this is already a developing practice in various sectors ranging from semiconductor (fabless IP business models), to biotech, to telecommunication and software industries.
For instance, three of the top ten technology projects on Kickstarter are 3d printers from Formlabs, Printrbot, and Robo3d.
usually layer upon layer (as in 3d printing) is set to become a high growth area of Manufacturing business-to-consumer markets will require development
For innovation-driven SMES, open source and co-creation are Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group Innovation in SMES:
where the open source software model has been pioneered and promoted by small software suppliers and independent developers.
The reasons for this appear to be rooted in the intangible nature of software and the difficulties in protecting software innovations.
Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group Innovation in SMES: Consultation on Next EU Strategic Work Programme 2016-2017 9 3. Gaps and Bottlenecks in SME Management of Innovation The strength of SMES lies in their agility, imagination
The classical example is the DVORAK keyboard, which is considered superior to Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group Innovation in SMES:
because all keyboards in the world would have to be replaced and everybody would have to learn to type again.
if there could be need a for an expert panel of‘super-evaluators':'These‘gurus'in entrepreneurship and investing could help the Commission vet prospective evaluators,
and trumpeting the excellence on display. These aspects should also be reflected in the basic communications literature. o Develop a communications strategy,
This is similar to the Living Labs concept that has brought successfully 13 The idea comes from the ICT world where sandboxes are used routinely to beta-test software
as well as new solutions and services for the ageing population. o Innovative‘DIY'products and services around 3d printing and additive manufacturing, including attention to European regulation/standards/risk management. o Challenges
IP management, of course, includes branding/licensing, open source software and copyright maters, not just patents. o Development of small entity status fees at the European Patent office, similar to the USPTO practice,
and overall with SMES usually tagging along as minor partners in the wake of dominant RTOS,
I. INTRODUCTION IBM predicts that in the next couple of years, information will be doubled every 12 hours!
Computers can store data and information, but cannot store knowledge. Only human brains Manuscript received April 2, 2014;
aside from Powerpoint presentations replacing most writing-on-a-blackboard styled ones. In the digital age the learning environment is blown completely open.
either traditional television or the new media (including cell phones, ipads, and social media. The average 8-to 10-year-old devotes approximately 8 hours a day to a variety of different media contents,
but almost 1/3 of the TV programming gets viewed on non-TV platforms such as computers, ipads,
The time spent on a computer amounts to 1. 5 hours per day; out of which half is spent in social networking, playing games,
When you go online, social networking sites, a video game, etc. you can be interacting with thousands of people (many of
We may hardly remember what the core curriculum was and what the courses were but we remember the one teacher who affected us the most.
From the University of Miami in Florida, Mr. Milicevic received his doctorate in computer music composition in 1991
In his academic carrier Mladen Milicevic has served on numerous committees such as rank and tenure, core curriculum, academic technology, university website, mission and identity, faculty senate with many
OECD Economic Outlook, Preliminary version, May 2013.10 the Eurostat, the Hungarian GDP in nominal terms will reach its 2008 value only in 2014.
Nevertheless, institutional or core funding is vital for the operation of research units at higher education organisations and PROS.
This significant increase means that more than half of the GBAORD was allocated via core funding in the past two years.
Apart from these activities, the board reviews the government proposals related to STI fields and monitors the implementation of the government's science policy strategy.
Ensure that all public bodies responsible for allocating research funds apply the core principles of international peer review No new measures were introduced(+)The Hungarian Academy of Sciences applies international peer reviewers in its Momentum programme(-)No change in the evaluation
and institutional assessment is carried out by panels consisting of domestic experts and doesn't follow international peer review criteria 2. Optimal transnational co-operation and competition Action 1:
OECD Economic Outlook, Preliminary version, May 2013. S3 White book (2013: S3 Fehér Könyv. Magyarország intelligens specializálódásának irányai.
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu. How to obtain EU publications Our publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
rankings and highlights for each topic for the iphone, ipad and ipod touch http://www. doingbusiness. org/special-features/iphone Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency v
Our attention has been drawn to many critiques by the Independent Panel on Doing Business, chaired by Trevor Manuel,
and Burgess (2004). 7. The report by the Independent Panel on Doing Business is available on its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/.
This puts on display how each economy performs not only vis-à-vis other economies but also in absolute terms.
and informed by the report of the Independent Panel on Doing Business as well as by input from policy makers
For example, starting a business in Tajikistan is now easier as a result of the implementation of new software at the one-stop shop and the elimination of one of the business registration procedures.
