
secondly that the web could boost customer care through phone and web call centres (although now this is considered a highly challengeable assertion);
ubiquity (gaining high penetration on smart phones, PCS, TVS, and consumer-electronic devices), building tailored offerings for enterprise customers,
For instance, Mikael Suvi made millions developing games for the iphone. He felt that working for Skype had become too routine.
The resulting‘electronic ink'has many applications, from point-of-sale signs in retail stores, to next generation displays in mobile phones, tablets and electronic books.
In addition to electronic books, E Ink's Vizplex imaging film is used in mobile phones, signage, smartcards, memory devices,
Verizon debuted the Samsung Alias 2 cellphone, with a changeable keypad made with E Ink Vizplex.
In a parallel move, it was rumoured that Samsung Mobile Display (the OLED company formed in 2008) would be brought fully under the control of Samsung Electronics.
For instance in making a consumer product such as a smart phone, assembly of the units may be the simplest activity,
Development Business Concept & plan Operating systems (eg Android) Smartphones (eg iphone) Tablets (eg ipad, Amazon Fire) E-readers (eg Amazon Kindle) MP3 music players (eg ipod) 3rd party apps developers Set up
The survey highlights-among other things-the importance of establishing secure mobile and online payment systems, making available more radio spectrums (in particular for the mobile data market), investing into high-speed broadband connections,
and mapping project opportunities Bemutatkozó Phone:++36 1 484 2500 Fax:++36 1 318 7998 E-mail:
cable and mobile all compete, versus 1+competition, where only fixed and mobile compete. Facilities-based inter-modal competition
even if limited to discrete geographic areas, may have the tendency to constrain prices to reasonable levels across much larger geographic areas. 8 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) Overall assessment A more technologically neutral approach to the DAE,
National Regulatory authority OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OPEX Operating Expenditure PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network P2p Point-to-Point;
and fixed versus mobile (see Figure 2). There is of course uncertainty with any projection of the future,
The Mobile Communications Role in Next Generation Networks: The Case of Spain, 22nd European Regional ITS Conference, Budapest, 18-21 september 2011.33.
Typical maximum achievable speeds for various wireless solutions Mobile technology Range of typically achievable maximum downstream bandwidth (Mbit/s) HSPA 2-5 HSPA
State-of-the-art Mobile Internet connectivity and its Impact on e-commerce, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European parliament, 28 june 2012, WIK and TNO, available at:
The Mobile Communications Role in Next Generation Networks: The Case of Spain, op cit. 46 See IDATE (2011), Broadband Coverage in Europe, Final Report, 2011 Survey Data as of 31 december 2010,2011,
we assume that there is no need for mobile to meet this need. The 100 Mbps users can be located in areas that have higher density.
The remaining 30%of each cluster is assumed to be served (if at all) by mobile or cable.
or mobile) has many implications that are probably relevant not only to Germany, but to most of the Member States.
+Router Connections Secondary IP Backbone Secondary Telephone Backbone Ring Primary Telephony Backbone Connections/Conversions Primary IP Backbone CM NIU Teleph
cable and mobile all compete, versus 1+competition, where only fixed and mobile compete. Facilities-based inter-modal competition,
even if limited to discrete geographic areas, may have the tendency to constrain prices to reasonable levels across much larger geographic areas.
meaning internet accessed over legacy telephone copper and TV cable networks. 70 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) The Commission,
it can help to correct any possible errors that might be made in regulatory price setting. 81 Neelie Kroes Vice-president of the European commission responsible for the Digital Agenda Giving Europe a Mobile Broadband Boost, 2012 Mobile
cable and mobile all compete, versus 1+competition, where only fixed and mobile compete. Facilities-based intermodal competition,
even if limited to discrete geographic areas, may have the tendency to constrain prices to reasonable levels across much larger geographic areas.
The Mobile Communications Role in Next Generation Networks: The Case of Spain, 22nd European Regional ITS Conference, Budapest, 18-21 september 2011.
The economic impact of fi xed and mobile high-speed networks, in: Productivity and growth in Europe:
State-of-the-art Mobile Internet connectivity and its Impact on e-commerce, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European parliament, 28 june 2012, WIK and TNO;
It defined mhealth as an emerging term for medical and public health practice supported by mobile devices, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring devices, personal digital assistants (PDAS),
whether at the aggregate or patient level. mhealth Mobile ehealth or mhealth encompasses the use of mobile telecommunication
External health and technology indicators, such as mobile phone penetration, were introduced into the analysis for comparison purposes where relevant.
you are not likely to pick up the telephone to give Mr van Rompuy a call.
agencies and other bodies http://europa. eu/geninfo/mailbox/contact point en. htm This link provides an overview of telephone
While the growth in mobile-cellular subscriptions is slowing as the market reaches saturation levels, mobile broadband remains the fastest growing market segment
and mobile broadband is six times more affordable in developed countries than in developing countries. Income inequalities within countries are one of the reasons why broadband in particular fixed broadband remains unaffordable to large segments of the population.
For example, in developing countries, fixed-broadband prices could be reduced by 10 per cent and mobile-cellular prices by 5 per cent if competition and/or the regulatory framework improved.
107 4. 2 Fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices...108 4. 3 Broadband prices...114 4. 4 Income inequality and broadband prices...
251 viii List of charts 1. 1 Fixed-telephone subscriptions by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and by region, 2014 (right...
2 1. 2 Mobile-cellular subscriptions by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and by region, 2014 (right...
5 1. 4 Active mobile-broadband subscriptions by level of development, 2007-2014 (left) and by region, 2014 (right...
2013.84 3. 2 IDI values compared with the global, regional and developing/developed-country averages, Africa, 2013.85 3. 3 Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
and 2013.103 4. 1 Fixed-telephone basket (left) and mobile-cellular basket (right), in PPP$, world and by level of development, 2008-2013.109 4. 2 Fixed
-telephone basket (left) and mobile-cellular basket (right), as a percentage of GNI p. c.,
. c. in Asia and the Pacific, 2013.122 4. 10 Fixed-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p. c. in Africa, 2013.123 4. 11 Availability of mobile-broadband
services by type of service, by level of development, 2013 and 2012.127 4. 12 Mobile-broadband prices, in PPP$, world and by level of development, 2013.217 4. 13 Mobile
2013.128 4. 14 Mobile-broadband prices as a percentage of GNI p. c.,world and by level of development, 2013.128 xi 4. 15 Mobile-broadband prices
2013.162 4. 24 Variation in mobile-cellular prices(%)explained by each variable, 2013.165 List of figures 2. 1 Three stages in the evolution towards an information society...
78 4. 1 Mobile-broadband services by type of device/plan...125 4. 2 Relationship between regulation, competition and prices...
