and ethnic distinctions) and a reflexive approach to knowledge and practices among the core competencies that are crucial in creating A Culture of Innovation.
The core of this program will be a platform that implements and integrates new generic but fundamental capabilities of the Future Internet,
This core platform will be based on integration of already existing research results developed over the past few years,
using the properties of the core Future Internet platform. Examples of these use cases are a smarter electricity grid, a more efficient international logistics chain
The very success of the Internet is now creating obstacles to the future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet's core and the services that use it.
CPUS, etc. and handlers (software programs/routines) that generate and treat as well as query and access Data storage of data:
The governance functionality of the OP monitors the consistency of the AMSS'actions, it enforces the high level policies
System virtualisation separates an operating system from its underlying hardware resources; resource virtualisation abstracts physical resources into manageable units of functionality.
i) the Context Executive (CE) Module which interfaces with other entities/context clients,(ii) the Context Processing (CP) Module which implements the core internal operations related to the context processing
The Context Information Base (CIB) provides flexible storage capabilities, in support of the Context Executive and Context Processor modules.
they monitor hardware and software for their state, present their capabilities, or collect configuration parameters.
, the number of CPUS,(ii) N-time queries, which collect information periodically, and (iii) continuous queries that monitor information in an ongoing manner.
CCPS should be located near the corresponding sources of information in 28 A. Galis et al. order to reduce management overhead.
This can include common operations such as getting the state of a server with its CPU
which can measure attributes from CPU, memory, and network components of a server host, were created.
It monitors the network and operational context as well as internal operational network state in order to assess if the network current behaviour serve its service purposes.
RNM (Reasoning and Negotiation Module), a core element of the KP, which mediates and negotiates between separate federated domains.
V3 UCL's Experimental Testbed located in London consisting of 80 cores with a dedicated 10 Gbits/s infrastructure
and Grid5000-an Experimental testbed located in France consisting of 5000 cores and linked by a dedicated 10 Gbits/s infrastructure.
and operators thanks to the success of novel, extremely practical smartphones, portable computers with easy-to-use 3g USB modems and attractive business models.
The evolution of DSL access architecture has shown in the past that pushing IP routing and other functions from the core to the edge of the network results in sustainable network infrastructure.
The core part of EPS called Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is extended continuously with new features in Release 10 and 11.
Due to the collateral effects of this change a convergence procedure started to introduce IP-based transport technology in the core and backhaul network:
Release 5 (2003) introduced the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core network functions for provision of IP services over the PS domain,
the Evolved Packet Core (EPC. Compared to four main GPRS PS domain entities of Release 6,
and three main functional entities in the core, i e. the Mobility Management Entity (MME), the Serving GW (S-GW) and the Packet data Network GW (PDN GW).
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 41 entities in the same residential/enterprise IP network without the user plane traversing the core network entities.
LTE is linked to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in the 3gpp system evolution, and in EPC, the main packet switched core network functional entities are still remaining centralized,
keeping user IP traffic anchored. There are several schemes to eliminate the residual centralization and further extend 3gpp. 3. 2 Ultra Flat Architecture One of the most important schemes aiming to further extend 3gpp standards is the Ultra Flat Architecture (UFA) 16 20.
with the exception of certain control functions still provided by the core. UFA represents the ultimate step toward flattening IP-based core networks
e g.,, the EPC in 3gpp. The objective of UFA design is to distribute core functions into single nodes at the edge of the network, e g.,
, the base stations. The intelligent nodes at the edge of the network are called UFA gateways.
to reduce the number of HIP Base Exchanges in the access and core network, and to enable delegation of HIP-level signaling of the MN by the UFA GWS.
but still remain in the core network. A good example is the Global HA to HA protocol 34
DIMA (Distributed IP Mobility Approach) 35 can also be considered as a core-level scheme by allowing the distribution of MIP Home Agent (the normally isolated central server) to many and less powerful interworking servers called Mobility
Core network nodes are mainly simple IP routers. The scheme applies DHT and Loc/ID separation:
, by using Hi3 50 for core-level distribution of HIP signaling plane) are also feasible. 5 Conclusion Flat architectures infer high scalability
and IP-enabled radio base station (BS) entities are connected directly to the IP core infrastructure.
due to lack of core controller entities base stations are managed no more centrally; hence failure diagnostics and recovery must be handled in a fully distributed and automated way.