NOTES 1. For information on the Independent Panel on Doing Business see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/.
and provide contractual partners with core protections against abuse. The Doing Business data highlight the important role of the government and government policies in the day-to-day life of domestic small and medium-size firms.
Most were inspired by recommendations of the Independent Panel on Doing Business and by broader consultations that have taken place over the years with World bank Group staff,
NOTES 1. For more information on the Independent Panel on Doing Business and its work, see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org. 2. See the data notes for more details. 3. Where the second
Poland improved port procedures by launching a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk.
Poland Poland launched a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk. Introduced or improved risk-based inspections Uruguay Uruguay implemented a risk-based inspection system that reduced customs clearance time.
which is hosted on 9 different servers, amount to $1 million a year. 8 WHAT ARE THE GAINS FROM GOING ELECTRONIC?
where computers are available to enable entrepreneurs to register electronically. Entrepreneurs are making good use of the electronic filing option.
and open spaces have been converted into public parks 35 G5 núcleo (core) 3 Areas with a high density of high-rise buildings and towers,
with credit registries enabling policy makers and regulators to monitor large flows of money and credit bureaus allowing them to assess developments in credit markets and interest rates.
Both parties have installed software that allows host-to-host connectivity without human interaction. Data are updated automatically,
banks provided information on computer disks and had to pick up printed copies of credit reports from Bangladesh Bank's office.
the use of accounting software and electronic filing and payment systems can offer great potential time savings (box 10.1).
Reflecting diminished confidence in the short-term outlook, the value of the Korean won fell sharply.
OECD 2012. c. International monetary fund, World Economic Outlook Database. PAYING TAXES 89 The data collected for the paying taxes indicators show a clear trend of increasing changes to tax policies during the crisis. Among the most common changes as measured by the indicators were those cutting the corporate income tax rate
0%for the land, 5%for the building, 10%for the machinery, 33%for the computers, 20%for the office equipment, 20%for the truck and 10%for business development expenses.
Panel data random effects regression is used to examine how the business environment affects new business creation and self employment in a panel of European cities.
International monetary fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook and International Financial Statistics databases; International labour organization data; Doing Business database Investment Hoffman,
The analysis exploits the panel structure of the data. A first-difference regression is estimated. A number of control variables are used,
From Hand to Mouse. Law-Econ Research Paper 08-07, UCLA School of law, Los angeles. Black, Bernard,
World Economic Outlook: Crisis and Recovery. WASHINGTON DC: IMF. Jappelli, Tullio, and Marco Pagano. 2002. Information Sharing, Lending and Defaults:
, such s thintrntionl Montrfund's World Economic Outlook dtbsnd theconomist Intllincunit, wrusd. Region and income group Doinbusinss uss thworld Bnk rionl nd incomroup clssific-tions, vilblt http://dt. worldbnk. or/bout/countr-clssifictions.
and including the customer's service panel or switchboard and installation of the meter base.
In doinso, Doinbusinss os bond thtrditionl dfinition of tx. As dfind for thpurposs of ovrnmnt ntionl ccounts, txs includonlcompulsor, unrquitd pmnts to nrl ov-rnmnt.
Trading across borders Poland made trading across borders easier by implementing a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk. 162 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Portugal Paying taxes Portugal made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing the corporate income tax rate
Janota Nzogi EDEL-EP Eduardo Paiva PWC ANGOLA Joaquim Piedade UNICARGAS Luis Filipe Pizarro Gervasio Simao INTEL Beatriz Calcida Soares
SHIPPING Abhi Ram COMPANIES REGISTRAR Kamal Reddy GIBSON FREIGHT INTERNATIONAL Muni Reddy GIBSON FREIGHT INTERNATIONAL Ronlyn Sahib SIWATIBAU & SLOAN Jagindar
RAM & MCRAE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS Edward Luckhoo LUCKHOO & LUCKHOO Alexis Monize GUYANA OFFICE FOR INVESTMENT Harry Noel Narine PKF INTERNATIONAL Charlie Ogle MINISTRY OF LABOUR
, HUMAN SERVICES AND SOCIAL SECURITY Alvin Parag PAS CARGO GUYANA INC (PAS CARGO GROUP) Carolyn Paul AMICE LEGAL CONSULTANTS INC. Christopher Ram
RAM & MCRAE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS Vishwamint Ramnarine PFK BARCELLOS, NARINE & CO. Albert Rodrigues RODRIGUES ARCHITECTS LTD.
