Innovation should be core to fi nancial institutions, with the European Investment Bank (EIB) becoming a European Innovation Bank.
In Europe, we have a longstanding culture of innovation and a commitment to creativity as a core tool for prosperity and social cohesion.
But simply investing in hardware (lines cables, transformers etc. is not enough. The potential of smart grids must be unlocked with new applications, solutions,
Innovation should be core to fi nancial institutions, with the European Investment Bank (EIB) becoming a European Innovation Bank failures are a necessary aspect of innovation processes.
and synchronization of services and hardware in public services. Perhaps one can say that our view is that public policy can contribute to open processes in society. 11 This does not mean that public policy sets all the agendas
but HAS Wigner FK is engaged also in negotiations in order to join PRACE with a GPU-based supercomputer and data centre service.
and operated at the core laboratories of INSTRUCT. SPIRAL2 The SPIRAL2 accelerator soon to be commissioned in Caen, France,
Ireland's enterprise policy is focused on the core planks of productivity and innovation, delivering on an agenda of enterprise transformation to create a competitive and sustainable platform for growth and job creation.
12 Following agreement on the final list of priority areas/challenges, it was envisaged that the majority of the Government's core STI budget would be focused on the priority areas
Core competencies required to be energy and resource efficient, ICT enabled, and a leader in quality;
a core set of fundamental metrics is required that can be applied in each of the 14 PAS.
and others and core funding via the Department of education and Skills and the Higher education Authority (HEA);
Ireland's enterprise policy is focused on the core planks of productivity and innovation, delivering on an agenda of enterprise transformation to create a competitive and sustainable platform for growth and job creation.
12 Following agreement on the final list of priority areas/challenges, it was envisaged that the majority of the Government's core STI budget would be focused on the priority areas
Core competencies required to be energy and resource efficient, ICT enabled, and a leader in quality;
a core set of fundamental metrics is required that can be applied in each of the 14 PAS.
and others and core funding via the Department of education and Skills and the Higher education Authority (HEA);
of regions according to internal and external connectivity Connecting globally Sustaining momentum Cluster building Deepening pipelines Types of regions Peripheral regions lacking strong research strengths
Regional Innovation Monitor, 32 based on Benneworth and Dassen 201133 An element closely intertwined to formulating an effective vision is RIS3 communication.
which builds and reinforces the regional identity and puts innovation at its core; attractive and dynamic web pages, including parts in English for wider dissemination;
1994-2004 Innovation Union self-assessment tool Regional Innovation Monitor OECD 2011 Regions and Innovation Policy IRE-RIS Guide Directory No-nonsense to build S3 Diagnostic Systèmes d'Innovation (Praguer) Entrepreneurship and incubation Internationalisationcompetitive
SMES are thus at the core of Cohesion Policy. For the period 2007-2013 the Community Strategic Guidelines on Cohesion emphasise the key role of SMES,
so for the forthcoming successors of these programmes. 44 See for example the Regional Innovation Monitor initiative at:
Spin-offs and SMES can find wider support services that allow them to better focus on their core business and on research for the development of innovations in science parks.
broadband and NGA networks and Digital Service Infrastructures including core service platforms and generic services.
are catalysts for structural change and diversification in many industrial zones and rural areas with the potential to rejuvenate economies,
for international core, close to-market and supporting R&d. 110 Gaia Group, http://proact. ktm. fi/index. phtm?
funding in core European transport projects can be challenging due to the relatively high levels of revenue volatility in the projects'early operating stages.
Among the core measures that should be encouraged are: 106 Commissioning a strategic analysis and approach on the region's own characteristics, assets, challenges and opportunities as regards its environment, natural assets, renewable energy potential and climate impacts in the studies
Managing authorities are encouraged to put ecoinnovations at the core of their innovation strategies as a crosscutting requirement in all sectors,
Vertical Priority 4-IT&C sector In the IT&C field 2147 companies were operating in 2011 (software, telecommunications, hardware),
ranked right in the middle of the latest Global Competitiveness Report, is driven efficiency and displays low business sophistication.
and its relative distance from the core of Romania. Second the ability to compete in export markets is an important proxy for competitiveness of firms and regions.
including instrument and cluster display systems, airbag control units, and electronic parking brakes. In addition, Continental employs a large number of highly skilled researchers in its R&d center in Timisoara.
as well as embroidery and silkscreen printing, over the years they invested in technology and design capabilities.