Since all the BSS are connected directly to the IP core network, hiding mobility events from the IP layer is much harder.
by replacing a plethora of proprietary hardware and software platforms with generic solutions supporting standardised development and deployment stacks.
and Architecture Design Project for New Generation Network 3 argue that the importance of wireless access networks requires a more fundamental redesign of the core Internet Protocols themselves.
middleware and hardware levels (3. Analysis) that can be gathered, processed, aggregated and correlated (4. Mapping) to provide knowledge that will support management operations of large enterprise applications (5. Federated Agreements)
The core contribution of this paper is the distillation of an initial model for RWI based on an analysis of these state of art architectures and an understanding of the challenges.
An identification of a core set of functions and underlying information models, operations and interactions that these architecture have in common.
in order to monitor and interact with the physical entities that we are interested in. The digital world consists of:
Accountability and traceability can be achieved by recording transactions and interactions taking place at the respective system entities. 3. 2 Smart Object model At its core,
low-power sensor nodes, from attacks by hosting their REPS on more powerful hardware. Unlike other models, the Smart Object model considers also real-world entities in its model
The Cognitive Enablers represent the core of the Cognitive Framework and are in charge of providing the Future Internet control and management functionalities.
Mobile Terminals, Base Stations, Backhaul network entities, Core network entities. The selection and the mapping of the Cognitive Framework functionalities in the network entities is a critical task
Core Network entities. There not exist a unique mapping between the proposed conceptual framework over an existing telecommunication network.
The Metadata Handling and the Elaboration functionalities (and in particular, the Cognitive Enablers which are the core of the proposed architecture) are independent of the peculiarities of the surrounding Resources, Actors and Applications.
Mobile Terminals, Base Station, Backhaul network entities, Core network entities: the most appropriate network entities for hosting the Cognitive Managers have to be selected environment by environment.
-N and USB port; 453 MHZ Broadcom Processor with 8 MB Flash memory and 64 MB RAM;
a WAN port and four LAN up to 1 Gigabit/s) and cross-compiled the code,
which are the core of the Cognitive Managers, can potentially benefit from information coming from all layers of all networks
Also can be created other kinds of classification, such as hardware, software and network, among others. Some one of them (not all) can be used as resources in others relevant literature.
The benefits for the use of the propositional logic for network formalization is the implementation facility in software and hardware.
However, the protocol implementation should not impact hardware offloading of segmentation and check-summing. One reason that MPTCP uses TCP-Options for signalling (rather than the payload) is that it should simplify offloading by network cards that support MPTCP,
For example, routing table memory of core Internet routers can be considered a public good that retail ISPS have an incentive to over-consume by performing prefix de-aggregation with Border Gateway Protocol (BGP.
One challenge for the technologists designing new hardware, software systems, and platforms, however, is to be aware that technology is not value-free,
For example, it must be assumed that the core routers forward packets at line-speeds of tens of Gigabits per second
An FPGA based hardware accelerator has been developed for PLA 24 accelerating cryptographic operations. Security Design for an Inter-Domain Publish/Subscribe Architecture 171 Fig. 1. Publications can refer to other publications persistently using long-term Aids.
In another dimension, the rendezvous system is split into common rendezvous core and scope-specific implementations of scope home nodes that implement the functionality for a set of scopes.
This pub/sub primitive is the only functionality implemented by the rendezvous core. We refer to our work in 5 for a detailed description of the rendezvous security mechanisms.
When a cached result cannot be found in the rendezvous core, the subscription reaches the scope,
Hardware subtask final report. Helsinki University of Technology, Tech. Rep (2008), http://www. tcs. hut. fi/Software/PLA/new/doc/PLA HW FINAL REPORT. pdf 25.
Trustworthy applications need run-time execution monitors that can provably enforce advanced security policies 19,3 including fined-grained access control policies usage control policies
Our core goal is to incept a transverse methodology that enables to manage assurance throughout the software development life cycle (SDLC.
, USB tokens or smart cards. Sensitive cryptographic keys, stored inside the token, should not be revealed to the outside
and translators to and from the core formal models should be devised and migrated to the selected development environments.