CUSTOMS SERVICE Kyoung Soo Chang SHIN & KIM Yoonyoung Chang HWANG MOK PARK PC Hyeong-Tae Cho SAMIL PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Jeong-Hun Cho
KOREA CUSTOMS SERVICE Ji Won Choi HWANG MOK PARK PC Sung-Soo Choi KIM & CHANG Han-Jun Chon SAMIL PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Eui
YOON & YANG LLC Yong-Seong Kim SOJONG PARTNERS Yoon Young Kim HWANG MOK PARK PC Youn
HWANG MOK PARK PC Seyung Park SOJONG PARTNERS Soo-Hwan Park SAMIL PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Yong Seok Park SHIN & KIM Seung Min
Roh HWANG MOK PARK PC Minah Seo HWANG MOK PARK PC Mi-Jin Shin KIM & CHANG Philippe Shin SHIN & KIM
. BM Dhungana B&b ASSOCIATES-CORRESPONDENT FIRM OF RUSSELL BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Shirshak Ghimire PRADHAN & ASSOCIATES Tika Ram Ghimire MINISTRY OF LAND REFORM AND MANAGEMENT Sunil
Nab Raj Subedi MINISTRY OF LAND REFORM AND MANAGEMENT Ram Chandra Subedi APEX LAW CHAMBER Krishna Suwal PRADHAN & ASSOCIATES Mahesh Kumar Thapa SINHA VERMA
PC Rafiq Jaffer AL TAMIMI & COMPANY ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Kristen M. Jarvis Johnson PATTON BOGGS LLP Upuli Kasthuriarachchi PWC QATAR Pradeep Kumar DIAMOND SHIPPING SERVICES Frank Lucente
EST. M. Zeeshan Ahmed ARBROS FOREST RESOURCES Makhdoom Ahmed VERACOR PRINTING PRESS LLC Yakud Ahmed ORCHID GULF Kiran Ahuja UNILEVER UAE
& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Yusuf Rafiudeen DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND WATER AUTHORITY Mangat Ram ABBAS JUMA CLEARING
Gordon PETER D. GORDON AND ASSOCIATES William Gould TROYGOULD PC Boris Grosman L & B ELECTRICAL INTERNATIONAL Joseph Gulino DIAZ REUS & TARG
Hallem MANATT, PHELPS & PHILLIPS, LLP Donald Hamman STUART KANE Frank Hernandez YUSEN LOGISTICS Conan Higgins TSI LEGAL ENTERPRISES, PC Sanford
Hillsberg TROYGOULD PC Mark Hirzel LOS ANGELES CUSTOMS BROKERS & FREIGHT FORWARDERS ASSOCIATION INC. Steven Horowitz CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP Nancy Israel LAW OFFICE OF NANCY D. ISRAEL Nicole Jadelrab BLAQK
LOS ANGELES DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SAFETY Kevin Mcdonnell JEFFER MANGELS BUTLER & MITCHELL LLP (JMBM) Todd Mclawhorn MCLAWHORN LAW OFFICES PC Alene Mcmahon
Dietrick Miller TROYGOULD PC Kerry Mohan SEYFARTH SHAW LLP Kelly J. Murray PWC UNITED STATES David Newberg COLLIER, HALPERN, NEWBERG, NOLLETTI,
MILLIKEN, CLARK, O'HARA & SAMUELIAN Malhar Pagay PACHULSKI STANG ZIEHL & JONES LLP Darrell Pierce DYKEMA Shanen Prout BLY LAW, PC Angela
Darryl Wilson Olga Zalomiy LAW OFFICES OF OLGA ZALOMIY, PC URUGUAY GRAETZ NUÑEZ SUPERINTENDENCIA DE SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS-BANCO CENTRAL DEL URUGUAY Lucía
Three core forces and their combinations are the source of many technology trends: mobility, social and analytics.
supporting the technology trends in the three core forces. Besides their ability to support these other forces,
It allows commuters to shop for groceries by pointing their mobile devices at billboards in subway stations and at bus stops.
The room features six monitors to track a number of data visualizations and dashboards. Tweets Facebook activities and blog postings that mention the brand, its endorsers, competitors and broader sports nutrition topics are tracked in real time,
The future of doing business in the digital age will mainly depend on the pace of digital development and adoption as well as the outlook for the European business climate.