The Regional Innovation Committee would propose an action plan to increase local competitiveness and monitor its implementation.
and controls the administration of Enterprise Ireland's budget, monitors progress against organizational targets, and considers matters of corporate policy,
computer-aided design, contract quilting, contract yarn spinning, custom printing, fabric welding, textile designers services, custom embroidery,
The center could be staffed by a core team of experts who would oversee the implementation of the action plan
are considered increasingly to be a complex concept involving not only hardware and some local control software,
the discussion about smart grids is at the core of the energy debate. It concerns technical, organisational,
This is a huge growth opportunity for the corresponding industries offering hardware, software, data handling and communication.
the Core of the Concept The concept of smart specialization comes from reflection generated around the structural gap between Europe and the USA (Pontikakis et al. 2009),
on the contrary, appears as the core element to achieve specialized diversification processes. Third and finally, the link among the RIS3 and the ex-ante condition of the Structural Funds put high pressure on the deadlines to have defined them
1593-0319 41 Even though entrepreneurial discoveries are in the core of the strategies (they are the way to achieve the mentioned specialised diversification) there was no real integration (or at least an operative one) of them.
The core of smart specialization lays in the radical innovations that arise from the creative combination of technologies and/or sectors.
The private spending on R+D remains however slightly higher in Aragon than in average in Spain. 8 The latest results of the Regional Innovation Monitor are more encouraging for Aragon
DG Research and Innovation within the Ministry of Industry and Innovation, Gobierno=Regional Authority Core Working group:
Four meeting of information of stakeholders in July (economic and social partners, research, innovation, education) Aragon on the S3 platform Sevilla Meeting S3 platform Core working group Ministry
Cuenta con sistemas de simulación optimización de producto y puesta en mercado, equipamiento hardware y distemas de software específicos para
The Commissioner is designated by the President of the Government of Castilla y León in order to monitor initiatives, foster participation and coordination of different agents,
PROGRAMME 2. EXCELLENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP Programme 2 constitutes the core of science policy in the region,
constraints on internally generated funds are compounded by the fact that the sector does not register on the radar screens of conventional banks
and synergies to be exploited by better integrating social challenges at the core of innovation activities.
this concluding section is structured to reflect the four core themes of WP2. 6. 1 Conceptual linkages between S3
The concept of the mundane economy embraces sectors that loom large in meeting core human needs-such as health education, food, water, housing, energy, social care and the like
This socio-ecological critique challenges the conceptual core of the S3 concept-which is need that regions to differentiate themselves,
housing, food etc), supported by a set of common catalysts (eg ICT and public procurement).
Our core argument here basically consisted of two warnings to policy-makers and practitioners alike:(i) that the social enterprise sector was too heterogeneous to justify generalisations about its contribution to either S3
because the core argument of this reflections paper is that social innovation is too amorphous and heterogenous a concept,
Regional Innovation Monitor, Thematic Paper 6. Prepared for DG Enterprise and Industry. Available at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovationpolicy/regionalinnovation/monitor/index. cfm?