193 List of tables 1. 1 Rural population covered by a mobile-cellular signal, 2012.4 1. 2 Total Internet domain registrations by world region, 2003,2008
102 4. 1 Fixed-telephone sub-basket, 2013.112 4. 2 Mobile-cellular sub-basket, 2013.113 4. 3 Fixed-broadband prices
as a percentage of GNI p. c.,by region, 2013.116 4. 4 Fixed-broadband sub-basket, 2013.124 4. 5 Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid handset
-based 500 MB, 2013.132 4. 6 Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013.134 4. 7 Mobile-broadband prices
, postpaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013.136 4. 8 Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013.138 4. 9 Fixed
While the global mobile-cellular market is approaching saturation levels, mobile-broadband uptake continues to grow at double-digit rates in all regions,
there are only around a dozen countries where fixed-telephone uptake has increased actually over the past year. 1 Fixed-telephone penetration decreased by about 2 per cent globally in the past year,
The decline in fixed-telephone subscriptions over the past decade was accompanied by strong growth in the mobile-cellular market until 2010, at
there will be almost as many mobile-cellular subscriptions (6. 9 billion) as people On earth, more than three quarters of them (5. 4 billion) in the developing world and more than half (3. 6 billion) in the Asia-Pacific region.
While this does not mean that everyone has a mobile phone since many people have more than one subscription
Africa and Asia and the Pacific are the regions with the strongest mobile-cellular growth,
Fixed-telephone subscriptions by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and by region, 2014*(right) Note:*
the fixed-telephone market is shrinking and the mobile-cellular market is tapering off. In addition, mobile-cellular population coverage has reached 93 per cent globally:
in other words, almost every person on the globe lives within reach of a mobile-cellular signal and,
at least theoretically, has access to mobile communication services. Closer examination and disaggregation of the data reveal,
First, there are populations living in rural areas that are covered not by a mobile-cellular signal (Table 1. 1)
140 160 180 Per 100 inhabitants CIS phone. For countries where data are available, the number of mobile subscriptions far exceeds the number of mobile phone users (Partnership, 2014).
No regular pattern can be established, though, and the difference between mobile-phone user penetration and mobile-cellular subscription penetration ranges between 8 per cent (France) and 111 per cent (Panama) across countries.
According to GSMA estimates, unique mobile subscribers account for about half of mobilecellular subscriptions, which would translate into a penetration rate of around 48 per cent globally, 63 per cent in developed countries, 45 per cent in developing countries and 30 per cent in least developed countries (LDCS).
2 Third, household access to a telephone is still not the norm in many developing countries, in particular in LDCS (Partnership, 2014.
For example, according to the latest population and housing census carried out in India in 2011,63 per cent of households had a telephone (up from 9 per cent ten years earlier.
In addition, there were significant differences between urban and rural areas, with 82 per cent of Indian urban households having access to a telephone compared with 54 per cent of rural households. 3 Household telephone penetration in Malawi stood at 36 per cent in 2011 73
per cent in urban households 125.8 96.4 90.2 59.0 Per 100 inhabitants 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Developed World Developing
The urban-rural gap in household telephone access prevails in many developing countries for which data are available,
Rural population covered by a mobile-cellular signal, 2012 Source: Partnership (2014) based on ITU data.
Overall mobile-cellular population coverage(%)Rural population covered(%)Rural population covered (millions) Rural population not covered (millions) Africa 88 79 498
despite low penetration, coincides with a strong growth in mobile-broadband subscriptions in the developing world (see Chart 1. 3). A closer look at different regions shows that Africa,
1. 4). Mobile broadband is growing fastest in developing countries, where growth rates over the last year are expected to be twice as high as in developed countries (26 per cent,
This is driven by the availability and uptake of more affordable devices (smartphones) and types of plan on offer in the market.
A closer look at the different mobile technologies and their market shares highlights the shift from lower-speed to higher-speed technologies over the past 15 years (Chart 1. 5). In developed countries,
and before fast mobile-broadband services and smartphones entered the market. This has contributed to the higher uptake of fixed broadband in developed countries.
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions by level of development, 2007-2014 (left) and by region, 2014*(right) Note:*
for example when people use multiple devices (e g. smartphone, tablet) and SIM CARDS. Looking towards the future, the growth potential for mobile broadband looks promising,
as 7 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Chart 1. 5: Share of mobile subscriptions by technology, 2000-2015, developed countries (left) and developing countries (right) Source:
and given the strong growth in mobile-broadband subscriptions. At the same time, the issue of spectrum allocation will have to be addressed to ensure that the increasing demand for high-speed mobile access can be met,
including in rural areas, where the additional spectrum represented by the digital dividend could play a crucial role in universalizing mobile-broadband access.
thus also exerting pressure on the revenues generated by the strongest growing market segments, such as mobile broadband.
and given the growth of mobile-broadband services, it may be expected that more and more schools will have broadband access in the near future
in the fixed, mobile and Internet sectors. Delegates attending the eleventh World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Symposium (WTIS) in Mexico city in December 2014 recommended that ITU should further examine the challenges and opportunities of big data,
Chapter 1. Recent information society developments 32 1 Refers to countries where fixed-telephone penetration increased by more than 1 per cent in 2014.2 See https://gsmaintelligence. com/.3 http
It is a mobile-broadband standard offering both mobility and very high bandwidth, such as long-term evolution (LTE) networks (ITU Trends 2014). 5 Data collection on Europe and North america will follow in 2014.6 For a list of IXPS,
and mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants would be reviewed. For international Internet bandwidth per Internet user
The reference value for mobile-cellular subscriptions was lowered to 120. This value was derived from examining the distribution of countries based on their mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2013.
In order to determine the reference value, prepaid and postpaid mobile markets were examined separately, with the former making up the majority of cases.
For those countries, a mobile-cellular penetration of 120 per cent is the maximum value that was reached by the largest group of countries (23 countries with a mobilecellular penetration between 110 and 120 per cent),
by end 2014, the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions will have reached close to 7 billion, which almost corresponds to the figure for the world's population.
therefore provide a more accurate picture of the actual uptake, use and distribution of mobile-cellular services.
and similar handheld computers but excluding smartphones). Differences among countries included in the IDI. The calculation of the IDI ranking Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI) 40 ICT access Reference value(%)1. Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
2. Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 3. International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user 4. Percentage of households with a computer 5. Percentage of households
with Internet access 60 120 787'260*100 100 20 20 20 20 20 ICT use Reference value(%)6. Percentage of individuals using the Internet
ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. have access to mobile broadband at speeds of at least 10 Mbit/s. 10 The Republic of korea ranks second in the IDI 2013.
which is the second highest value after Luxembourg's. Hong kong (China) has the second highest fixed-telephone penetration globally, at 63 per cent,
Globally, the number of mobile-broadband subscriptions20 grew by 24 per cent from 2012 to 2013.
The launch of mobile-broadband services by the country's only private-owned operator Tashi Cell in late 2013 has helped to increase coverage and competition in the market,
and increased availability of smartphones. 26 Bolivia is among the most dynamic countries on the access sub-index(+4 ranks),
Over the period 2012-2013, the ownership of devices such as mobile phones and laptops increased significantly within the country's mainstream population. 32 The report also highlights discrepancies in ICT connectivity between Qataris and westerners
Smartphone penetration is also much lower among transient labourers (24 per cent. Therefore, increasing the penetration of newer devices such as smartphones and tablets,
particularly in specific demographic segments like the transient labour population is one of the policy recommendations brought forward by the report (ICTQATAR 2014).
