Lichtenthaler (2011) argues that external knowledge sharing has the potential to expose organization's core competencies to its rival organizations.
and disclosure of core competencies to cooperation partners may alter the aim and ethic of the open innovation process.
Collaboration among partners, the core process of open innovation, entails a variety of risks that alter the purpose.
three core process archetypes, Proceedings of the R&d Management Conference (RADMA), Lisbon. 13. Hess, A m.,Rothaermel, F. T. 2011.
and interlinked to the core processes of OI2. In the article by Markkula and Kune the focus is on orchestration,
'4 It is a process at the core of renewing Europe's capacity for renewal.
when their core processes are understood, respected and orchestrated. Actualising the Dublin Declaration The Dublin Declaration was an output of the first Open Innovation 2. 0 Conference
Solved), testing of software and hardware products (e g. utest), ideation and concepting (e g. Atizo) or pre-purchase crowdfunding (e g.
the company needs to know what to do with the ideas how to embed them into the core of its business development and innovation practices.
pre-purchasing has been used to fund the development of industrial products such as a modular desktop CNC machine 19, drone (autonomous robotboat) 20 and 3d printer 21.
Examples vary from Microsoft to hardware and special hobby groups like the ones actually run by the brand itself, Suunto, a Finnish origin global manufacturer and marketer of sport watches,
/a professional network of 150 000+testers and QA professionals in a crowdsourcing complex testing of both software and also hardware of their product for tracking vehicles and assets.
An Open Hardware project in Minneapolis, MN by AJ Quick 2011. http://www. kickstarter. com/projects/ajquick/modular-desktop-cncmachine?
An affordable, professional 3d printer. Kickstarter 2012. http://www. kickstarter. com/projects/formlabs/form-1-an-affordable-professional-3d printer (accessed 10 december 2012).(22) Kittur A, Nickerson JV, Bernstein
M, Gerber E, Shaw A, Zimmerman J, et al. The future of crowd work. Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, ACM;
Establishing a core infrastructure of federated testbeds as a resource for users (academia, research institutes, industry, SMES.
The ecosystem is more homogenous in terms of core actors, but it also involves a significant amount of third parties on ad hoc bases.
which led to the formation of numerous ecosystems consisting of the core partners to the programme and other stakeholders.
strategy office to monitor international trends and benchmarking; marketing and communication department to interact with stakeholders and public;
There is an observable trend within universities to review their research strategies focusing on developing core expertise
There is a growing trend to develop T-shaped people with a core expertise and the ability to collaborate across disciplines.
(I shall later refer to this definition as‘the core mission').'In carrying out their mission, the universities must promote lifelong learning,
which support the performance of their core mission (as in Section 2 of the Act).
IP-based technology transfer is part of the universities'core missions, along with research, education and enhancing well-being 9. The universities should create a clear mission for their technology transfer,
whether it is used best as a core asset of a start-up or if the asset would be used in better in some large company's product assortment.
amended 119/2013) defines education and research as the core missions of universities, but in addition are the interaction with and giving information about research to society,
The results were used for printing colour badges as well as initialising the CONEX H2020 profile of each of the 67 participants entered as CONEX entities.
Especially because SMES do not necessarily have the resources (e g. methods, techniques and equipment such as 3d printers or virtual,
In times of 3d printing, open source solutions and new forms of crowdfunding, even enthusiastic hobbyists face relatively low barriers to innovate.
The core team currently comprises members from eight different disciplines ranging from anthropology and sociology to performance design.
A relatively small core team assures continuity while new input is gained through a research manager keeping contacts to academics and external collaborators.
It is organised as a nonprofit association (c-base e. V.)offering skill enhancement for hardware, software and network usage.
for instance, a wood and metal workshop, a sound laboratory and a 3d printer. Co-working labs Co-working labs are similarly easily accessible for users
machines and related software including for instance 3d printers, laser and vinyl cutters or CNC milling machines. Sometimes, more traditional workshop tools supplement these technologies.
Hardware. co-Lab Berlin The Hardware. co-Lab is located within the famous co-working space betahaus in Berlin-Kreuzberg.
This inner-city area has undergone substantial transformation in the past 15 years. During the division of Berlin, the area was close to the Berlin Wall
Open Design City offered workstations, 3d printing, CNC milling machines, hardware tools and professional support for using the more advanced technologies.
Machines and support were available at an hourly fee. Self-organised (DIY) initiatives as well as creative professionals have used the Open Design City.
and the space has now been operating as the Hardware. co-Lab since January 2015.