This outlook will be influenced highly by the choices individuals and businesses make about using digital technologies
‘Financial services & insurance',‘computers & electronics'and‘media & telecommunications'are leading the race to maximise the enabling and disruptive potential of digital technologies,
& Logistics Business & Administrative Services Utilities Basic Manufacturing Chemicals Trade & Retail Equipment & Machinery Automotive Media & Telecommunications Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance Leading
0 1 2 3 Hotels & Restuarants 4 5 6 Computers & Electronics Real estate, Rental & Leasing Trade & Retail Business & Administrative Services Utilities Media
& Logistics Business & Administrative Services Utilities Basic Manufacturing Chemicals Trade & Retail Equipment & Machinery Automotive Media & Telecommunications Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance-15
cooperation between innovative enterprises7 and suppliers of equipment, materials, components or software ranged between 10 and 50,
%whilst the remaining enterprises relied solely on internal resources (see Figure 9). Figure 9 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, materials, components or software(%of total innovative enterprises) Source:
Today most jobs already require some kind of computer related knowledge. Whilst ICT specialists8 accounted for around 3-4%of EU employment,
by 2015,90%of jobs will need at least basic computer skills10. Acquiring those skills is thus rapidly becoming a precondition for employees to become
& Restaurants 60 Financial services & Insurance Computers & Electronics Media & Telecommunications Automotive Equipment & Machinery Trade & Retail Chemicals 10 15 20 25 30 35
As a result, entrepreneurship became‘hot'in Sweden with digital icons such as Niklas Zennström (Skype)
and core transferable competences they need to succeed in high-skill occupations; Providing more opportunities for students to gain additional skills through study
and grow. 2. Smart regulation to enable SMES to concentrate on core business. 3. Making full use of the single market. 4. Helping SMES face the challenges of globalisation and climate change.
ACTION 17 Monitor the evolution of digital entrepreneurship Establish a digital entrepreneurship scorecard and monitor the evolution of digital entrepreneurship across Member States:
This coordination can be facilitated by the setting up of a strategic policy group at the European level with the aim to monitor,
Boost digitally powered Single Market (17) Monitor the evolution of digital entrepreneurship Establish a digital entrepreneurship scorecard and monitor the evolution of digital entrepreneurship across Member States:
The future of doing business in the digital age will mainly depend on the outlook of both digital progress and the European business climate.
This outlook will be influenced highly both by the choices individuals and businesses make on using digital technologies
%0. 1%0. 9%Printing and publishing 1. 7%1. 8%1. 4%1. 7%1. 7%2. 6%2. 8%
0. 4%0. 4%0. 6%0. 4%1. 0%Software 1. 6%1. 5%0. 8%1. 5%0
and use of computers and computer networks (wired and wireless) as well as the presence and type of connection to the Internet.
Europe Central/Northern europe Equipment & Machinery Trade & Retail Chemicals Utilities Basic Manufacturing Financial services & Insurance Computers & Electronics Media & Telecommunications Automotive Business & Administrative
The implication is the integration of design into core business operations. Design as a Link between the Innovation Activity of the Firm andthe Market:
and monitors the impact of their investment in design and innovation over time'21 compared to Standard and poor's (S&p) 500 companies.
Swedish Companieson Design. 23www. svid. se/en/The-benefit-of-design/Analysis-Companies-that-invest-indesign-are-more-profitable/Quote byteknikföretagen's chiefeconomist Anders Rune,
and oneof its core aspects is the creativity that emerges from the tensions among these various constraints. 28 However,
Software, Medical, Natural resources, Engineering; Exporting; and Illustrate a Clear use of Design in Company SMES. 37anord CONTROL SYSTEMS LTDPOWER Infrastructurecirdan IMAGING LTDMEDICAL Devices/Informaticsforest PRODUCE LTDFORESTRY Design is seen as the‘critical factor'that has got us to where we are.
Conor Maccormack first discovered 3d printing in 1986, when he was a secondary student in Ireland watching a BBC special.
Conor and his brother, Fintan set out to invent a 3d printer with such a low operating cost that the technology could be accessible to everyone. 3d printing technology can be produced in plastics
The developmental process requiredthat the printer would be an easy to use robust design. That it would provide fitness for purpose across a range of demanding usage settings,
without the toxic fumes users of other 3d printers were exposed To further innovation challenges including enhancing the working system including software, mechanical, electrical, electronics and industrial design.
and by December of that year it had launched a full colour 3d printer on the market called the Mcor IRIS. The R&d structure required to ensure an efficient and effective innovation process depended hugely on design thinking across all disciplines.
The Benefits of‘Design thinking'The approach by Mcor was to invent a 3d printing system that would use a commonly available cheap material such that the use of the technology could be opened up to a much wider user population.
and manufacture a better 3d printer than was currently available, while making it accessible and more affordable to a wider market;
in novel medical devices and medical informatics software. The company started in 2010 and now employs 20 people,
electrical, electronic and software design work to meet demanding customer performance and usability criteria. Through outsourcing industrial design and manufacturing work Cirdan plays an important role in growing employment and high value industrial skills in Ireland.
the programme involved five SMES across a range of sectors software, manufacturing and services based in the northwest of Ireland.
