This report the result of two international workshops held under the auspices of the the OECD's Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) as part of the OECD Innovation Strategy makes the case that the social-dimension is no longer peripheral
and synergies to be exploited by better integrating social challenges at the core of innovation activities.
and synergies to be exploited in better integrating social challenges at the core of innovation activities.
Private and public actors have understood clearly that these social needs conveyed to the core of the innovation process add value to their product
This has been one of the core concerns of the Dutch approach: connecting networks, crossing (sector) boundaries, searching for new and surprising combinations.
Participative processes are a core element in the strategies to shift innovation policies in different OECD countries towards a type of innovation,
Adventure had no graphics, just words on an amber screen. But it was interactive. The author typed commands that traveled over the modem and were carried out by his character go north,
The 114 screen displayed verbal descriptions of the results you've fallen into a pit, you're holding a gold coin.
Among the topics they explored were augmented 3d printing reality and an early government big data initiative to build a digital 117 surveillance system today called PRISM.
in fact in 1901 described a character marker that would overlay information onto wearable displays (Johnson, 2012).
Merging 3d printing with AR experiences could transform learning. Students studying archeology might not only see a 3d animated version of New york city's 19th century Seneca Village,
while the surgeon watches on a video display, Rosser's game design did not simulate laparoscopic surgery.
managers now consider the use of IT as a competitive tool used for the implementation of strategic plans and the support of firm core competencies (e g.,
, hardware, software, and personnel) relative to other competitors within the same industry. Drawing upon a scale developed
*p<.05.212 JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT expand their core capabilities in the areas of products, knowledge, and skills.
and to link this power to support the core competencies of the firm successfully can have a competitive advantage.
United states Government Printing Office. Steiger, J. H, . and J. C. Lind (1980). Statistically Based Tests of the Number of Common factors, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City (Spring.
The country displays a fairly even performance across all 12 pillars of competitiveness. Notable strengths include its large market size (19th) and high educational standards,
5 crucial breakthroughs Marshall plan in Wallonia 6 core clusters Smart grids Flanders Flanders in action breakthroughs:
41 37 Developing and testing hardware and software for an Internet of Energies Integrating grid operation and electronic marketplace Gaining knowhow on interoperability,
National thematic focus Core activities of the grid program EELLEECCTTRRIICCIITTYY ggrriidd Multi energy carriers Grid technology Dependence of the technical and economical grid operation Congestion
R&d Framework, Programmes and Policy In Switzerland the primary R&d framework is given by a periodic Four-year Strategy Report compiled by The swiss Federal Energy Research Commission (CORE.
Within the concept the core focus points of the energy research between 2008 and 2011 are defined.
Available-Four-year strategy report (by CORE, Swiss Federal Energy Research Commission: Federal energy research concept 2008-2011 (in French or German;
-Expert group for each programm (related to smart grids) R&d and Innovation policy, Innovation Agenda, Technology Roadmaps Available-Four-year strategy report (by CORE
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
They make digital hardware available for people to adapt, hack and shape into tools for social change.
is one example of the potential of open hardware. It was founded in March 2011 as a response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan and frustration over the lack of government transparency about local radiation levels.
Using the Arduino, an open hardware circuit board with a microprocessor Safecast built their own Geiger counters.
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
Beyond the Internet, many new technologies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
open hardware) 4. The area of society the organisations and their activities operate and seek an impact in.
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
Lowcost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC computer numeric control machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup,
Recycle are becoming the keywords of the open hardware and makers movement, which embodies a combination of different design and technology methods,
Open hardware seeks to shift the attention away from consumption and resource exploitation, to the creation of new capacities to build the products that people consume according to a set of shared ethics and principles.
The open hardware movement in particular is about how people share knowledge, skills and tools, and how you build communities around open products.
People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,
such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
from grassroots movements, think-tanks and universities to big charities and public museums are hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools and 3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces.
built on the Arduino open hardware board. The team turned to‘the crowd'via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter,
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,
and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
for example relied on open hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit,
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
) 412 269 258 105 OPEN HARDWARE Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 39 The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,
Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop applications for citizens
and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor net works, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband,
and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making
and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available
and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware's source, the design from which it is made,
is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it. Ideally open-source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure,
unrestricted content and open-source design tools to maximise the ability of individuals to make and use hardware.
Open-source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs.
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware.
The core to Arduino is a simple, ultra low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor
which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.
'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social
innovation initiatives relying on open hardware, such as Safecast and the Smart Citizen Kit. The Smart Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 47 Smart Citizen Kit OPEN HARDWARE Citizen Kit is based an Arduino sensor kit that provides sophisticated sensor
network tools to citizens, enabling the measurement of levels of air pollution, noise pollution or air humidity in the vicinity of a private home, school or office.