More explicitly than before, the lab addresses innovative hardware start-ups and‘technology freaks'18 and offers up to 10 workstations.
de/a/conrad-schafftraum-fuer-hardware-entwickler, 3044225, accessed 12 february 2015.20) http://www. betahaus. com/berlin/spaces/hardwarelab,
pp. 232-247.22) https://ec. europa. eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/organisation/stockholm/openlab, accessed 12 february 2015.23) http://www
3d printing technologies; Augmented reality and virtual reality; Design and innovation, entrepreneurship schools. Basaksehir Living Lab Innovation and Technology Centre The Basaksehir Living Lab Innovation and Technology Centre building is constructed in Basaksehir
software and hardware that can enable individuals with creative ideas or small enterprises to make developments is available.
and design experience site where 3d printers are available. The seminar hall is a flexible area
3d modelling and 3d printing; Augmented-reality stepping stones; Digital accessibility for the handicapped/disabled; Empathy training for disabled caretakers;
the lighting domain is in a transition from a hardware and product-driven industry to a full solution and service-driven industry.
and ICT industry has mainly been based hardware: selling products such as lighting posts, luminaires, sensor and routers.
The system uses cameras to count people on the square and monitor their locations. In this way the system can adapt the light scenes to the use of the square
The shift in focus from products to services makes it possible to continuously innovate without further investments in the hardware infrastructure.
new hardware and software will become available over time allowing new functionalities. To ensure that the system has a sufficiently long economic lifetime,
which Philips provides intelligent lighting hardware, Open Remote provides an open source software platform to integrate lighting
S m A r T C i T i e S 89 In the first phase of the project the emphasis has been on the realisation of the hardware and software infrastructure.
Next to the aspect of putting the citizens at the core of the innovation process,
Exploitation of knowledge should be a core business, and should become a third objective in addition to education and scientific research. 92 O P E N I N N O V A t
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 5 The core of the paradigm shift lies in co-creation within the urban lighting ecosystem in identifying societal needs
At the core of transition management is the challenge of orientating longterm changes in large socio-technical systems.
Lyon in France and Östersund in Sweden for their outstanding displays in crafts and folk art, media arts and gastronomy respectively.
we see people fixated on their screens. We are hooked and singularity smacks into me more drugs to sustain my addiction.
Open hardware development is emerging in tangible products and is very interesting from the investors'perspective,
Important boost for this sector to grow is the open plug-in platform for devices both from hardware and system level.
A second core characteristic of the OI2 paradigm is the use of the quadruple helix model where government, industry,
HEE is especially important as according to a report from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, HEE's contribute about 80%of all new jobs created.
This article is about the opportunity for (open) hardware development in the financial industry inspired by open innovation 2. 0 and consumer needs.
human ingenuity at its best. 3d printing is entering our living space, and all kinds of labs including the Fab Labs,
as open design and hardware labs, are giving us access to tools for developing hardware.
It boasts Intel's extremely low-power Quark processor Bluetooth, and Wi-fi connectivity to communicate with other devices.
and we have seen these new hardware tools popping up due to several reasons. Even software developers, like XL Team in Romania, start to hire electronic designers to prepare for the wearable revolution (2). One aspect is
looking beyond the software and inside technology and enter the world of hardware. We have seen high adoption rates of banking apps,
but the momentum is rising very quickly. 39 One of the first disruptive hardware tools built might be Square (2). Jack Dorsey,
Might the entry into hardware be a good move for financial institutions? Selling hardware is totally different from a service offering.
The costs of revenue is high in any device manufacturing segment because fixed costs, works-in progress and overhead are compared very high
Often, regular hardware and peripherals are being sold at rock-bottom prices. This is the case in the printing industry.
The high mark up items are the software, accessories and ink. It's the same model used by the auto and telecom industries.
hardware is the new software. Hardware is a good way to create connectivity with the client.
We see a potential huge market that might be beneficial as well: security is becoming a large concern for the consumer.
Some of the existing peripherals could already be used for that matter, others still have to be built. Executive Interview According to Malcolm Harden CEA, Vice-president CGI Federal, Chairman CGI Global Technology Council,
and 3d printing doesn't seem to match to this requirement. He expects the healthcare sector to be influenced majorly by the hardware revolution.
Geographically, Central and South america, due to its uncapped economic potential, has a tremendous potential, also in the long term.