Two valuable migration activities have been carried out by building contacts with core business units. First, in the trail of the successful analysis of Google's SAML-based SSO, an internal project has been run to migrate AVANTSSAR results within SAP Netweaver Security
FIA projects like RESERVOIR or VISION are conducting research on core technological foundations of the cloud-of-clouds such as federation technologies, interoperability standards or placement policies for virtual images or data
Many of these developments can be expected to be transferred into the Future Internet Core Platform project that will launch in 2011.
Another source of failure stems from the fact that large-scale computing clouds are built often using low-cost commodity hardware that fails (relatively) often.
or recover from software and hardware failures. For building such resilient systems, important tools are data replication,
A more practical solution is to use Trusted Computing to verify correct policy enforcement 6. Trusted computing instantiation as proposed by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) uses secure hardware to allow a stakeholder
such channels are frozen often in hardware and thus cannot easily be reduced. 218 R. Glott et al.
& service brokers (2010), http://www. processor. com/editorial/article. asp? article=articles%2fp3203%2f39p03%2f39p03. asp 15.
which monitors and informs the user on the compliance with a previously agreed privacy policy.
it monitors all the events related to the usage of the collected data. These event notifications are handled by the obligation engine
What should motivate the data collectors/processors to implement such technology? Actually, in many cases, their business model relies on the as-less-restricted-aspossible use of private data.
it notably requires a high level of trust in the data collector/processor. We presented some initial thoughts about how this problem can be mitigated through the usage of a tamper proof implementation of the architecture.
It provides a core infrastructure, and also a playground for future discoveries and innovations, combining research with experimentation.
which allows regulating system resources such as CPU usage and memory, and provides also a monitoring tool, Ganglia, that measures network metrics, such as round trip time and other statistics,
and using Xen server technology to regulate CPU usage. During this scenario the adaptive admission control and resource allocation algorithm is tested against network metrics, like round trip time and throughput.
so that resource like CPU usage and network throughput get high values. During the setup, the researcher wants to test http proxy software written in C programming language that implements an admission algorithm.
Figure 1 displays the 240 C. Tranoris P. Giacomin, and S. Denazis setup for the discussed scenario.
needs to monitor the CPU usage of the Web application and Database machines. Then the algorithm should be able to set new CPU capacity limits on both resources.
Additionally the algorithm should be able to start and stop the work load generators on demand. 3 Technical Environment, Testbed Implementation and Deployment From the requirements of the use case,
used IP for the testbed, memory, hard disk size, number of clients, ramp up time for the requests and a parameter used during the execution of the experiment called Action
The Proxy Unit exposes parameters such as used IP for the testbed, memory, hard disk size, username,
and a CPU CAPACITY used to set the max cpu capacity of the resource. A Use-Case on Testing Adaptive Admission Control 241 Fig. 2. The Resource adapters of the available testbed resources Fig. 3. RADL definition for the RUBIS application
Figure 3 displays the RADL definition for the RUBIS application server. The Configuration Parameters section describes the exposed parameters to the end user.
Figure 4 displays the use case setup as can be done inside the VCT tool of Panlab.
Figure 5 displays this condition where the System Under Test (SUT) is our algorithm. FCI automatically creates all the necessary code that the end user can then inject inside the algorithm's code.
the java listing displays how we can access the resources of this VCT. FCI creates a java class,
()is able to give back the CPU usage of the database resource. 5 Conclusions The results of running an experiment in Panlab are encouraging in terms of moving the designed algorithms from simulating environments to near production environments.
Also the acquisition of specific measurement equipment is often difficult in local labs due to the high costs of such hardware.
and hardware to support active and passive high precision measurement. Such an infrastructure helps experimenters to perform measurements
or Monitor-Decide-Execute Cycle (MDE) and consists of the Network Element Cognitive Manager (NECM)
The NECM of the Wimax BS constantly monitors network device statistics (e g.,, UL/DL used capacity, TCP/UDP parameters, service flows),
The very success of the Internet is creating obstacles to the future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet's core and the services that use it.
Furthermore, the diversity of services as well as the underlying hardware and software resources comprise management issues highly challenging, meaning that currently,
a diversity in terms of hardware resources leads to a diversity of management tools (distinguished per vendor).
Among the core drivers for the FI are increased reliability, enhanced services, more flexibility, and simplified operation.
001 0. 001 0. 018 Communication Phase 22.192 1. 711 2. 601 22.405 Monitor Phase 2. 760 2. 561 3
which in the core-network segment are mostly based on optical transmission technology, but also in the access segments gradual migration to optical technologies occurs.