One of the core functions of Design Flanders is to encourage companies to incorporate design in their operations,
This and additional research from Intertradeireland's All-island Business Monitor survey pointed to a lack of strategic planning around how innovation can contributeto business growth.
A Consultation Document Health Information and Quality Authority 5 1. 3 Background A core principle which underpins current health strategy,
You can't do modern healthcare without a computer system. It would be like trying to do healthcare without telephones.
and software applications to communicate, to exchange data accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been exchanged (39).
In the area of implementation, standards can act as the middle ground where coordination between different software systems is needed.
One of the key challenges in the implementation of technical standards for health is the fragmentation of the health software market.
whose impact continues to growï. 2. 3 Stakeholders A wide range of stakeholders will benefit from having ehealth interoperability standards in place including healthcare professionals, service planners, healthcare organisations, healthcare software suppliers, implementers
often by a single vendor with a large market share (for example, the Windows Operating system). Open standards, on the other hand,
. org) Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, DICOM (http://medical. nema. org/),the de facto standard for electronic medical imaging Openehr, an open source activity supporting the development of standards
and ensure that there can be mutual understanding between software systems. 3. 2. 1 Messaging Standards One of the limitations of certain messaging standards is that they conflate process (services) and content (documents),
which are already available in software products are selected for use. It is also important for Ireland to participate in leading SDOS,
Strategic intelligence Monitor on Personal Health Systems Country Report France. 2009. Available online from: Developing National ehealth Interoperability Standards for Ireland:
CEN TR 13694 Safety and Security Related Software Quality Standards for Healthcare Terminology and Ontology Standards Standards for health sector specific vocabulary to describe concepts and their interrelationships.
Our digital policy is underpinned by the following strategic core objectives, and places people at the heart of all developments:
We want the Digital Agenda to make an important contribution to ensuring that German remains one of the most secure digital locations in the world.
In addition, more powerful networks are required to cope with increasing communication between computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data.
and the protection of computers and data. We will devote particular attention to ensuring undistorted competition between companies, further reducing barriers to market entry,
Value systems in the digital world A clear line between the real and the virtual world no longer exists.
Therefore, German policies relating to digitisation will be guided by the core values and accepted rules on
By contributing content, making information available or developing software, individuals play an active part in the digital world.
As a result of the early allocation of radio frequencies to mobile communications in the 700 MHZ range a frequency range that enables wireless connections in rural areas in particular thanks to the development of digital terrestrial television (switch to DVB-T2) we can ensure that certain peripheral
Informational self-determination and data autonomy for consumers must be based on the core principles of transparency with accessible customer information
in the area of electronic trading platforms and modern payment systems, for example, while maintaining consumer and data protection. 4. Reconfiguring the workplace in the digital world The progressive digital transformation is creating new areas of activity and job opportunities.
while also continuing to promote digital skills as a core competency for all employees. At the same time, we are determined also,
Another core element of the transition to renewable energy in Germany is the reduction of electricity consumption in our living and working environments. zzunder the Green IT initiative
and local authorities to help implement sustainable public administration across the board. 1. Public sector digital services for citizens and companies In order to offer attractive, user-friendly and secure digital services,
we are eliminating practical obstacles to Open source Software (OSS) to promote equality of opportunity. 3. Ensuring secure government communication We will maintain
Increasingly, these same citizens are not just users but also creators of media content and data or developers of software.
unless they can be sure that the hardware and software used guarantees the confidentiality of their trade secrets and the integrity and availability of their IT systems.
and offering trustworthy hardware and software products and services that users can deploy to increase their online security. zzwe are providing secure infrastructures
so that users can protect their own identity online and communicate securely. Use of the new identity card will be simplified
4. Strengthening digital infrastructures to create a trusted space Users'trust in secure digital infrastructures must be constantly reinforced.
We are committed to ensuring that our country remains one of the most secure digital locations in the world.
and to gain technical mastery of hardware and software components. VI. SICHERHEIT, SCHUTZ UND VERTRAUEN FÜR GESELLSCHAFT UND WIRTSCHAFT 33 zzto do this,
and develop the computer, mobile phone and internet applications that are powering these changes. The needs span a wide range of skills,
25 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly...26 4. 7 Green jobs...26 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS...
28 5. 1 Computer literacy...29 5. 2 Digital literacy...30 5. 3 Web literacy...32 5. 4 Complementary skills...
10.1596/978-0-8213-9575-2. 4 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM 2011 Global Report,(Babson Park, Mass:
and computer literacy. 15 The unemployment situation varies significantly between developed and developing countries, and among and within regions.