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband
Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Bolivia 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile
-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Bosnia and herzegovina 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0
. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone
0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed
. 6 0. 8 1 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a
computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Estonia 2012 2013 53
. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active
. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions
Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet
Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Gambia 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2
0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed
-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Mali 2012 2013 0. 0 0. 2 0
. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone
0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with
a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Qatar 2012 2013 Chapter
more than 7 million new mobile-cellular subscriptions and close to 28 million new wireless-broadband subscriptions were added within one year.
Penetration rates stand at 138 per cent for mobile-cellular and 52 per cent for wireless-broadband services by end 2013.
The rapid uptake of mobile-broadband services was spurred by heated competition among operators offering subsidized smartphones
ITU. 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user
Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Fixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracy Thailand 2012
2013 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth per Internet user
Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptionsfixed-broadband Internet users subscriptions Active mobilesubscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolmentliteracyunited Arab Emirates 2012
Fixed-telephone penetration is decreasing in developing and developed countries. Mobile-cellular subscription growth rates are slowing down,
indicating that mobile-cellular penetration is nearing saturation, including in developing countries. The growth in household ICT connectivity is much higher in developing countries,
and enrolment in primary education) and Goal 8 (fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular penetration and percentage of Internet users) were considered not,
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications 8. 14 Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 8. 15 Mobile-cellular
The use of smartphones to capture essential data on the patients and monitor their treatment has accelerated progress.
Furthermore, ICTS such as mobile phones and the Internet can help inform people and allow them to share information on the use
the in-scope population for data on Internet users is aged individuals 16-74.20 Refers to the indicator active mobile-broadband subscriptions.
/and http://news. aouaga. com/documents/docs/Rapportarcep. pdf. 22 http://www. thisdaylive. com/articles/a-year-after-wacs-is-faster-more-affordable-mobile-broadband
/#U4rlg3ksx8e. 26 http://www. kuenselonline. com/530-increase-in-mobile-broadband-users/#./#U4rsghksx8e. 27 Purchased capacity.
/WCM GLOBAL CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/library+ntc/internetsite/eng/en interesting articles/en interesting articles detail/ae185900400633288ac5ceabcb3fbcab. 35 http://www. telecompaper. com/news/thai-operators-reduce-prices-of-smartphone
Significant increases in mobile-cellular penetration from 2012 to 2013 were registered also in Guinea (from 49 per cent to 63 per cent),
Only Djibouti (30 per cent) and Syria (56 per cent) still had a very low mobile-cellular penetration in 2013.
Furthermore, the very high mobile-cellular penetration rates reached in the GCC countries are driven by large transient worker and expatriate populations.
Data from household surveys show that the actual number of people using a mobile-cellular phone is much lower than the number of subscriptions.
In Tunisia, 72 per cent of individuals were using a mobile-cellular phone, compared with a mobile-cellular penetration of 118 per cent in 2012.
Egypt reported a penetration of 120 per cent by end 2012, compared with 74 per cent of individuals using a mobile-cellular phone.
Fixed-telephone penetration is extremely low in the Arab States region with a regional average of 9 per cent in 2013.
This further highlights the importance of mobile networks in the region. The Arab States region and in particular the GCC countries are well-connected to submarine Internet cables.
and also reflect the fact that mobile-broadband services in the lower-income countries are much less affordable than in the high-income Arab States (see Chapter 3). Fixed-broadband penetration is generally low in the Arab States
and the Pacific countries have reached a mobile-cellular penetration of 100 per cent or above by end 2013.
Nepal achieved a mobile-cellular penetration rate of 71 per cent in 2013 up from 60 per cent in 2012.
In China, more than 100 million new mobile-cellular subscriptions were added in 2013, taking the penetration rate up to 89 per cent.
since 2008, computers have replaced telephones as the most commonly available ICT device in Thai homes.
with China Mobile entering the fixed-line market. 17 China's broadband strategy, published in August 2013, underlines the importance of broadband as a strategic public infrastructure for China's economic and social development in the new age.
the CIS region had the highest mobile-cellular penetration of all regions, at Chart 3. 8:
In the majority of CIS countries, at least four mobile operators are active in the market.
measured as the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions, can give no more than an indication of the actual number of subscribers
(i e. a mobile-cellular penetration of above 100 per cent does not mean that every inhabitant has a mobile-cellular subscriptions).
In Georgia, 18 per cent of households did not have access to a mobilecellular telephone in 2012,
on average, 92 per cent of European union citizens (the majority of countries in the region are members of the EU) had access to a mobile phone in 2013 (European commission, 2014b.
ranking 125th in the IDI 2013 as against 122nd in 2012 (see Table 3. 8). The country's mobile-cellular Chart 3. 12:
particularly those that were late adopters of mobile-broadband technology such as Dominica, Grenada and St vincent and the Grenadines, have significantly higher fixedbroadband than wireless-broadband penetration rates.
over half of EU citizens limit their national mobile phone calls because of concerns about cost (European commission, 2014.
The effects of competition in driving prices down and fostering innovation have been most apparent in the mobile-cellular market,
where low prepaid prices became a key enabler for the mass uptake of mobile-cellular services observed in the developing world in the last decade;
They include end-2013 data for each of the three price sets contained in the IPB (fixed-telephone
The methodological details of the IPB and the collection of mobile-broadband prices can be found in Annex 2. 4. 2 Fixed-telephone
and mobile-cellular prices Traditional voice services4 and SMS have become the most ubiquitous ICT services,
For instance, only 9 per cent of households had a telephone in India in 2001 compared with 32 per cent of households with a TV and 35 per cent of 109 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 households with a radio.
63 per cent of households had a telephone, 47 per cent a TV and 20 per cent a radio. 5 Despite the decline in fixed-telephone subscriptions over the last decade,
The coverage gaps in the fixed-telephone network have been filled by the mobile-cellular network, which covers 93 per cent of the global population.
highlighting that mobile-broadband services are likewise less available than mobile voice and SMS (see Chapter 1). Subscription figures confirm this:
despite double-digit mobile-broadband growth rates, there are three times as many mobilecellular voice subscriptions as mobile-broadband subscriptions, with almost as many mobilecellular subscriptions as people on earth.
International voice traffic is also predominantly mobile in most countries, although the number of international fixed-telephone minutes still exceeds international mobile voice minutes in one in four countries.
This situation occurs more frequently in the developed world: there is more fixed than mobile international telephone traffic in 36 per cent of the developed countries,
as against only 18 per cent of the developing countries. These differences are consistent with the higher fixed-telephone penetration rates recorded in developed countries almost four times higher than in developing countries;
differences in mobile-cellular penetration are smaller. These findings highlight that fixed telephony is used still more than mobile telephony in some countries for making international calls.
Such a ubiquitous uptake of voice services would not have been possible without affordable prices. Chart 4. 1 shows the evolution of fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices in the period 2008-2013.