The Cloud technologies are emerging as a new provisioning model 2. Cloud stands for ondemand access to IT hardware or software resources over the Internet.
It provides means to continuously monitor what the effect of scaling will be on response time performance, quality of data security, cost aspect, feasibility, etc.
+In anycast services the SML provides just a description of the required IT resources (e g. in terms of amount of CPU),
The ability to trade IT-services as an economic good is seen as a core feature of the Internet of Services.
Furthermore, we propose an SLA management framework that can become a core element for managing SLAS in the future Internet.
The service paradigm is a core principle for the Future Internet which supports integration, interrelation and inter-working of its architectural elements.
We propose an SLA management framework that offers a core element for managing SLAS in the future Internet.
On the highest level, we distinguish the Framework Core, Service Managers (infrastructure and software), deployed Service Instances with their Manageability Agents and Monitoring Event Channels.
The Framework Core encapsulates all functionality related to SLA management, business management, and the evaluation of service setups.
3rd Party Manageability Agent Infrastructure Service<<provider relations>><negotiate>><customer relations>>Monitored Event Channel<<control/track>><evaluate>><prepare/manage>><prepare/manage>><publish>><adjust>>Manageability Agent Software Service<<adjust>>deployed infrastructure service deployed software service<<negotiate>>framework core
but software layer considerations are considered not core to this Use Case and are dealt more comprehensively with in the ERP Hosting Use Case.
The Infrastructure SLA specifies the characteristics of the virtual or physical resources (CPU speed, memory,
-enabling of core Telco services and their addition with services from third parties (as Internet, infrastructure, media or content services).
and execute different tasks with core mobile network systems that are behind Telefónica Software Delivery Platform (SDP).
The compo 336 J. Butler et al. nents that can be connected also in the use case are the monitors of the services (SMS and Infrastructure services.
while typical software/hardware guarantee terms constraint the quality of each single execution of a service, in this use case the guarantee terms constraint the average value of KPIS computed for hundreds of executions
We explained a generalpurpose SLA management framework that can become a core element for managing SLAS in the future Internet.
use of the CPU, memory assignment, packets lost and others. The invocation of the methods can be done by the AMSS,
as maximum and minimum, requisites for an instance (memory size, storage pool size, number of virtual CPUS, 346 E. Santos et al.
The Internet of Services is seen as a core component of the Future Internet: The Future Internet is polymorphic infrastructure,
The use of services as the core abstraction for constructing Linked Data applications is therefore more generally applicable than that of current data integration oriented mashup solutions.
Second, the development of advanced networking technologies in the access and core parts, with Qos assurance is seen.
or multiple core network domains having content aware processing capabilities in terms of Qos, monitoring, media flow adaptation,
Scalability is achieved by largely avoiding per-flow signalling in the core part of the network. In the new architecture, MANE also can act as content caches,
and end-user characteristics 382 N. Ramzan and E. Izquierdo such as decoding and display capabilities usually tend to be non-homogeneous and dynamic.
and MDC offers an efficient encoding for applications where content needs to be transmitted to many non-homogeneous clients with different decoding and display capabilities.
and this process 398 Q. Zhang and E. Izquierdo took only a few seconds on a PC with Pentium D CPU 3. 40ghz and 2. 00gb of RAM.
Innovation lies at the core of smart enterprises and includes not only products, services and processes but also the organizational model and full set of relations that comprise the enterprise's value network.
and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide those services 12. Cloud computing may be considered the basic support for a brand new business reality where FINERS can easily be searched,
Core nodes are linked by an underlying high speed optical network having up to 1 000 Gbit/s bandwidth capacity provided by CANARIE.
During the service, the user monitors and controls resources as if he was the owner, allowing the user to run their application in a virtual infrastructure powered by green energy sources. 2 Provisioning of ICT Services over Mantychore FP7
PDU Servers (Dell Poweredge R710) To core network Wind power node architecture (Spoke) Switch (Allied Telesis) Raritan UPS (APC) PDU Servers (Dell
Poweredge R710) Hydroelectricity power node architecture (Hub) MUX/DEMUX To core network Backup Disk Arrays Gbe Tranceiver MUX/DEMUX GSN-Montreal
because no special hardware equipment is used in the GSN. Figure 2 illustrates the architectures of a hydroelectricity and two green nodes
which is connected then to the core network through GE transceivers. Data flows are transferred among GSN nodes over dedicated circuits (like light paths or P2p links), tunnels over Internet or logical IP networks.