finished productsmadefromfabricsandsimilarmaterials2350. 9193.28 Agricultural production 0140.7394.01 Heavyconstructionotherthanbuildingconstructioncontractors1640. 7394.74 Textilemillproducts 22 40.7395.46 Food andkindredproducts 20 30.5496.01 Printing, publishing, andalliedindustries 2730.5496.5515.0095.00 Building
gas, andsanitaryservices 49 30.5497.64 Leather andleatherproducts 3120.3698.00 Oil andgasextraction 1320.3698.3715.00100.0 Building materials, hardware, gardensupply, andmobilehomedealers5220. 3698.73 Mining andquarryingofnonmetallicminerals, exceptfuels1410. 1898.91 Construction specialtradecontractors
Learning processes are at the core of entrepreneurship and SME innovation. Yet many emerging and potential business creators are lacking entrepreneurship skills such as in risk assessment,
2009). 2 The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey in 53 countries suggests that only 6. 5%of new entrepreneurs are highexpectation entrepreneurs,
Autio, E. 2007) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneurship, Babson college, Massachusetts.
seeks to contribute to the manufacturing capabilities of Japanese industry by creating networks between SME companies that possess core basic technologies with downstream normal industry,
and regional level) into a series of 30 core products that will share a common brand.
A number of innovation-related products are included also in the range of core business support products,
Based on these core messages the following key policy recommendations are formulated. Key policy recommendations Design advice and training programmes for start-up entrepreneurs who have strong technological knowledge
Christensen, C. 1993), The Rigid Disk drive Industry: A History of Commercial and Technological Turbulence, Business History Review, Winter, No. 67, pp. 531-588.
or legal headquarters may diverge from the place where it carries out its core economic activities.
E 164 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 The importance of entrepreneurship skills for SMES and start-ups Learning processes are at the core of entrepreneurship and SME development.
Box 4. 1. Core characteristics of entrepreneurs Knowledge. An entrepreneur is able to identify and extract knowledge that is relevant.
because they require the integration of several other skills, with both a horizontal understanding of business development and a vertical specialisation in one or more fields related to core competitive advantage.
Teachers are pressed hard to deliver on their core programmes the basis for recruitment and promotion and those not working on core activities can find it difficult to justify strong investments in what may be seen by their hierarchies and peers as side projects, whatever the expressed interest of the students.
Teaching approaches must also evolve to accommodate how entrepreneurship skills are learned best rather than be tethered to traditional classroom forms.
1) Successful learners are skilled in generic processes and activities such as core skills; appreciate the relevance of what they are learning;
Examples from this group include the provision of management skills for integrating e-commerce into the core business.
Governments have a critical role to play as catalysts here, providing an appropriate policy context and support for the resources,
The Social Entrepreneurship Monitor is a special report of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) UK project to estimate the percentage of social entrepreneurs in UK society using population survey data.
7 in this particular case the core mission is to provide health services, but in conjunction with preventing illness through a wider approach to the different factors influencing illness (poor housing and diet).
5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 193 Health-related problems are at the core of the initiative of pharmaceutical scientist Victoria G. Hale,
it displays various degrees of innovation and change; it is constrained by the external environment (p. 10.
Harding, R. 2006), Social Entrepreneurship Monitor: United kingdom 2006, Foundation for Entrepreneurial Management, London Business school, full paper available at www. london. edu/assets/documents/PDF/Gem soc ent web. pdf. Harris, M
and this requires the display of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk management behaviour. This behaviour is constrained by the desire to achieve the social mission
15.7%in Portugal and even European core countries such as France and Italy have high rates of inactivity (10.4 and 10.6%respectively;
and run on standard Intel Pentium 4 CPU 1. 70 GHZ Machines with 512 MB RAM, WINDOWS XP professional OS.
Sample of User Management Screen User Profile. It is important to track social network evolution for every user at all times (Hanneman,
In all the resource screens, the administrator can search for resources on a combination of different search criterions-City state
Human Resource Screen. Contactuser Other functions provided to the administrator include maintenance functions like addition,
or meanings of data) or helpful tips when a user moves mouse over a field,
and can be accessed from all reporting screens A user-friendly graphical representation offers several advantages including providing a much richer picture
The graphs can be accessed from all the reporting screens. Figure 15 presents availability of human resources and intangible resource for every region.
a ticket status form is designed to displays status of a request for service (a ticket) managed by case managers,
product vendors (hardware and asset providers; and managed service providers (overseeing management/operation. Smart technology is also at the hear t of the emerging concept of Industry 4. 0, the so-called 4th industrial revolution based on integration of vir tual and physical production systems.
in order to address society's core challenges arising from the mega trends. The last few years have seen the term Social Innovation being used increasingly widely
As social issues are the core component of innovation it requires the creation of new relationships in the decision making and delivery process.