A basic fixed-telephone service costs on average PPP$ 18.7 (or USD 13.9) per month by end 2013;
Fixed-telephone basket (left) and mobile-cellular basket (right), in PPP$, world and by level of development, 2008-2013 Note:
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available.
the results roughly confirm that fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices are the cheapest among ICT services,
suggesting that low prices have contributed to the widespread adoption of traditional voice and SMS services.
Fixed-telephone prices have followed an almost flat evolution, with a small decrease in prices observed during the period in developing countries(-1. 3 per cent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in the developing world in the period 2008-2013).
The fixed-telephone market is the most mature segment of those included in the ITU price data collection exercise.
or partially liberalized their fixed-telephone market in 2008, compared with 88 per cent in 2013.
and the deregulation of retail fixed-telephone prices. The cheapest fixed-telephone prices are found in countries where there is still strong government control over the main fixed-telephone operator,
such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, Cuba and Moldova, where basic fixed-telephone services cost less than USD 0. 5 per month (Table 4. 1). Mobile-cellular prices have declined in the period
2008-2013, with a CAGR of-5. 7 per cent globally. The decrease in prices has affected developed and developing countries alike, with-4. 3 and-6. 4 per cent CAGR, respectively.
In developing countries, the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions almost doubled in the period 2008-2013.
The top countries with the cheapest prepaid mobile-cellular plans are all from the developing world,
including 15 countries where a low-usage monthly mobile-cellular plan costs less than USD 5 per month (Table 4. 2). Most countries with the cheapest prepaid mobile
with Sri lanka (USD 0. 95 or PPP$ 2. 6 per month) and Bangladesh (USD 1. 41 or PPP$ 4. 0 per month) standing out with the lowest prepaid mobile-cellular
. so as to provide an insight into the affordability of fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular services from a demand-side perspective (Chart 4. 2). From this perspective,
Fixed-telephone basket (left) and mobile-cellular basket (right), as a percentage of GNI p. c.,world and by level of development, 2008-2013 Note:
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available.
2010 2011 2012 2013 Developing World Developed As a%of GNI p. c. average in developing countries is explained by the large dispersion of fixed-telephone prices in the developing world:
Malawi and Madagascar (Table 4. 1). If the affordability target set by the Broadband Commission for Digital Development for broadband prices (less than 5 per cent of monthly GNI p. c. by 2015) were applied to fixed-telephone prices,
By end 2013, a low-usage prepaid mobile-cellular service cost on average 1. 6 per cent of GNI p. c. in developed countries,
The affordability of basic mobile-cellular services remains a major barrier to further adoption in several African countries:
of the 20 countries with the least affordable mobile-cellular prices in 2013,16 were from Africa.
Despite Kenya being one of the most dynamic mobile markets in Africa and having the twelfth cheapest prices in USD in the world (USD 3. 8 for a low-user basket in 2013),
. on account of the country's low-income level. 10 Further reductions in mobile-cellular prices could be achieved by combining regulatory actions to promote competition such as fostering inter-operator competition
Fixed-telephone sub-basket, 2013 Note:**Data correspond to the GNI per capita (Atlas method) in 2013
Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c
Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c
and the role of competition 114 Mobile-cellular services are very affordable in most developed countries,
This suggests that cost may be a barrier for further uptake of mobile-cellular services in these countries,
Despite the growth of mobile-broadband subscriptions, less than 3 per cent of global IP traffic corresponded to mobile networks by end 2013 according to CISCO estimates (CISCO, 2013.
Until deployments of advanced mobile-broadband technologies13 become more widespread, fixed broadband remains the de facto option for accessing high-volume Internet applications such as file sharing (less than 1 per cent of total filesharing traffic was transmitted through mobile networks in 2013)
2014), highlighting the role that fixed broadband plays in supporting the growth in mobile-broadband networks.
including the incumbent Rostelecom, Mobile Telesystems OJSC (MTS) and ER-Telecom. The national fixed-broadband market in the Russian Federation is
Mobile broadband Mobile broadband is the most dynamic telecommunication market, the only one displaying sustained double-digit growth rates since 2008 (Chapter 1). According to ITU estimates,
affordability will be one of the most decisive factors for actual uptake of mobile broadband. The dynamism of the mobile-broadband market is reflected also in prices.
Unlike the fixedbroadband market, where price structures are fairly homogenous across countries and stable in time,
On top of the main types of mobile-broadband plans for which ITU collects data on prices (Figure 4. 1),
and SMS. This makes it difficult to isolate the prices of mobile-broadband services, particularly for postpaid plans where it is sometimes cheaper to buy a package including Internet,
and therefore the analysis of mobile-broadband prices cannot be based on the same parameters used for fixed broadband.
and the differentiating factor is speed the of the connection (Table 4. 4). Mobile-broadband plans are seldom based on flat-rate schemes,
This reflects the stricter bandwidth constraints of mobile-broadband networks, and particularly the spectrum limitations in the access network.
if new spectrum is allocated for mobile broadband (for instance, part of the digital dividend) and mobile-broadband networks are upgraded to advanced technologies (such as LTE-Advanced
and Wirelessman-Advanced) that allow more efficient use of spectrum. Currently most mobile-broadband plans are priced on the basis of the data allowance (i e. the data volume in MB included in the plan) and not the speed.
Many operators do not even advertise the speed of the mobile-broadband service, but confine themselves to a generic mention of the technology deployed
(which provides only an indication of the speed, since the definition of‘3. 5g'or‘4g'may vary across operators).
as some operators are starting to offer premium plans (at a higher cost) for mobile-broadband services based on high-speed networks.
Chart 4. 11 shows that mobile-broadband plans are becoming more and more available, particularly in developing countries,
Globally, the mobile-broadband service available in the most countries is based prepaid handset, which was offered in 153 countries in 2013.
There are far fewer countries (121 in 2013) where all four modalities of mobile-broadband services are offered.
Availability of mobile-broadband services by type of service, by level of development, 2013 and 2012 Note:
A mobile-broadband service is counted as available if it was advertised on the website of the dominant operator
A comparison of mobile-broadband prices across time would reflect the changes in pricing structures (changes in data allowances,
rather than actual differences in prices for the same mobile-broadband service. The global average price for a computer-based mobile-broadband service with 1 GB monthly data allowance was PPP$ 36.6 (or USD 24.4) for prepaid plans and PPP$ 30.0 (or USD 19.2
which means that operators are in most cases offering the same rates to postpaid and prepaid smartphone customers.
The existence of different levels of bundling in mobile-broadband plans makes it difficult to compare prices on a like-forlike basis. Mobile-broadband prices in PPP$ are more expensive in developing countries than in developed countries
This suggests that operators in developing countries still have ample room to streamline their mobile-broadband services and offer cheaper prices.
for fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular services. 26 The fact that this is not fully happening for fixed
These differences in mobile-broadband prices between developed and developing countries are even more apparent when looking at the affordability of the service.
Indeed, it is estimated that mobile-broadband penetration will reach 19 per cent in Africa by end 2014,
if mobile broadband is to bridge the broadband gap between Africa and the other regions,
Europe stands out as having the most affordable mobile-broadband plans, corresponding to less than 2 per cent of GNI p. c. for all services.