The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the‘kit'itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit.
Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places,
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
The largest community (10.29 per cent) is focussed around open hardware and open networks and includes organisations such as iminds, Fairphone, the City of Amsterdam,
Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall it is the most highly interconnected
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
They combine investments in new hardware and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.
Open standards should be at the core of the technical infrastructure. Open standards should have an adequate legal and governance backing,
which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.
as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,
European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies,
open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
they should become public policy guidelines at the core of the technical infrastructure. Technical solutions do not work by themselves,
of regions according to internal and external connectivity Connecting globally Sustaining momentum Cluster building Deepening pipelines Types of regions Peripheral regions lacking strong research strengths
Regional Innovation Monitor, 32 based on Benneworth and Dassen 201133 An element closely intertwined to formulating an effective vision is RIS3 communication.
which builds and reinforces the regional identity and puts innovation at its core; attractive and dynamic web pages, including parts in English for wider dissemination;
1994-2004 Innovation Union self-assessment tool Regional Innovation Monitor OECD 2011 Regions and Innovation Policy IRE-RIS Guide Directory No-nonsense to build S3 Diagnostic Systèmes d'Innovation (Praguer) Entrepreneurship and incubation Internationalisationcompetitive
SMES are thus at the core of Cohesion Policy. For the period 2007-2013 the Community Strategic Guidelines on Cohesion emphasise the key role of SMES,
the Commission has proposed an even stronger focus on enhancing the competitiveness of SMES in the context of Cohesion Policy. 44 See for example the Regional Innovation Monitor initiative at:
Spinoffs and SMES can find wider support services that allow them to better focus on their core business and on research for the development of innovations in science parks.
broadband and NGA networks and Digital Service Infrastructures including core service platforms and generic services.
are catalysts for structural change and diversification in many industrial zones and rural areas with the potential to rejuvenate economies,
for international core, close to-market and supporting R&d. In some cases bold regional outsourcing or offshoring support policies should be deployed
funding in core European transport projects can be challenging due to the relatively high levels of revenue volatility in the projects'early operating stages.
Among the core measures that should be encouraged are: 109 Commissioning a strategic analysis and approach on the region's own characteristics, assets, challenges and opportunities as regards its environment, natural assets, renewable energy potential and climate impacts in the studies
Managing authorities are encouraged to put eco-innovations at the core of their innovation 161 http://ec. europa. eu/energy/technology/set plan/set plan en. htm 162 European parliament'Policy Department
Horizon 2020‘Innovation in SMES'is a bridge between the core of the framework programme, the provision of support to research, development and innovation projects,
The core of the IMP rove platform is a benchmarking database for‘innovation management performance'with more than 3500 quality checked datasets.
million33 201534 Budget EUR million Experts (expert evaluators, experts groups, monitors) 0. 92 of which 0. 10 from 02.040203 and 0. 82 1. 14
and has the potential to reinvigorate communities in some of our most peripheral and deprived areas.
In the transport sector, research is at the core of developing innovative technologies and ways of working that will make the changes required to preserve our mobility at low costs to society.
Upper Austria has an industrial core region formed by the three cities of Linz (the capital of the province), Wels, and Steyr.
Outside this core area there are peripheral areas in the north and south of Upper Austria but also several smaller industrial centres.
demonstrating the extent to which this results in cumulative processes in core regions at the expense of peripheries.
which could originate out of territorial catalysts fostering a local innovation system such as technological parks.
dislocation of emphasis from hardware to services) was a benefit for Boston that‘was poised ideally to take advantage of the rise in returns to skill that so marked the last quarter of the twentieth century.'(
and basic research is seen as a core asset of the region (Stoerring and Dalum 2006).
that the region build on its core assets, namely ICT (Norcom) and the emerging life sciences at university for Biomedico.
Furthermore, Oxfordshire has the largest concentration of printing and publishing companies in the UK outside London (Oxfordshire County Council 2005.
technological development has to be at the core. In other words, the utilisation of the most up-to-date technologies, including ERTMS,
as ICT and e-business are relevant for nearly all core business areas of the TLS industry.
The accessibility and the numerous opportunities to creatively use the Internet has brought many implications to the organisations core business processes to generate enormous benefits in terms of performance as well as provide greater value-added products and services.
and monitor inventory management. Case studies about Geodis (Belgium) and AIT (France)( Chapter 5) represent the range of actual possibilities available to logistics companies large
Focussing on core competencies by outsourcing noncritical activities to specialised providers is a general trend in the TLS industry,
which made investments in ICT hardware or networks during the past 12 months Weighting:%%of empl.%
The first level includes a core system with the inventory management the master data management and the possibility to enter
Hardware to secure the subscriber's private key may also be advisable. Persons relying on digital signatures will incur expenses for verification software and perhaps for access to certificates and certificate revocation lists in a repository.