Profitability that is sustainable to the company and society is the core component of successful Social Innovation,
In addition profitability that is sustainable to the company and society is their core ethos. The companies'overall vision should be dynamic,
and is a core element of Social Innovation. It is a mixture of B2b and B2c models, focussing to a higher degree on a number of social parameters (environment, business ethics, etc.),
We have explored how Social Innovation is positioned ideally to meet the rapidly changing core needs of both individual citizens
-A core objective of Government policy thinking is balanced regional development'.'The NSS represents the Government's roadmap for achieving this objective.
which will deliver short‘hands on'courses in core computer science for pupils aged 14-15,
organizational characteristics and technology 5 No Some Viscio and Pasternak (1996) Global core, governance, business units, services and linkages 5 No No Timmers (1998) Product/service/information
value network and competitive strategy 6 No No Gartner (2003) Market offerings, competencies, core technology investments,
and bottom line 4 No Some Hamel (2001) Core strategy, strategic resources, value network and customer interface 4 No No Petrovic et al.
objectives, value proposition, resource sources, success factors, channels, core competencies, customer segments, and IT infrastructure8 No No Applegate (2001) Concept,
arguing that the imputed gross earnings on hardware and software stocks amount to such a small fraction of GDP that the rapid growth of real computer assets per se can hardly be expected to be making a very significant contribution to the real GDP growth rate. 6 But,
not only for the success of personal computer technology and the hardware and software industries based upon it,
It is something of an historical irony that the core elements of the adaptation problems attending this GPT's diffusion into widespread business application may be seen to derive from the historical selection of a trajectory of innovation that emphasized the"general purpose"character of the paradigmatic
hardware and software components. The origins of the personal computer required the invention of the microprocessor
it specialized instead in hardware production, leaving the software market to independent software vendors. 28 This process,
personal computers could use many of the same peripherals, such as printers: because the widespread adoption of the new technology raised the demand for compatible printers,
the dedicated word processors found themselves unprotected by any persisting special advantages in printing technology. 28similar decisions were made by all of the U s. computer manufacturers.
See the discussion in Steinmueller (1996). 16 united under the IBM PC standard or utilizing that of Apple's Macintosh.
using a small fraction of their capabilities to emulate the operations of their less expensive (and less intelligent) cousins, the"intelligent"display terminals.
The primary bridge between these application environments was the widespread use of the IBM 3270, the DEC VT-100 and other standards for"intelligent"data display terminals, the basis for interactive data
display and entry to mainframe and minicomputer systems. From their introduction, personal computers had software enabling the emulation of these terminals, providing further justification for their adoption. 30 For an historical account of a potential alternative path of user-driven technological development
It may be accepted that general purpose hardware and software in combination did"empower"users to think of"insanely great"new applications--to use the rhetoric of Steve jobs,
But the ubiquity and complementary of these dual"general purpose engines--personal computer hardware and packaged software--has the side-effect of foreclosing the apparent need for more specialized task-oriented software development. 31 Worse still
After all, if we hadn't brought your processor to its knees, why else would you get a new one?
Sichel's (1997) price indexes of quality adjusted computer services (from hardware and software) would seriously underestimate the relevant rate of decline.