Such high monthly data allowances for prepaid mobile-broadband dongles suggest that these services target high-end customers, rather than the average user.
Average prices for computer-based mobilebroadband plans with a monthly data allowance of 1 GB suggest that mobile broadband could be a cheaper alternative to fixed broadband in many Chapter 4. ICT prices and the role
Percentage of countries Africa Cheaper mobile broadband Cheaper fixed broadband Almost no difference 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<5 5
-10 10-20 20-30>30 Difference in prices (USD) Percentage of countries Arab States Cheaper mobile broadband Cheaper fixed broadband Almost no difference
Cheaper mobile broadband Cheaper fixed broadband Almost no difference 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<5 5-10 10-20
20-30>30 Difference in prices (USD) Percentage of countries CIS Cheaper mobile broadband Cheaper fixed broadband Almost no difference 0 10 20 30
-20 20-30>30 Difference in prices (USD) Percentage of countries Europe Cheaper mobile broadband Cheaper fixed broadband Almost no difference 0 10 20
mobile broadband Cheaper fixed broadband Almost no difference 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<5 5-10 10-20 20
There are qualitative differences that make mobile-broadband and fixed-broadband plans not strictly comparable (see Box 3. 4 in ITU
This latter mobile-broadband plan is chosen because it is the best match for fixed-broadband services:
where mobile broadband is more than USD 50 cheaper per month but mobile-broadband prices still correspond to more than 5 per cent of GNI p. c. This reinforces the idea that mobile operators
and policy-makers in Africa share the common challenge of achieving lower mobile-broadband prices in order to unlock the real potential of broadband in the region.
In the Arab States and the CIS, there are almost as many countries where mobile broadband is fixed cheaper than broadband as vice versa.
Of those countries where mobile broadband is significantly cheaper, Indonesia and Thailand are the only ones in
which the 5 per cent affordability target for broadband services is achieved, thanks to affordable mobile-broadband plans.
despite mobile broadband being more than USD 20 cheaper per month than entry-level fixed broadband,
There are four countries in The americas that attain the 5 per cent affordability target by virtue of cheaper mobile-broadband prices:
However, the mobile-broadband market is still in its early stages, with penetration rates below 5 per cent in Belize, El salvador and Paraguay,
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 (continued) Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
and the role of competition 140 the region mobile broadband is more than USD 10 cheaper per month.
and the maturity achieved in the mobilebroadband market, with a mobile-broadband penetration of 57 per cent by end 2013, the highest of all regions.
European countries dominate the global top ten of most affordable mobile-broadband plans with Austria, Finland and Iceland featuring in the top ten for all categories of mobile-broadband services (Tables 4. 5 to 4. 8). 4. 4 Income inequality
and broadband prices The affordability of ICT services depends as much on the price of the service itself as on the economic means of the specific customer.
Mobile broadband The same approach is used to analyse how income inequalities within countries determine the affordability of mobile-broadband services.
because prepaid handset-based is on average the cheapest of the four mobile-broadband services for
and is currently the mobile-broadband service that is available in most countries (Chart 4. 11). 147 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Handset-based mobile-broadband services are affordable
which suggests that the unaffordability of handset-based mobile-broadband services for low-and middle-income households is holding back mobile-broadband adoption in the country.
on average, more than 5 per cent of household income or expenditure, suggesting that mobile-broadband affordability is an issue irrespective of income/expenditure distribution.
This suggests that neither handset-based mobile-broadband prices nor income/expenditure inequalities are a barrier to mobile-broadband adoption in these countries.
A comparison of fixed-broadband and prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband prices shows that mobile broadband may be the only affordable alternative for low-income households in several developing countries.
but which could afford a mobile-broadband plan. This might be the case in countries such as Albania, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Sri lanka and TFYR Macedonia.
and the role of competition 150 Sweden, there is on average more than one mobile-broadband subscription per person.
On the one hand, there are many more mobile-broadband subscriptions than households in countries such as Botswana, Bahrain, Costa rica, Qatar and the United arab emirates, suggesting that handset-based mobilebroadband subscriptions are also individual in these countries.
On the other hand, there are fewer mobile-broadband subscriptions than households in most African countries and in several developing countries in the Asia and the Pacific and Americas regions.
This is consistent with the early stages of development of the mobile-broadband market in these countries
Chart 4. 20 complements the previous analysis by showing the affordability of handset-based mobilebroadband plans assuming that each member of the household has his/her own SIM CARD with a mobile-broadband plan.
in Armenia, the richest 10 per cent of the population could afford to pay for one mobile-broadband plan with 500 MB/month for each person in the household;
for the remaining 80 per cent of the population, such a mobile-broadband plan would be somewhat unaffordable
This tallies with the variations in mobile-broadband penetration in the region, which ranges from more than 100 per cent in Australia to less than 1 per cent in Bangladesh.
Considering the high mobile-cellular penetration in both countries, this suggests they are in a good position to see an increase in mobile-broadband adoption in the coming years.
who may thus need to share a mobile-broadband plan with other members of their household.
In Egypt and Sudan, the cost of a mobile-broadband plan corresponds to more than 10 per cent of equivalized household expenditure for more than half of the population.
and expenditure constitute major barriers for increasing mobile-broadband adoption in many African countries. On the basis of the data presented, it can be concluded that income inequality does
or granting 153 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 a licence to a new entrant in the mobile-cellular market.
This section presents a quantitative analysis of the role of competition and regulation in shaping prices for mobile-cellular (voice and SMS) and fixed-broadband services.
Among all ICT services mobile cellular and fixed broadband have been selected for the analysis because of the availability of comprehensive data series on the prices for these two services,
such as the majority of mobile-cellular and fixed-broadband markets. Regulatory and policy action can also have a direct impact on retail prices,
such as for instance by regulating mobile termination rates, as happens in most countries. 47 Regulation also affects the level of competition in each market,
Chart 4. 22 shows the evolution of entrylevel prices and competition in mobile-cellular markets,
Simple averages for 140 economies with available data on mobile-cellular prices and competition for the period 2008-2013.
)+-HHI fixed broadband (competition) Fixed-broadband basket as%of GNI p. c.+-HHI mobile (competition) Mobile-cellular basket as%of GNI p. c. 0123456789
2010 2011 2012 2013 Mobile-cellular basket as a%%of GNI p. c. HHI mobile (competition) Chapter 4. ICT prices and the role of competition 156 the value, the more conducive the regulatory environment to ICT developments.
The combined value of clusters 1 to 3 is used to test the link between regulation and prices of mobile-cellular and fixed-broadband services.
and mobile-cellular prices and competition and regulation metrics, using panel regressions with fixed effects.
The degree of competition for the fixedbroadband and mobile-cellular markets is captured through the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI),
For instance, a mobile-cellular market with three players with one-third market share each would be more competitive
and represents the price by country and year for a low-user basket of mobile-cellular calls and SMS in current USD.
see Annex 2 for more details on the methodology for the collection of mobile-cellular prices.