The Platform Control plane corresponds to the Core Middleware layer, implementing the platform level services that provide running environment enabling cloud computing
Given that each VM occupies one processor and that each server has up to 16 processors,
20 servers can be moved in parallel. If each VM consumes 4gbyte memory space, the time required for such a migration is 1000sec.
while also encompassing peripheral and less developed cities. It also emphasises the process of economic recovery for welfare and well-being purposes.
Living Labdriven innovation ecosystems may evolve to constitute the core of 4p (Public-Private-People-Partnership) ecosystems providing opportunities to citizens
At the core of Periphèria lies the role of Living Labs in constituting a bridge between Future Internet technology push
control, and monitor complex interdependent systems of dense urban life 3. Therefore in the design of urban-scale ICT platforms,
three main core functionalities can be identified: Urban Communications Abstraction. One of the most urgent demands for sustainable urban ICT developments is to solve the inefficient use (i e. duplications) of existing or new communication infrastructures.
the IERC cluster 24 or the emerging PPP Iot Core Platform Working group discussion 25, multiple different approaches for First Generation Iot-platforms are currently being implemented.
As a connection point between two networks (sensors networks deployed throughout the city and the core IP communication network),
Research Challenges for the Core Platform for the Future Internet. In: M. Boniface, M. Surridge, C. U (Eds.
As an alternative, until recently, surveys or self-reported questionnaires have been used to study usage behavior, especially regarding technology products (Ram and Jung, 1990;
The darker line displays participation in the lower complexity setting, the lighter line reflects higher complexity,
At the same time, much less is written about the majority of small and micro size firms that constitute the core of the economy.
At the same time, most small businesses that constitute the core of the economy do not innovate. Most SME innovations are marginal improvements of already existing products,
Monitor, Rapport voor Bel en Vlaanderen, 2006.17 Wickham, Philip A.,Strategic Entrepreneurship, Pearson, Fourth Edition, 2006.18 Williamson, O. E.,The Institutions of Governance
Global entrepreneurship monitor. Report on high-expectation entrepreneurship. Wellesley: London Business school/Mazars/Babson. Barney, J. 1991.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2003 global report. Wellesley: Babson/London Business school/Kauffman Foundation. Reynolds, PD, & White, SB.
where the core actors and suitable investment priorities and to allocate resources efficiently are more easily identifiable.
The analysis is reproduced also by focusing exclusively on a number of core and peripheral EU regions,
R&d expenditures and R&d spillovers both display a positive and significant correlation with innovation. And finally
78 are classified as‘periphery'and 147 as‘core'.'A relevant characteristic of the regions in the‘periphery'group is a much lower average score for quality of government with respect to the‘core,
'both for the composite Qog index and for all of its four categories. 3 The regression results of the fixed effects model estimated for the two subgroups are presented in Table 3 in the appendix.
while columns (6)-(10) report the same specification for the regions in the core of Europe.
The estimates confirm the presence of significant differences in the factors that affect innovation in the core and the periphery of Europe.
By contrast, core regions whose quality of government institutions is generally much higher, benefit little in terms of innovation from further increases in quality of government.
Patents application Peripheral regions Core regions (1)( 2)( 3)( 4)( 5)( 6)( 7)( 8)( 9)( 10) Patents application (t-1
Existing research on developing economies has shown that SMES typically act as catalysts of economic growth and the scarce literature on OI in SMES indicates that small firms engaging in OI practices are more innovative
and resulting innovation capacities serve as catalysts to (developing) economies (Benácek, 1995; Peng, 2001; Wachtel, 1999.
a maturing venture capital scene as well as higher workforce mobility. v Each participating SME's core area of operation was standardized using the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system whereby‘Finance,
In summary, a set of core issues and recommendations were agreed, as follows: recognition of the role of universities as a key partner in taking forward successful Smart Specialisation Strategies in partnership with other stakeholders in the region;
The above set of core issues and recommendations could valuably feed into the assessment of RIS3 and monitoring and evaluation of Structural Fund Operational Programmes that fund research and innovation activities.
The core question is how to design calls to meet common interests aligning regional development strategies with university research expertise and interests.
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