Interaction with hardware has a huge potential to change the entire business model of the economic region:
this kind of devices can be expected to be integrated into peripherals or even brought into the smart phone.
We expect the hardware device to be the next wave in the financial industry. Especially with the NFC chip and other new to come biometrical sensors showing up in phones the coming years,
2008 and then morphed into a social, political and economic challenge to the world and in particular to the European union and its core institutions and principles, exposed essential problems and unsustainable developments in many European countries.
and implementation of research and innovation strategies and has been placed at the core of the new European cohesion policy as the main driver for the achievement of the Europe 2020 strategy objectives from a regional perspective.
Policy initiatives such as S3 allow regional and national policymakers to focus on a number of core processes in the knowledge economy and society,
catalysts and accelerators of exploration and exploitation dynamics) that could substantially empower any Quadruple Helix RIS3 strategy (26)( see Figure 3). Figure 3: 48 O P E N I N
The case study of the technology centre of KETEK, active in a peripheral non-university region, can be considered as positioned at the centre of the innovation system in the region,
men with beards and ponytails who take time out from their computer screens to show off their collections of action figures.
'Screens on the wall display how Supercell is doing against its rivals in real time. The gamesmasters talk about IPOS and‘massive growth curves'.
Some business-related‘catalysts'activities foster innovation linked with entrepreneurial activities in the industrial setting.
The European commission continuously monitors and adjusts its instruments for addressing the identified grand challenges, and achieving the mutually set strategic goals for research and innovation through large scale initiatives like the Innovation Union strategy and the European Digital Agenda.
which can lead to the creation of core and marginal communities with various rules and levels of commitment within the ecosystems.
job protection and job-training stimulus. Fiscal policy was at the core of the Chilean government response to the crisis,
The hardware and software requirements and the quality levels needed to deploy Onstar safely as a vehicle-based application are quite impressive,
access covering broadly the Oulu city area with 30 000 users/month of the hotspot network (11) UBI hotspot Network of interactive public displays for collecting citizen's opinion with 30
products and services makes the following essential observation about the core idea that is the basis for the Openeyif concept:
Abstract The lighting industry is in transition from a hardware only industry to a full solution and services industry.
and require different skills than the traditional ones in the hardware related industry. Introduction Last year, in the Open Innovation Yearbook 2013, we presented the case of participative innovation in smart urban lighting,
interactive displays, touch screens, and smart phones. Many devices collect or use data and are connected therefore (the Internet of things).
securing intellectual property and providing hardware to the market. This hardware will become mainstream, easier to produce in lowcost countries
and will create little jobs in Western europe. However, in the field of meaningful applications designed to address societal needs there are more opportunities for new jobs, especially in the domain of developing new services with lighting.
The type of jobs is shifting from hardware related jobs towards the design of lighting services as well is to the development of software applications for smart lighting solutions:
and require different skills than the traditional jobs in the hardware related industry. 121 The development of meaningful applications requires a changing attitude interconnecting the different levels:
The hardware infrastructure allows for such flexibility. Increasing Safety in an Entertainment District The city of Eindhoven is currently implementing its vision and roadmap for urban lighting.
New Professions Looking at the two cases presented above we can see a shift in the type of skills required from the more hardware related to new ones that focus more on the ICT and services part.
Yet, despite our awareness of the core assertion of open innovation thinking that‘the assets necessary for creating innovation will not necessarily be collocated with those for commercialising them'our openness to harness the power of the crowd has embedded not itself as widely
Technological innovations like 3d printing underscore the growth of collaborative production and distributed infrastructures. For small businesses
That just isn't our core business'(10. While consumer applications may not be GE's core business,
the Quirky team understands the brand value GE brings to the table. Through this collaboration, customers are able to purchase innovative products from a household brand
In the final stage, the Army will prototype the products using 3d printing and other technologies within the REF expeditionary laboratory.
with what resources we take as the core. Data is one of them, design another.
in order to uncover a core need and an unexpected insight that will drive innovation. User+need+insight define a point of view (POV),
In the core of the social and economic impact of Open Innovation 2. 0 are shared the values,
when we bring everyone together (2). In the core of the policy makers is to make the citizens happy in their ways of living,
and core customer segments and are confronted suddenly with new market conditions. With regard to the innovation process, the search for suitable markets, adequate determination of the appropriated pricing strategies and selection of marketing tools for effective communication have been identified as obstacles.
because the open innovation network is at the core of the business model. The existing business model (innovation) frameworks do not pay attention to strategic partners
Based on a combination of two technologies (displays and three-dimensional scanning the company wants to change both the physical shop and the shopping experience.