0 2. 9 1718.8 108.5 Mobile-cellular prices 22.1 16.4 13.9 10.4 2. 8 0. 9 75.4 48.3 2. Explanatory
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index for mobile cellular (voice and SMS: with Li being the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions of firm i,
and TL he total number of mobile-cellular subscriptions in the country. It is the sum of the squared market shares of each mobile-cellular service provider calculated in terms of subscriptions.
As in the case of the HHI for fixed broadband, this ranges from to 1, where k is the total number of mobile-cellular service providers in the market.
Data sourced from Informa. 159 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Box 4. 2: Panel regression models for fixed-broadband and mobile-cellular prices (continued) Regulatory variable:
0. 57 0. 53 0. 29 0. 28 0. 13 0. 13 1. 00 1. 00 HHI mobile cellular 0
Results for mobile cellular The results of the panel regression for mobilecellular prices (voice and SMS) indicate that the model constructed has a medium explanatory power (an R-squared value of 0. 41,
For example, the model predicts that in a market with two mobile-cellular operators sharing the market equally,
Competition in mobile-cellular markets is stronger than in fixed-broadband markets, and differences in competition levels across mobile-cellular markets are on average smaller.
284 (0. 071) Highly significant (1%level) A country with 55%urban population is linked to prices 2. 7%cheaper than a country with 50%urban population HHI mobile
when compared with the reduction in mobile-cellular prices that could be achieved in those developing countries with highly concentrated markets,
Urbanization is significantly related to final prices for mobile-cellular services: a 5 per cent increase in the percentage of the population in urban areas is correlated with prices 2. 7 per cent cheaper.
Chart 4. 24 provides an estimation of the explanatory power of each factor in the variations in mobile-cellular prices observed across countries in 2013.
Since the effects of both factors on mobile-cellular prices are opposite, the impact of these variables may almost balance out
GNI p. c. has a weaker effect on the final price in the case of mobile-cellular services.
56 this finding highlights the importance of competition as a driver for lower prices in mobile-cellular markets.
suggesting that regulation is less of an issue in mobile-cellular markets. This may be because the regulation in place in most countries (e g. regulation of mobile termination rates) already supports the development of competition in the market
and why light-touch regulation and a liberal spectrum assignment approach may already be conducive to competition and lower prices in mobile-cellular services,
Variation in mobile-cellular prices(%)explained by each variable, 2013 Note: Calculated taking as a reference the average of each variable and adding a standard deviation.
In each case, the percentage displayed is the relative difference in mobile-cellular prices that would be obtained keeping all other variables constant.
ITU. impact of competition and regulation on fixedbroadband and mobile-cellular prices: Fixed broadband: Different regulation may account for almost 10 per cent of the differences in prices observed across countries.
ICT Price Basket and sub-baskets, 2013 Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone subbasket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular subbasket as a%of GNI
ICT Price Basket and sub-baskets, 2013 (continued) Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone subbasket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular subbasket
Different competition levels largely explain the differences in mobile-cellular prices observed across countries (an estimated 7 per cent),
minutes and SMS (in the case of mobile-cellular plans) that are consumed per month. For more information on the baskets and the pricecollection methodology, see Annex 2. 7 Prepaid handset-based mobile-broadband plans were only available in 122 out of the 140 countries included in the comparison with the other
and a floor rate for national mobile calls with the aim of protecting mobile operators'margins.
At present, Sri lanka continues to have some of the cheapest mobile-cellular prices in the world
the dominant mobile operator (Safaricom) holds a market share of almost 70 per cent, and on-net traffic accounts for 87 per cent of the total.
These data suggest there is limited competition among operators. 13 Advanced mobile technologies refer to standards agreed by the ITU Radiocommunication Assembly for next-generation mobile technologies IMT-Advanced such as
-con-el-modem. 25 Data for mobile-broadband services have been collected since 2012 through the ITU ICT Price Basket Questionnaire,
2013a) have set specific entry-level fixed-broadband plans that are offered by the main operators in these countries. 47 Mobile termination rates are regulated in more than 120 countries.
http://www. omantel. om/Omanweblib/Mediacenter/Press release. aspx. 55 The mean HHI for mobile cellular is calculated as the simple average of the HHI of 140 economies for
whereas dispersion in mobile-cellular prices is of 60 per cent around the mean. 173 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring
and ITU estimates that by the end of 2014 the number of global mobile subscriptions will be approaching 7 billion.
transactions Supermarket purchases Online purchases Sensors and tracking devices Road and traffic sensors Climate sensors Equipment and infrastructure sensors Mobile phones Satellite/GPS devices
mobile phones and GPS devices), and activities carried out by users on the Internet (including searches
which uses a phone's accelerometer to detect potholes while the app user is driving around Boston
Also highly ranked, in 7th position, was phone and Internet access. By clicking on any of the data points in the chart,
and oceans Phone and Internet access Equality between men and women Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 180 Mobile data Despite the rapid growth in Internet access,
Given the popularity of mobile-cellular services, non-Internet-related mobilenetwork big data seems to have the widest socioeconomic coverage in the near term,
There are various examples of how mobile phone records have been used to identify socioeconomic patterns and migration patterns, describe local, national and international societal ties,
Lu, Bengtsson and Holme (2012) used mobile call records to study the population displacements following Haiti's 2010 earthquake,
Since mobile user devices used to access mobile telecommunication services come with an international mobile station equipment identity (IMEI) number,
) Traffic data Fixed operator Mobile operator ISP Data volume Call volume SMS/MMS volume Erlang DPI data Timestamp of use Contact
to determine the number of active mobile-cellular and active mobile-broadband subscriptions. On the basis of the detailed service-usage data collected, telecommunication operators can produce a range of detailed indicators relating to service consumption.
with high mobilecellular penetration levels and the increasing use of mobile phones, even among the poorest and most deprived, making them particularly valuable by comparison with other types of telecommunication data.
Mobile phone big data for development Mobile data offer a view of an individual's behaviour in a low-cost, high-resolution, realtime manner.
and assessment Measurement and real-time feedback Prediction and planning Financial services Economic development Health Agriculture Commercial Other High Medium Low Mobile agent placement Algorithmic
opulation tracking Predicting outbreak spread Mobile data to track food assistance delivery Geo-targeted links between Ag suppliers/purchasers Pests,
Sentiment analysis of public campaigns Urban planning Mobile disaster relief targeting High frequency surveys Crime detection Social unrest prediction Ex-post Current Future Pilot
) Similar work in Haiti showed how mobile phone data was used to track the spread of cholera after the 2010 earthquake (Bengtsson et al.
axle counters, parking occupancy monitors, CCTV, integrated public transport card readers and GPS data derived not only from phones but also from public transport and private vehicles (Amini, Bouillet, Calabrese, Gasparini
Passive mobile positioning data has also been used for transportation planning and management in Estonia (Ahas and Mark, 2005),
Tracking mobility through mobile phones Port-au-prince (Pap) Number of people displaced after earthquake 189 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Box 5. 6:
In 2012, the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and GSM Association (GSMA) estimated that close to 2 billion people had a mobile phone but no bank account.
a big data startup that uses the mobile phone records of poor people to assess their creditworthiness
The Cignifi business model is founded on the idea that Mobile phone usage is not random it is highly predictive of an individual consumer's lifestyle and risk.
and access include indicators on mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband subscriptions, which remain some of the most widely used
One of the main issues with mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband subscription data is that they do not refer to unique subscriptions
the number of unique mobile subscriptions was just over 50 percent, whereas the number of connections per 100 population far exceeded 100 per cent. 26 Survey-based data,
In the case of fixed-telephone and fixed-broadband subscriptions, which are linked to an address through the billing information,
to explore the feasibility of using mobile phones for the deployment of rapid global surveys on well-being. 28 This requires,
To that end, the World bank has experimented with the use of mobile phones to conduct statistically representative monthly household surveys in Latin america and the Caribbean. 29 Source:
Particularly rich possibilities exist where data from mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband subscriptions are concerned, since they are linked to mobility profiles.