International Youth Foundation, 2012), 8, hwww. microsoft. com/en-us/news/presskits/citizenship/docs/finalopp for action paper. pdf. 22 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living
including geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas is one of the main challenges for the sector.
Moreover, most of the technology-based solutions rely on mobile phones (63 per cent), computers (39 per cent),
explaining why some programmes prefer mobile phones over computers. Other barriers, like initial and ongoing costs,
IBM, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), The swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Vodacom and Vodafone.
and is centred on the production and use of software. BPO is a diverse category that contains activities related to the management of enterprise resources (ERM), human resources (HRM),
and carrying out work via their mobile devices. The very notion of the work place now reaches far beyond the local
Many young computer programmers are finding jobs working directly for software development firms. In addition there are opportunities for developers with entrepreneurial ambitions to start their own appsbased businesses.
This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities.
and the hardware devices on which apps are designed to run. www. techopedia. com/definition/28141/app-economy.
or project that can be completed via the internet or mobile devices. Microwork is considered the smallest the most granular unit of work in a virtual assembly line. 88 It also requires the lowest level of skills.
ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job market (ICT Policy Notes, World bank, June 2012). 90 Ibid. 91 Monitor Group
including computer skills and English. Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
The rapid rise of smartphones, tablets, and social media, and the applications-apps-that run on them,
The number of apps for Android has risen at roughly the same pace. Games are considered still to be the most lucrative apps.
Any particular app could be created by a single teenage programmer, or by a large team at a big company. 92 Michael Mandel, 752,000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store,(Progressive Policy Institute, July 2013), www
Media and software companies that engage in app development for consumer use under their own name.
Large companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and RIM, who develop and maintain mobile app ecosystems/platforms.
97 there is a rapidly growing need for people with the technical skills who can develop accessible software, websites,
designers, and software developers; administer professional accreditation certifications; elevate awareness of local and regional activities, and;
In Egypt, for example, the Ministry of Communications and Information technology has held a contest to promote the development of accessibility mobile phone apps and other software applications, with the most recent 97 In the United states, for example,
stronger player in a role playing video game to level a character more quickly than is possible alone.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of youth job
Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire (ATEDEC) is designed a project to educate orphans and vulnerable children in Rwanda in computer applications,
In partnership with a youth livelihoods programme called AKAZI KANOZE, youth are trained in computer maintenance and repair,
writing software or developing and manufacturing environmentally efficient semiconductors and other products for instance. Other green jobs will be related to greening the economy,
Being computer literate having the skills to perform basic computer operations used to be sufficient for most jobs entailing use of computers.
basic computer literacy is not sufficient to pursue the majority of new opportunities described in earlier chapters.
This chapter begins with a look at the evolution from computer to digital literacy, the latter widely recognized as a more comprehensive and relevant inventory of the range of ICT-related skills needed for success in career and life.
in combination with ICT skills, are deemed necessary for employment. 5. 1 Computer literacy Computer literacy refers to the ability to use computers and related technologies, from end-users to ICT professionals.
and skills needed to effectively use hardware and software components. 116 Basic computer skills include (sample):
turning a computer on and off; using a mouse and keyboard; understanding basic computer terminology and concepts;
understanding operating system, programmes, and data; managing files. Intermediate computer skills (sample: performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation;
using email and web browser; installing software and hardware. Advanced computer skills (sample: programming; using advanced features of productivity programmes;
fixing simple computer problems. Computer literacy at the intermediate level is becoming required for almost every job.
In the health sector discussed in Chapter 3 for example, hospital employees must be able to use medical records systems,
order supplies, manage appointments and perform other routine tasks on a computer that used to be done on paper.
Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT positions also expect people to have advanced more skills
such as basic troubleshooting and using advanced features in productivity programmes, though IT professionals are can still be relied upon for most advanced functions. 116 European commission,"Digital Competence in practice:
An analysis of frameworks,"(European commission, Joint Research Centre IPTS, 2008). 117 Author Chris Coward's interviews in southern Viet nam of several light manufacturing facilities revealed that employers
required job applicants to have computer skills even though they would not use computers in their tasks.
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today's attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.
Being digitally literate refers to the ability to effectively and critically navigate, evaluate and create information using a range of digital technologies.
The Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), a research centre of the European commission, has undertaken extensive work around digital literacy.