After scanning, customers see themselves on large screens as a virtual, three-dimensional model dressed in clothes from various collections that the shop offers.
It is remarkable that the firms we interviewed did not diversify over time into new businesses that were not or only weakly related to their core business.
innovative company should stick to its core products. First, new product markets have their own specific challenges.
It had to team up with different parties to develop the two basic technologies (displays and 3d scanning) to make virtual shopping possible.
The core ideas of this book are summarised in the following HBR article: Other definitions of open innovation have been provided by Johnson.
three core process archetypes, R&d Management Conference RADMA, Lisbon, Portugal. 30 Larsen P. and Lewis, A. 2007), How award-winning SMES manage the barriers to innovation, Creativity
EIM bv does not accept responsibility for printing errors and/or other imperfections. 2 Open innovation in SMES:
Table 7. Classification of open innovation motives Category Description Control Increased control over activities, better organization of complex processes Focus Fit with core competencies,
Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data H200809 25-7-2008 The Entrepreneurial Adjustment Process in Disequilibrium:
because the open innovation network is at the core of the business model. The existing business model (innovation) frameworks do not pay attention to strategic partners
Based on a combination of two technologies (displays and three-dimensional scanning the company wants to change both the physical shop and the shopping experience.
After scanning, customers see themselves on large screens as a virtual, three-dimensional model dressed in clothes from various collections that the shop offers.
It is remarkable that the firms we interviewed did not diversify over time into new businesses that were not or only weakly related to their core business.
innovative company should stick to its core products. First, new product markets have their own specific challenges.
It had to team up with different parties to develop the two basic technologies (displays and 3d scanning) to make virtual shopping possible.
The core ideas of this book are summarised in the following HBR article: Other definitions of open innovation have been provided by Johnson.
three core process archetypes, R&d Management Conference RADMA, Lisbon, Portugal. 30 Larsen P. and Lewis, A. 2007), How award-winning SMES manage the barriers to innovation, Creativity
In the two categories of IT hardware and software, there were a few European companies that spent more than €1 billion on R&d in the year 2004.
In the IT hardware category, just four companies, from Finland (Nokia), Sweden (Ericcson), France (Alcatel) and Germany (Infineon Technologies) are recorded against six in the USA (Intel, HP, Cisco, Motorola, Texas instruments
1999) calculated the long-run market shares in international trade for core ICT hardware, including computers and peripherals, semiconductors,
as well as basic, research in hardware and software and contributed to the development of new hardware.()
IT and long-term scientific performance 526 Science and Public Policy August 2011 of Illinois, Harvard and Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) worked on magnetic core memories (Pugh, 1984;
In December 1968 IBM was forced by the US authorities to unbundle the commercialization of software from sales of hardware products, giving origin to a separate industry,
one of the first to use ferrite-core memories. According to Mounier-Kuhn, 1994: 214: in 1960 Compagnie des Machines Bull was one of the world's leading manufacturers of data processing machinery.
This makes it possible to move increasingly far from the physical implementation on a hardware without losing the relevant aspects of the description.
For example, it is possible to decouple the program from the underlying hardware representation (Shaw, 2004.
The People, the Hardware, and the Software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Mounier-Kuhn, P E 1994.
Hardware software. An equivalence and a contradiction. In Foundations of Computer science. Potential-Theory-Cognition, C Freksa, M Jantzen and R Valk (eds..
A population survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010 in 21 innovation-oriented countries asked
The core of the team is made up of the account manager from the regional office in charge and an advisor from the organisation abroad.
when its core technology becomes obsolete within a few years. Management often does not understand how to make the transition from customised products for pilot customers to scalable products for larger markets.
the European commission established a permanent SME Finance Forum to monitor 98 Murray/Hyytinen/Maula (2009),
SPRING will co-fund these SMES to train the graduates to run core and expanding operations of the company.
2006) note about the rise of Asian countries in high technology production, the availability of a knowledge-intensive professional service firms that assist start-ups in outsourcing their non-core work plays a significant role in the growth of high
Since these factors and their interplay are difficult to monitor, policies favouring specific types of companies are prone to producing more economic damage than benefit. 189 7. 4 Concluding overview Ten policy implications Research for this Policy Brief leads
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneurship. GERA: London. Available at http://www. gemconsortium. org/download. asp?