Improved efficiency in these core business processes leads to faster cycle times, reduced overhead, more competitive offerings,
scalable and reliable solution suitable for running a company's most critical core business processes. 3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Specific software applications
and hardware to achieve the integration. A key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified database to store data for the various system modules.
and customer-relationship management analysis to improve core business processes. For these type of reasons, e-procurement has been seen to have the potential to play a pivotal role in a firm's endeavours to create a competitive cost advantage that lasts for many years 99,
and a printer linked to the different systems. 90 million tickets have been sold through the system
"it will be assessed how the adoption of ICT hardware and software correlates with innovation activity of firms("conduct),
Infrastructure endowment index that comprises of hardware components used by a firm and includes the share of employees with an internet access at their workplace, internet connection capacity and the use of LAN, Intranet and Extranet.
ICT hardware of little importance for organisational changes: Hardware endowment, measured in terms of network infrastructure usage and internet access, does not increase the likelihood of introducing organisational changes.
Software use and IT practitioners drive organisational changes: The intensity of ICT applications and in particular IT-skilled employees are the major drivers of organisational changes.
soft-and hardware have different implications for companies'conduct and performance. Whereas hardware is a necessary condition for an efficient ICT use,
it is not a sufficient condition for business transformation. These are rather human 123 Similar to probit/logit regressions,
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, is already a commodity that does not offer companies any potential to create a competitive advantage. 4. 3 ICT,
as well as the outsourcing of non-core activities may actually play a more important role. Finally, there seems to be some (preliminary) evidence regarding the time structure of TFP growth accelerations.
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, offer companies less potential to create a competitive advantage compared to software applications and skilled employees.
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status. 3. 5. 2 e-Integrated supply chains:
files have to be saved on the server and not in the local hard drive. Employees have been trained to use the new system properly.
The solution developed by an external provider was composed of a core programme with specific developments to match AITS specific needs.
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 129 The solution that has been developed is composed modular software of the core Solulog solution
The Integrated Sales system is in its majority an internal development of the IT department of ALSA, with a total budget of €300. 000 (€100. 000 corresponding to hardware and licences and €200. 000 to development.
For a nationwide system, a unitary hardware and standard software architecture has been chosen to offer long-term benefits, like improved technical support, technical operating services and reduced TCO (Total Cost of Ownership.
In this respect, the solution is based on Hewlett-packard hardware, Oracle RDBMS software and Practical Automation thermal printers, verified for more than 7 years in real-time operation
and being the architecture of an accepted system. The operating system is Microsoft windows NT for PC's & PC Net Servers and HP-UX for RISC machines.
and a printer linked to the different systems. When a customer goes to a selling point to buy a ticket
The pilot system validated the technical solution (hardware and software) as well as the design and provided real data to determine the transaction volumes needed to operate such a system.
20 million euros for the hardware including the services and 5 million euros for the application software and deployment.
as well as hardware and software for the four deployed eservices. Maintenance cost for the portal is about 11000 Euros per month.
hardware and implementation were approximately 100.000 Euros. The cost for one GPS unit is about 1200 euros
specialised in traffic system GPS (hardware and software) and intelligence traffic systems. This firm was in charge of the integration and implementation of the system,
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status. Other effects acquired over the years include operational efficiency gains and improved profitability control.
and allow the traffic planner to easily put the jobs together on the screen into a load.
when this activity became part of N c. Cammack & Son's core activity. The third requirement was to give customers online access to the system allowing them to see their job status, history and invoices.
& Son's customers to view their own stock records, print reports, plus monitor incoming and outgoing goods, online.
Thanks to the usage of‘Truck Business',N c. Cammack & Son remain competitive in its core markets trough improving operational performance while keeping the number of employees constant.
In a nutshell SMES'ICT requirements are that they support their core business, work well, are user E-business in the transport & logistics industry 191 friendly,
International Productivity Monitor, No. 9, pp. 37-51. Gomes, J. B.,Park, S. H. 1997.
Independent living is also at the core of the Rosetta project which specifically addressed people with progressive chronic disabilities, helping them to keep their independence and quality of life as long as possible,
An advanced awareness and prevention service, e g. smart cameras to monitor users'activities; An early detection system to monitor behaviours
and better using devices they are more familiar with, such as TV screens and remote controls. The T-Seniority pilot project developed a solution based on digital TV specifically tailored for elderly people.