Big data techniques could help extrapolate the actual number of unique mobile subscribers or users, rather than just subscriptions,
this does not mean that every person in the world is using a mobile phone. This issue of representativeness is of high relevance
Street Bump uses a phone's accelerometer to detect potholes while users of the app are driving around Boston
who often hail from affluent areas with greater smartphone ownership (Harford, 2014). Hence, the big in big data does not automatically mean that issues such as measurement bias and methodology,
Nor is it inconceivable that users may stop using their mobiles or even turn them off,
Dr Nathan Eagle, a pioneer in the use of cellphone records to understand phenomena related to social development and public health,
When researchers working with Sri lankan mobile datasets attempted to use these findings to help them segregate their analyses for different socioeconomic groups,
While fixed-telephone network operators have access only to static location data, mobile networks have much richer and dynamic location data.
and generated only when the phone is used and when the network knows which cell a particular handset is connected currently to.
such cellhandoff data provide a time-stamped sequence of cells that the phone was attached to,
Device characteristics All mobile user devices used to access mobile telecommunication services come with an international mobile station equipment identity (IMEI) number.
/13 Mobile phone records have been used to infer locations of economic activity within, and patterns of migration to, slum areas in Kenya (Wesolowski and Eagle, 2010) and internal migration in Rwanda (Joshua E. Blumenstock, 2012).
Exploratory research in Latin america used mobile phone records to forecast the socioeconomic levels of localities, thereby yielding approximate census maps (Frias-Martinez, Virseda-Jerez and Frias-Martinez, 2012.
Mao, Shuai, Ahn and Bollen (2013) investigated the relationship between mobile phone usage and regional economic development in Côte d'ivoire. 14 The term metadata is used also quite extensively to refer to TGD from telecommunication operators. 15 Deep packet inspection (DPI) is a process that utilizes specialized software to scan all of the data
. 26 See https://gsmaintelligence. com. 27 Jana has integrated its systems with 237 mobile operators worldwide,
see http://www. unglobalpulse. org/projects/global-snapshot-wellbeing-mobile-survey. 29 For more information regarding this project,
For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MAC ADDRESS. 47 An international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number is a 15-digit number unique to the particular SIM in a subscriber's handset.
and the particular mobile number assigned to a user. The IMSI conforms to Recommendation ITU-T E. 212.
http://ftp. iza. org/dp4201. pdf. Azman, A s.,Urquhart, E. A.,Zaitchik, B. and Lessler, J. 2013), Using Mobile phone Data to Supercharge Epidemic Models
Bengtsson, L.,Lu, X.,Thorson, A.,Garfield, R. and von Schreeb, J. 2011), Improved response to disasters and outbreaks by tracking population movements with mobile phone network data:
and optimizing public transport using cellphone data. Data for Development: Net Mobi 2013. Blumenstock, J. E. 2011), Using mobile phone data to measure the ties between nations.
Proceedings of the 2011 iconference (pp. 195 202. New york, USA: ACM Press. doi: 10.1145/1940761.1940788.
Blumenstock, J. E. 2012), Inferring patterns of internal migration from mobile phone call records: evidence from Rwanda.
Disparities in Access and Use of Mobile phones in Rwanda. Information technologies & International Development, 8 (2), 1 16.
Caceres, N.,Wideberg, J. P. and Benitez, F. G. 2007), Deriving origin destination data from a mobile phone network.
Calabrese, F.,Di Lorenzo, G.,Liu, L. and Ratti, C. 2011), Estimating origin-destination flows using mobile phone location data.
Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2013-2018, White paper, February 2014. Available at: http://www. cisco. com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white paper c11-520862. pdf. CCK (2010), Communications
http://www. cck. go. ke/resc/downloads/Sector statistics report q2 201314. pdf. David, T. 2013), Big data from Cheap Phones.
. 2009), Inferring friendship network structure by using mobile phone data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United states of america, 106 (36), 15274 8. doi:
GSMA and Deloitte (2013), Arab States Mobile Observatory 2013. Available at: http://www. gsma. com/publicpolicy/wpcontent/uploads/2012/03/GSMA MOBILEOBSERVATORY ARABSTATES2013. pdf. GSMA (2013a), Country overview:
Gutierrez, T.,Krings, G. and Blondel, V. D. 2013), Evaluating socioeconomic state of a country analyzing airtime credit and mobile phone datasets,
Mao, H.,Shuai, X.,Ahn, Y.-Y. and Bollen, J. 2013), Mobile Communications Reveal the Regional Economy in Cote d'ivoire.
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http://www. oecd. org/sti/ieconomy/oecd privacy framework. pdf. Ofcom (2011), Measuring Mobile Broadband in the UK:
Wang, H.,Calabrese, F.,Di Lorenzo, G. and Ratti, C. 2010), Transportation mode inference from anonymized and aggregated mobile phone call detail records. 13th International IEEE Conference
Data for all of these indicators are collected by ITU. 2 1. Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Fixed-telephone subscriptions refers to the sum of active analogue fixed-telephone lines,
when the call is routed then over a fixed-line telephone network (and not a mobilecellular network).
fibre-optic and other fixed-broadband platforms that provide fixed telephony using IP. 2. Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions refers to the number of subscriptions
which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) using cellular technology. It includes both the number of postpaid subscriptions
It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services,
and devices with telephony as a main function, such as mobile phones or smartphones. Household with a computer means that the computer is available for use by all members of the household at any time.
It can be via a computer (i e. desktop computer, laptop computer or tablet or similar handheld 223 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 computer), mobile phone
wireless broadband and active mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet. Satellite broadband subscriptions refers to the number of satellite Internet subscriptions with an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s. It refers to the retail subscription technology and not the backbone technology.
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum of standard mobilebroadband subscriptions and dedicated mobile-broadband data subscriptions to the public Internet.
Standard mobile-broadband subscriptions refers to active mobile-cellular subscriptions with advertised data speeds of 256 kbit/s
The reference value for mobile-cellular subscriptions was reviewed and lowered to 120. This value (120) was derived by examining the distribution of countries based on their mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants value in 2013.