But, Triplett's argument seems to suppose that operationally relevant computer speed is indexed appropriately by CPU-speed,
that CPU speed may be weighted too heavily by the hedonic indexes for hardware, inasmuch as the utility of (net) computer power 37 Fortuitously,
without being rewritten to optimally exploit the capacity available on the new and faster hardware. Finally, a deeper,
These more"task specialized"devices have become sufficiently ubiquitous to provide the infrastructure for task-oriented data acquisition and display systems,
The"general purpose"trajectory followed by the spectacular development of personal computer technology has reduced greatly the price-performance ratio of the hardware,
but display also higher growth. 0102030405060708090robgitelltptcyhrhulvplsiesczmtskeeeu28ieatbefrfidenllusedkuk nline shopping by citizens(%of individuals) year 2009increase by 2014source:
many have highlighted that at the core of social innovations is this intention to create something better.
consultancy and so on) and as such supporting the adoption of the core‘content'of the innovation. After this initial period, their role is likely to shift
their role is to allow the core innovation to fit into a new context. But sometimes adaptations change the nature of the original innovation,
Google (Internet), Oracle (Software), Qualcomm (Telecom equipment), Apple computer Hardware) and Broadcom (semiconductors. The performance of EU companies compared to US companies in the ICT sectors varies by subsector...
This contrasts with negative figures in the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector for EU companies(-2. 3%in R&d and-9. 3%in sales;
IT Hardware, Automobiles & Parts, and Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology. Figure S6. Relative size of EU R&d in Pharma and Biotech compared to US Source:
Technology Hardware & Equipment 29; Chemicals 24; Banks 23; Health care Equipment & Services 20; Aerospace & Defence 18.
The 10 most numerous sectors Technology Hardware & Equipment 264; Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 156; Software & Computer Services 151;
and technology hardware whereas the EU and Japan are stronger in medium R&d intensity sectors like the automotive sector (see chapter 4). Figure 1. 1 R&d investment by the top 2000
Technology hardware & equipment; Software & computer services and Aerospace & defence. Medium-high R&d intensity sectors (between 2%and 5%)include e g.
%namely Software & Computer Services (11.7%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%).The top R&d investing sector, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology achieved a more modest
%Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (17.5%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (10.2%).%)The main R&d shares of those based in the US specialise in high R&d-intensive sectors, namely Technology Hardware & Equipment (25.2%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (22.1%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
%)These three high R&d-intensity sectors account for 65.5%of US R&d, 30%for the EU and 26%for Japan.
Out of 40 industrial sectors, the top three Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, Technology Hardware & Equipment and Automobiles & Parts account for 50.2%of the total R&d investment by the Scoreboard companies;
%It is followed by the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector with a share of 16.4%(similar to last year's 16.6%)and the Automobile & Parts sector with 15.7%,slightly higher than the 15.0%of last year.
%and Technology Hardware & Equipment (10.2%);%In the US, Technology Hardware & Equipment (25.2%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (22.1%)and Automobiles & Parts (6. 6%;
%In Japan, Automobiles & Parts (26.4%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (10.8%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (7. 3%).The contribution to the total Scoreboard R&d by EU companies is 53.0%to Aerospace
& Defence, 46.1%to Automobiles & Parts and 39.5%to the Industrial Engineering sectors; the US contributes 74.4%to Software and Computer Services, 63.8%to Health care Equipment & Services and 54.0%to Technology Hardware & Equipment and;
Japan contributes 34.5%to Chemicals, 33.3%to the Electronic & Electric Equipment sector and 31.8%to Automobiles & Parts.
%followed by Industrial Engineering (9. 8%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%)sectors.
%and Technology Hardware & Equipment(-2. 3%).The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Investment Scoreboard 41 Among the companies based in the US,
the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector shows the highest one-year growth rate (14.8%)followed by Software
& Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Automobiles & Parts Software & Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defence General Industrials Leisure Goods
%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Japan US EU Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Automobiles & Parts Software
12.6-2. 6 5 1 6. 4 5. 3 4 Technology Hardware & Equipment 8. 8-2. 3 1. 4 14.8
in particular the Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%vs. 1. 9%)and the Industrial Engineering sector (9. 8%vs. 3. 5%).The opposite happened for the Electronic & Electric Equipment
%Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, IT sectors (Software & Computer Services and Technology Hardware & Equipment) and Leisure Goods. The sector with the lowest R&d intensity is Oil & Gas Producers (0. 3
the R&d intensity of EU companies is larger than that of the US and Japan in 6 sectors (Software & Computer Services, Technology Hardware & Equipment, Industrial Engineering,
Hardware & Equipment 7. 9 14.5 8. 8 6. 1 4 Leisure Goods 6. 3 3. 3 5. 3 6. 7
%)The sector showing the lowest one-year sales growth is Technology Hardware & Equipment(-9. 3%).Among the largest sectors in the EU,
%)The EU companies'negative profitability of the Technology Hardware & Equipment sector(-1. 1%)is mostly due to large losses incurred by Nokia, STMICROELECTRONICS and Alcatel-lucent.