In its 2013 report they propose a comprehensive framework that exemplifies the types of competencies many experts note are required to be digitally literate. 118 Figure 10:
Digital competence framework Dimension 1 Competence areas Dimension 2 Competences 1. Information 1. 1 Browsing, searching
and other digital literacy frameworks and those focused on computer literacy. First, digital literacy frameworks are typically more explicit about the breadth of life purposes for
and receiving feedback Skills examples Is able to use the collaborative features of software packages and web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on a document or resource, tags, contribution to wikis, etc.)
We're not talking about everyone becoming a fully fledged programmer, but we do believe that everyone should have the skills,
privacy controls) Search engine basics (e g. keyword search, filtering) CSS basics (e g. fonts, positioning) Collaboration (e g. co-creation, wikis) Security basics (e g.
hackable games) Infrastructure (e g. hosting, domains) Open practices (e g. open standards, open source) Legalese on the web (e g. privacy policies, terms of service agreements) Source:
in addition to the standard core subjects (the 3rs of reading, writing, and arithmetic), the other three outcome areas are:
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) estimated that 388 million entrepreneurs were engaged actively in starting and running new businesses in 2011 around the globe,
Technology & Social Change Group, 2007), http://hdl. handle. net/1773/16291.126 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2011 GEM Global Report.
Household tech names such as Google, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia and Vodafone all have a presence there,
and IBM recently chose Nairobi for its first African research lab. Nigeria is becoming known as the Silicon Lagoon with important outside investors showing interest in their local startups and large market potential.
and education has a core function in this. In addition to the employability skills listed in chapter 5,
Core entrepreneurial skills and attributes132*English continues to be recognized as key for conducting business and securing investors.
and not every ihubber133 with a laptop is an entrepreneur. Technology in itself isn't a business yet.
blogging, social media management basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management: picking the right management information system (MIS) ability to assess rapidly changing technology tools integrating technology tools into business operations software updates data security
and management 6. 2 Mentoring and networking ICT entrepreneurs identify their greatest needs as start-up capital and opportunities to network with business people and other technology entrepreneurs.
mentorship is perceived as the fundamental component needed to close the developer-entrepreneur gap. 135 Search engine Optimization (SEO) involves the implementation of techniques
and tactics used to increase the amount of visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results pages of internet search engines such as Google,
Firefox, Yahoo and other search engines. SEO helps to ensure that a site is accessible to a search engine
and improves the chances that the site will be found by the search engine. 136 Jonathan Kalan, Why Jordan Looks More Like Kenya than Silicon valley,(wamda. com, November 21, 2012), www. wamda. com/2012/11/why-jordan
-looks-more-like-kenya-than-silicon-valley. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers free online guidance to entrepreneurs
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the major software companies, many in conjunction
the Small Business Toolkit, 143 a product of IBM and the World bank's International finance corporation, Hewlett packard's Smart Technology for a Smarter Business Program, 144 Intel Learn, 145 and Build Your Business, a collaboration
between the International Youth Foundation and Microsoft. Build Your Business (BYB) is an interactive entrepreneurship training course designed to introduce young people aged 16-35 to the basic ideas, actions,
With the number of mobile phone devices far eclipsing personal computers in most of the world for many entrepreneurs in developing countries and rural areas,
a mobile device is a tool not only for contacting customers and accessing the internet, but also for making financial transactions, establishing a client database,
and transfer money easily with a mobile device. It has 12 million people who rely on it using the company's 20 000 distribution sites.
Other mobile payment processors that work with mobile devices, such as Square147, are also making business transactions easier for young entrepreneurs. 143 Small Business Toolkit
www. smetoolkit. org. 144 Hewlett packard's Smart Technology for a Smarter Business Program, Smarttechforsmartbusiness. com. 145 Intel Learn Program,
www. intel. com/content/www/us/en/education/k12/intel-learn. html. 146 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012:
Microsoft Youthspark is a global initiative that aims to create opportunities for 300 million youth in more than 100 countries during the next three years.
Through Youthspark, Microsoft will dedicate the majority of its cash contributions to nonprofit organizations that serve the youth population around the world.
In addition, Microsoft Youthspark will include Office 365 for education, free technology tools for all teachers and students,
and Skype in the classroom, a free global community for teachers to connect their students with others around the world.
www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/youthspark/youthsparkhub/7 Getting there becoming ICT-savvy Young people have an innate appetite for learning-be it, alone, in the school system,
and widespread use of increasingly sophisticated technologies and applications that are available on smart phones, tablets and personal computers.
Kelvin also participated at the Meet the Young Makers panel at 2012 Maker Faire in New york,
and dropbox (dropbox. com), to name a few which are readily available through tablets, mobile phones, and personal computers.
As a model, collaborative learning undergirds many significant ICT initiatives such as the open source model. In the education sector, students enrolled in MOOCS are found to collaborate through social media and Meetups161 from their own locales across the world.