For countries where postpaid is the predominant mode of subscriptions, 120 is the maximum value achieved,
Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, which in 2013 range from zero to 124. The same methodology was used to compute the reference value
In line with fixed-telephone subscriptions, the ideal value was defined at 60 per 100 inhabitants. After normalizing the data,
Weights (Indicators) Weights (Sub-indices) ICT access 0. 40 Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 0. 20 Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100
enrolment ratio 0. 33 ICT access is measured by fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants mobilecellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, international Internet bandwidth per Internet user, percentage of households with a computer and percentage of households with Internet access.
DENMARK Indicators 2013 ICT access Ideal value*a Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 60 37.4 b Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 120
Formula Weight ICT access z1 Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants a/60 0. 20 0. 62
z2 Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants b/120 0. 20 1. 00 z3 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user log (c)/ 5
. 88 y1 Fixed-telephone subsriptions per 100 inhabitants z1*.*20 0. 12 y2 Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants z2*.
*20 0. 20 y3 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user z3*.*20 0. 18 y4 Percentage of households with a computer z4*.
Through the questionnaire, contacts were requested to provide 2013 data for fixed-telephone, mobile-cellular, fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband prices;
the fixed-telephone, mobile-cellular and fixed-broadband sub-baskets. The IPB is calculated the value from the sum of the price of each sub-basket (in USD) as a percentage of a country's monthly GNI per capita,
The fixed-telephone sub-basket The fixed-telephone sub-basket refers to the monthly price charged for subscribing to the public switched telephone network (PSTN
Annex 2. ICT price data methodology 232 The fixed-telephone sub-basket does not take into consideration the onetime connection charge.
then these are taken into consideration and deducted from the total cost of the fixed-telephone sub-basket.
The cost of a three-minute local call refers to the cost of a three-minute call within the same exchange area (local call) using the subscriber's equipment (i e. not from a public telephone).
because fixed-telephone access remains an important access technology in its own right in a large number of countries.
The mobile-cellular sub-basket The mobile-cellular sub-basket refers to the price of a standard basket of mobile monthly usage for 30 outgoing calls per month (on-net, off-net
The mobile-cellular sub-basket is based on prepaid prices, although postpaid prices are used for countries where prepaid subscriptions make up less than 2 per cent of all mobile-cellular subscriptions.
The mobile-cellular sub-basket is largely based on, but does not entirely follow, the 2009 methodology of the OECD low-user basket,
which is the entry-level basket with the smallest number of calls included (OECD, 2010b).
which is based on the prices of the two largest mobile operators, the ITU mobile sub-basket uses only the largest mobile operator's prices.
Rules applied in collecting fixed-telephone prices 1. The prices of the operator with the largest market share (measured by the number of fixed-telephone subscriptions) should be used. 2. Prices should be collected in national currency,
The selected city should be mentioned in a note in the monthly subscription indicator. 4. From all fixed-telephone plans meeting the above-mentioned criteria
OECD mobile-cellular low-user call distribution (2009 methodology) Note: N/A: Not applicable. Source:
In this case, the monthly subscription fee, plus any free minutes, will be taken into consideration for the calculation of the mobile-cellular sub-basket. 4
then this is taken into consideration in the formula for the mobile-cellular sub-basket, based on 30 calls. 11.
the mobile-cellular sub-basket formula will be calculated on the basis of 30 calls or 50.9 minutes.
(i e. in terms of the price per Mbit/s)( see Annex Box 2. 3). 3. Mobile-broadband prices In 2012,
The plans selected represent the least expensive offers that include the minimum amount of data for each respective mobile-broadband plan.
and b) computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions. 5. Mobile-broadband prices should be collected from the operator with the largest market share in the country, measured by the number of mobile-broadband subscriptions.
mobile-broadband prices should be collected from the mobile-cellular operator with the largest market share (measured by the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions) in the country. 6. Different operators can be chosen, for a different mobile-broadband service, if:
the plan satisfying the indicated data volume requirement should be used. 8. Where operators propose different commitment periods for postpaid mobile-broadband plans,
If the plan chosen includes other services besides mobile-broadband access, these should be specified in a note. 15.
Special prices that apply to a certain type of phone (iphone/Blackberry, ipad) should be excluded.
in such cases, the advertised price is used. 8 Data for fixed-telephone, mobile-cellular and fixed-broadband have been collected since 2008 through the ITU ICT Price Basket Questionnaire,
-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households
3'876 3'858 17.6 20.0 7. 2 7. 7 Access indicators 243 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Fixed-telephone
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households with Internet access
Annex 3. Statistical tables of indicators used to compute de IDI 248 Access indicators Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2012: 1) Incl. 524 958 WLL
Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2013 1) Incl. 420 000 WLL subscriptions. 2) Incl. payphone, excl.
2 082 589.8) Excl. 2 720 698 prepaid cards that are used to provide Travel SIM/World Mobile service. 9) Excl. data-only SIM CARDS
undividable. 15) Decrease was due to registration of SIMS. 16) Figure obtained from all five mobile (GSM
voice or data communication in the last month. 5) By December 2013.6) Incl. all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications,
13) Figure obtained from all four mobile (GSM & CDMA) operators currently providing service in the country. 14) Break in comparability.
but excluded palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone, game console and e-book reader).
Refers to access at home, on cell phone or other mobile device and via mobile modem. 10) Census data. 11) Excl. households
but excluded palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone, game console and e-book reader).
including all categories of mobile broadband. 4) Total number of EDGE/GPRS subscribers: 97 520.5) Break in comparability:
) High use of mobile phones to access the internet. 8) Incl. Home Box and RLANS. 9) Break in comparability,
from this year incl. prepaid mobile-broadband subscriptions. 10) Incl. subscriptions to Wifi hotspots. 11) Methodology changed from ability to have mobile broadband to actual mobile broadband usage. 12) Satellite,
BWA and active mobile subscriptions. 13) Estimate based on partial SIT data and ITU estimates. 14) Speeds greater than,
/Data refer to the sum of fixed wireless broadband and active mobilebroadband subscriptions. 16) Incl. mobile broadband
so that many people used the free service. 21) Preliminary. 22) Mobile broadband only. Fixed wireless and satellite exist
but data are not available. 23) Operators data/ictqatar estimate. 24) Refers to active mobile-broadband subscriptions only. 25.dec 26) Incl. 4125165 active mobile-broadband subscriptions plus 3203
Incl. subscriptions to Wifi hotspots. 12) Satellite, BWA and active mobile subscriptions. 13) Incl. VSAT. 14) Speeds greater than, or equal to
broadband and active mobile-broadband subscriptions. 17) 2013 data is an estimate as of June 30,
2013.18) Incl. mobile broadband and Wimax. 19) Estimate based on 1. Standard mobile subscriptions using data services 2. Dedicated data subscriptions 3. Add on data
packages. 20) Based on 2013q3 data. 21) Per June 2013.22) Mobile broadband only. Fixed wireless and satellite exist
We anticipate that Mobile broadband and terrestrial fixed broadband services would be in place by the end of 2014.27) OFCOM estimate. 28) Includes:
active mobile-broadband subscriptions plus 3175 Wimax. International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland
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