, second screen multi-touch devices and gyroscopic remote controls. GUIDE puts a dedicated focus on the emerging Web & TV platforms and services (Connected TVS, Set-Top Boxes, etc..
Trust is the core of social and economic activity in the Internet, and is the basis of economic transactions, social connections,
The buildings are equipped with sensors, meters and control devices to monitor overall energy use. The real time data gathered is then centralised
information and communication technology is a set of heterogeneous technologies (hardware and software) that allow for electronic communication, data collection and processing in distributed networks (e g.
Monitors obstacles in the road network and sends help (persons and freight. Give information on changing road network conditions ahead (persons and freight.
For example, Lexus plans to introduce lighting systems that monitor speed, braking performance and weather conditions, and automatically adjust the amount and type of lighting as a warning (active lighting).
Quality of care (effectiveness and efficiency of care service provision) A number of key technologies were identified as proven catalysts to significant healthcare improvement,
Through the implementation and utilization of Health Informatics technologies which have an EHR at their core,
From either a wireless phone or a computer screen on the ward, the medical staff will be able to see some basic details of the patient including the reason for admission,
Home healthcare services monitor patients and gather data that is interpreted by medical professionals. Health and well-ness services support people in need in many ways on the basis of personal and health related information.
which through a web interface displays to users what information about them is stored and who can access it.
internal factors are likely to be more important core determinants of whether innovation plays a key role in success
and growth of SMES The core objective of this paper is to ascertain the relationship between innovation and firm growth in the identified SME sectors.
112 5. 2. Countries have adopted a range of different approaches to monitor ICT adoption...116 5. 3. Common information needs are reflected in a core set of widely used indicators...
119 5. 4. Improving comparability of data on ICT in health: What options?..122 References...
Failure to collect the data necessary to evaluate the impact of ICTS is one of the core challenges to achieving widespread adoption of high-performing ICT initiatives.
traditional in-office installation of software/hardware, and patient management systems provided over the web via an application service provider (ASP).
MAEHC reports hardware and software costs of approximately USD 30 700, plus another USD 12 100 for support per physician.
PITO negotiated prices with these vendors on the basis of one time hardware and software start-up costs of approximately USD 15 500 plus an annual fee of almost USD 4 000 the first year, rising to almost USD 6 000 thereafter.
the EMRS funded by PITO include all of the core elements of a fully functional EHR,
) Hardware 22 800 6 364 Software & implementaion 17 200 9 091 Annual support/License 5 600 3 709 (1st year
and the high level of access to its specifications for ready promulgation in a variety of hardware and software.
and hardware to perform administrative and clinical functions, and most (78.3%)had speed a high Internet connection. Over half these practices (55.6%)had received a PIP payment for information technology/information management,
The hardware reimbursement levels were established based on real costs incurred by a representative group of practices, large and small in British columbia (source:
ranging from USD 27 214 to 36 212 over five years (Figure 3. 2). It should be noted that the US incentives in this figure are compared to costs associated with in-office installation of EHR software/hardware
as well as meeting software and hardware compatibility requirements. However, though the MAEHC had done an extensive job researching the vendors and making final selections based on strict criteria,
all certification can ensure is a baseline of core functionalities and specifications that could be used to achieve interoperability.
Reducing the risk of data loss in physician offices caused by human, hardware or software failure.
The MAEHC has focused on the core messages that appealed to all of the focus groups: convenience and data security.
Secondary use of data for monitoring public health. 5. 2. Countries have adopted a range of different approaches to monitor ICT adoption Analysis of surveys from nine OECD countries (Australia
Three out of the nine countries (Norway, Spain and Sweden) included in the OECD study also use routine administrative data to monitor ICT adoption.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES OECD 2010 5. 3. Common information needs are reflected in a core set of widely used indicators The OECD analysis clearly shows that the way countries are currently monitoring ICT
Nonetheless, it is possible to identify a core set of indicators widely used in these surveys.
2005) provides one possible way to improve the availability and comparability of data for a core set of indicators on health ICTS.
While the use of core modules allows measurement on an internationally comparable basis, additional modules and new indicators within existing modules can be added to respond to evolving
While the use of core modules allows the measurement on an internationally comparable basis, additional modules and new indicators within existing modules can be added to respond to evolving
and hardware to perform administrative and clinical functions, and most (78.3%)had speed a high internet connection. Furthermore, GSGPN survey results from 2006 indicated over 80%of Western australia practices using computers for both clinical and administrative functions.
traditional in-office installation of software/hardware and installation through an external application service provider (ASP.
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