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Länderbericht Deutschland. Hannover/Nuremburg. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 98 Centre for Strategy and Evaluation Services;
A population survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010 in 21 innovation-oriented countries asked
The core of the team is made up of the account manager from the regional office in charge and an advisor from the organisation abroad.
when its core technology becomes obsolete within a few years. Management often does not understand how to make the transition from customised products for pilot customers to scalable products for larger markets.
the European commission established a permanent SME Finance Forum to monitor 98 Murray/Hyytinen/Maula (2009),
SPRING will co-fund these SMES to train the graduates to run core and expanding operations of the company.
2006) note about the rise of Asian countries in high technology production, the availability of a knowledge-intensive professional service firms that assist start-ups in outsourcing their non-core work plays a significant role in the growth of high
Since these factors and their interplay are difficult to monitor, policies favouring specific types of companies are prone to producing more economic damage than benefit. 189 7. 4 Concluding overview Ten policy implications Research for this Policy Brief leads
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneurship. GERA: London. Available at http://www. gemconsortium. org/download. asp?
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Länderbericht Deutschland. Hannover/Nuremburg. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 98 Centre for Strategy and Evaluation Services;
3d & Cultural Heritage 3D PRINTING et COPYRIGHTS 8 15 ICT 22 R&i action (a a) RESEARCH ON COST-EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED 3d MODELLING TO ENHANCE THE UNDERSTANDING
As it was impossible to display the full array of relevant RDI data in the core text of this document many of the tables,
the regional influence (sectors display similar distribution patterns), or the sectoral influence (regionality does not have a major influence on the geographic distribution of companies).
The tendencies previously noted in respect to counties become even more clearly accentuated in the context of regional rank correlation analysis. In this context, the pharmaceutical industry displays a significantly negative correlation with other industries/sectors;
and engaged in research or technology development as a core activity. Public organisation: any legal entity thus defined by national laws, or international organisation.
when the hardware and software used to store them becomes obsolete, material may be lost when storage devices deteriorate over time,
what it really is a collective social endeavour The core of this collaborative effort is deemed to be the entrepreneurial process of discovery Entrepreneurial actors are defined broadly to include universities as well as firms
The population targets for each of the main settlements in the region are set out in Table 3. 2 The Settlement Strategy is to be implemented through the Development Plans of each local authority with the adoption of an evidence-based Core Strategy
Measures to upgrade treatment facilities and to improve drinking water standards must be considered in the context of the Core Strategy
and that each Development Plan contains an evidence-based Core Strategy that will provide relevant information to demonstrate how the plan
The Core Strategy is required to take account of government policy in relation to national and regional population targets and it must provide the policy framework for Local Area Plans and for zoning at LAP level.
The core objective of the Plan is to protect the national heritage as well as promoting it as a resource to be enjoyed by all.
These are the defining issues for a better quality of life for all the core objective of the NDP and of good planning.
The Core Strategy is consistent with the NSS and provides a key planning framework which County/City Development Plans and Local Area Plans must be consistent with.
and to develop a Core Strategy in Development Plans. The Core Strategy should include a section which details the mechanisms by
which Doehlg population targets will be achieved within each local authority. Each Core Strategy should develop rational population growth models,
outline resulting housing demand and determine how this demand will be accommodated through an appropriate housing land zoning requirement
capacity for growth and potential to deliver on the core objectives of critical mass and balanced regional development.
In Development Plans these objectives should be expressed in the Core Strategy. Development Plans should ensure:
-That the population targets are incorporated into the Core Strategy. That land is zoned on the basis of the land required to meet population targets.
The amount of land zoned for development within each settlement should reflect the population assigned for that settlement in the Core Strategy with an additional amount for‘excess'zoning as provided for in the guidelines on zoning contained within the Doehlg Guidelines for Planning Authorities
In the context of sectoral convergence, core skills become transferable across sectors, for example, biology, chemistry, engineering, electronics, logistics and software;
This should be a core priority of the regional enterprise forum, with support from a cross-regional Gateway Implementation Group action at both regional and national levels.
sustainable neighbourhood design and the pedestrianisation of core urban areas. Development Plan Implications (Ports) Planning authorities whose functional areas include the larger commercial ports should consider the need to develop Local Area Plans for the ports through
Development Plan Implications (Water Services) The provision of water and sewerage facilities in the settlements of the region and the provision of water supplies in its rural areas must be considered in the context of the Core Strategy
A core objective of the current Social Partnership Agreement is to build a fair and inclusive society
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