the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate for sales (6. 9%)followed by Technology Hardware
4. 4 10 Technology Hardware & Equipment 1. 9-9. 3-1. 1 6. 8 14.9-1. 2 6. 6 11
Technology Hardware & Equipment and Software & Computer Services, account for almost 90%of the total R&d investment of the US's high R&d intensity group.
Germany 20, UK 11, France 6 Technology Hardware & Equipment 46: UK 11, Germany 7, Sweden 7 50 The 2013 EU Industrial
of EU 1000 (number of firms) Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 59 (23%)52 (21%)Software & Computer Services 37 (14%)74 (30%)Technology Hardware & Equipment
The share of companies with a higher R&d intensity than that of the top European companies exceeds 40%in the sectors of Industrial Engineering and Technology Hardware & Equipment.
All the Swedish companies operating in the Technology Hardware and Equipment sector show higher performances, as compared to the upper reach average.
Swedish and UK companies in the Software and Computer Services sector show high performances as more than 80%display a higher R&d intensity than the upper reach average.
FDIS in R&d are concentrated mainly in the three sectors of Technology Hardware and Equipment Automobiles & Parts and Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology. 12 A turnkey contract is a business arrangement in
Table 6. 4 displays in more detail the destination of the 856 FDI projects in R&d made by the EU Scoreboard companies during the period 2003-2012.
1 2 4 38 Technology Hardware & Equip. 2 2 7 1 1 2 6 11 1 1 5 7 46 Tobacco
%and technology hardware & equipment (4%).Figure 1: Expected changes of R&d investment of the surveyed companies 2013-15, p. a. Note:
Million euros in 2011.5%0%5%10%Software & Computer Services Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Health care Equipment & Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment General
and monitors progress towards the 3%headline target. The survey complements IRIMA's core activity, the EU Industrial R&d Investment Scoreboard
7 which analyses private R&d investments based on the audited annual accounts of companies and shows ex-post trends.
Technology Hardware & Equipment, Software & Computer Services, and Health care Equipment & Services 49 47%Medium R&d intensity Industrial Engineering, Electronic & Electrical Equipment, Automobiles & Parts, Chemicals, Aerospace & Defence, General Industrials
In the high R&d intensity group, expected R&d investment changes from pharmaceuticals & biotechnology (4. 4%)and technology hardware & equipment (3. 6%)are slightly above those of last year's survey
-5%0%5%10%15%Software & Computer Services Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Health care Equipment & Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment General
Figure 13 displays the ranking of the most attractive country for outsourcing the company's R&d to other companies.
Companies in the technology hardware & equipment and pharmaceuticals & biotechnology (high R&d intensity) report the highest average shares.
pharmaceuticals & biotechnology, technology hardware & equipment, software & computer services, health care equipment & services,
sector group**Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 24 108 22.2%above 40%High technology Hardware & Equipment 10 47 21.3%above 40%High Software & Computer Services 8
This is the result of the high share of R&d employees in large companies that responded from technology, hardware & equipment and pharmaceuticals & biotechnology (high R&d intensity), automobiles & parts, industrial engineering,
%and technology hardware & equipment (4%).The responding companies carry out a quarter of their R&d outside the EU. Their expectations for R&d investment for the next three years show continued participation of European companies in the global economy, in particular growth
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