/160 Second life Directory, http://wiki. secondlife. com/wiki/Second life education directory. 161 Meetups are intentional gatherings of people who share similar interests.
is a global programme that has granted over 6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects.
Students are paired with a mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the opportunity for employment.
web and mobile phone programmers, designers and researchers. The ihub is part open community workspace (co-working), part nexus for investors and venture capitalists,
A core piece of equipment is the 3d printer, allowing one to make three-dimensional solid objects of virtually any shape from a digital model.
Laser cutters, vinyl cutters, CNC (computer numerical control) routers and CNC milling machines are often part of the equipment mix as well.
thus becoming a fertile ground for innovation and creation. 167 Ranging from video games to repositories to open courseware to social media,
playing video games moved online. This move has resulted in an explosion of creativity, including for learning.
In all cases, mobile devices can help young students access information at their own pace, and in some cases minimize the costs
and cybercafés to combine the portability of smart phones with the broader functionality of personal computers.
and who frequent public access points found that they value the benefits of the computers for educational uses,
including Microsoft, CISCO, HP, Samsung, Apple, and Google, also offer certificates. The self-directed learner can earn some of these certificates online directly.
For example, one can take the Microsoft Digital Literacy curriculum from the Microsoft site173 or enrol at one of the thousands of civil society organizations worldwide that offer this training.
The most prominent example is the European Computer Driver Licence. 174 Despite its name there are accredited test centres in most countries in the world.
Technology & Social Change Group, University of washington Information School, 2012), www. globalimpactstudy. org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Public-access-private-mobile-final. pdf. 173 Microsoft
Digital Literacy curriculum, www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/citizenship/giving/programs/up/digitalliteracy/default. mspx. 174 European Computer Driver Licence, www. ecdl. org.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification programme.
Outside of Europe it is known as the International Computer Driving Licence. The certification programme operates in 41 languages,
The programme consists of series of modules to build different levels of computer skills from basic to advanced that will prepare people for work or studies.
As a recent OECD report on the Outlook of Science, Technology and Industry points out,
lack of software and technical support; absence of reliable electrical supply; inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not for learning other subjects;
and importantly, the limited capacity of teachers to make more integrated use of ICTS for teaching
and learning. 178 There are many active regional initiatives. The Latin american Network of Educational Portals (RELPE) 179 gathers ministers of education from 23 countries (25 portals) in the region
it should be noted that new national 177 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012 (OECD Publishing, 2012), 486,
/180 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012; infodev, Information and Communication Technology for Education in India and South Asia,"(Infodev. org, June 4, 2010), www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 876. html. 181
OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012: 486; and Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education:
OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.185 Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education: the Power of ICT Policies;
young people from the open source movement, university researchers, the private sector, international donor agencies and national governments.
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017,(Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012), www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlook-singaporean-k-12-education-2012-2017.194 Openmrs
, http://openmrs. org/.195 Jembi Health Sysetms, www. jembi. org/programs/./Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017.197 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
Jobs. 198 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.199 Cisco, QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships
/203 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 Foster innovation through contests and competitions.
Whereas basic computer skills and knowledge of productivity applications may still qualify a person for routine office work,
Telecentres, libraries, community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and space for group activity are positioned ideally to implement programmes that will provide youth with the skills
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2011 GEM Global Report. Babson Park, Mass: Babson college, 2011 www. gemconsortium. org/about. aspx?
"Global Employment Outlook September 2012: Bleak Labour market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012.
International Youth Foundation, 2012. www. microsoft. com/enus/news/presskits/citizenship/docs/finalopp for action paper. pdf. Jenvey, Nicola.
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012. www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlooksingaporean-k-12-education-2012-2017.
Monitor Group. Job creation Through Building the Field of Impact Sourcing. Rockefeller Foundation, 2011. www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field.
OECD. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, 2012: 466. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/sti outlook-2012-en.
Apps Software application developed for a digital device. The term is associated often with the applications that run on mobile phones.
Coding Writing instructions for a computer program. Connectivism A network-based pedagogy that informs the work of MOOCS, OCW and other open access initiatives.
Hackathon Event where computer developers, graphic designers, and/or other experts come together to collaborate and produce software projects,
apps, and other solutions. Hacker/maker space Community-operated workspace where people with common interests meet
and collaborate around computers, technology, or digital art. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages
Information technology Outsourcing (ITO) Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as programming.
Mobile learning Learning via a mobile device or learning that happens when the learner is not at a fixed location.
stronger player in a role playing video game to level a character more quickly than is possible alone.
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