it means that Europeana will develop open source products, such as channels, for partners who want to reach deep into specific interest groups, like fashionistas and foodies.
even while they enlist the aid of the written word, still or moving images, models, simulations, computer programmes, etc.
A good Internet search engine informs us better. Life itself is the great instructor and each individual has his or her own favourite pastime for entertainment (for some people, of course,
this is already a developing practice in various sectors ranging from semiconductor (fabless IP business models), to biotech, to telecommunication and software industries.
For innovation-driven SMES, open source and co-creation are Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group Innovation in SMES:
where the open source software model has been pioneered and promoted by small software suppliers and independent developers.
The reasons for this appear to be rooted in the intangible nature of software and the difficulties in protecting software innovations.
Horizon 2020 Expert Advisory Group Innovation in SMES: Consultation on Next EU Strategic Work Programme 2016-2017 9 3. Gaps and Bottlenecks in SME Management of Innovation The strength of SMES lies in their agility, imagination
if there could be need a for an expert panel of‘super-evaluators':'These‘gurus'in entrepreneurship and investing could help the Commission vet prospective evaluators,
This is similar to the Living Labs concept that has brought successfully 13 The idea comes from the ICT world where sandboxes are used routinely to beta-test software
IP management, of course, includes branding/licensing, open source software and copyright maters, not just patents. o Development of small entity status fees at the European Patent office, similar to the USPTO practice,
and overall with SMES usually tagging along as minor partners in the wake of dominant RTOS,
aside from Powerpoint presentations replacing most writing-on-a-blackboard styled ones. In the digital age the learning environment is blown completely open.
OECD Economic Outlook, Preliminary version, May 2013.10 the Eurostat, the Hungarian GDP in nominal terms will reach its 2008 value only in 2014.
and institutional assessment is carried out by panels consisting of domestic experts and doesn't follow international peer review criteria 2. Optimal transnational co-operation and competition Action 1:
OECD Economic Outlook, Preliminary version, May 2013. S3 White book (2013: S3 Fehér Könyv. Magyarország intelligens specializálódásának irányai.
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu. How to obtain EU publications Our publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
Our attention has been drawn to many critiques by the Independent Panel on Doing Business, chaired by Trevor Manuel,
and Burgess (2004). 7. The report by the Independent Panel on Doing Business is available on its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/.
and informed by the report of the Independent Panel on Doing Business as well as by input from policy makers
For example, starting a business in Tajikistan is now easier as a result of the implementation of new software at the one-stop shop and the elimination of one of the business registration procedures.
NOTES 1. For information on the Independent Panel on Doing Business see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/.
Most were inspired by recommendations of the Independent Panel on Doing Business and by broader consultations that have taken place over the years with World bank Group staff,
NOTES 1. For more information on the Independent Panel on Doing Business and its work, see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org. 2. See the data notes for more details. 3. Where the second
Poland improved port procedures by launching a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk.
Poland Poland launched a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk. Introduced or improved risk-based inspections Uruguay Uruguay implemented a risk-based inspection system that reduced customs clearance time.
which is hosted on 9 different servers, amount to $1 million a year. 8 WHAT ARE THE GAINS FROM GOING ELECTRONIC?
Both parties have installed software that allows host-to-host connectivity without human interaction. Data are updated automatically,
the use of accounting software and electronic filing and payment systems can offer great potential time savings (box 10.1).
Reflecting diminished confidence in the short-term outlook, the value of the Korean won fell sharply.
OECD 2012. c. International monetary fund, World Economic Outlook Database. PAYING TAXES 89 The data collected for the paying taxes indicators show a clear trend of increasing changes to tax policies during the crisis. Among the most common changes as measured by the indicators were those cutting the corporate income tax rate
Panel data random effects regression is used to examine how the business environment affects new business creation and self employment in a panel of European cities.
International monetary fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook and International Financial Statistics databases; International labour organization data; Doing Business database Investment Hoffman,
The analysis exploits the panel structure of the data. A first-difference regression is estimated. A number of control variables are used,
World Economic Outlook: Crisis and Recovery. WASHINGTON DC: IMF. Jappelli, Tullio, and Marco Pagano. 2002. Information Sharing, Lending and Defaults:
, such s thintrntionl Montrfund's World Economic Outlook dtbsnd theconomist Intllincunit, wrusd. Region and income group Doinbusinss uss thworld Bnk rionl nd incomroup clssific-tions, vilblt http://dt. worldbnk. or/bout/countr-clssifictions.
and including the customer's service panel or switchboard and installation of the meter base.
In doinso, Doinbusinss os bond thtrditionl dfinition of tx. As dfind for thpurposs of ovrnmnt ntionl ccounts, txs includonlcompulsor, unrquitd pmnts to nrl ov-rnmnt.
Trading across borders Poland made trading across borders easier by implementing a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk. 162 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Portugal Paying taxes Portugal made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing the corporate income tax rate
The future of doing business in the digital age will mainly depend on the pace of digital development and adoption as well as the outlook for the European business climate.
This outlook will be influenced highly by the choices individuals and businesses make about using digital technologies
cooperation between innovative enterprises7 and suppliers of equipment, materials, components or software ranged between 10 and 50,
%whilst the remaining enterprises relied solely on internal resources (see Figure 9). Figure 9 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, materials, components or software(%of total innovative enterprises) Source:
As a result, entrepreneurship became‘hot'in Sweden with digital icons such as Niklas Zennström (Skype)
The future of doing business in the digital age will mainly depend on the outlook of both digital progress and the European business climate.
This outlook will be influenced highly both by the choices individuals and businesses make on using digital technologies
%0. 4%0. 4%0. 6%0. 4%1. 0%Software 1. 6%1. 5%0. 8%1. 5%0
Swedish Companieson Design. 23www. svid. se/en/The-benefit-of-design/Analysis-Companies-that-invest-indesign-are-more-profitable/Quote byteknikföretagen's chiefeconomist Anders Rune,
Software, Medical, Natural resources, Engineering; Exporting; and Illustrate a Clear use of Design in Company SMES. 37anord CONTROL SYSTEMS LTDPOWER Infrastructurecirdan IMAGING LTDMEDICAL Devices/Informaticsforest PRODUCE LTDFORESTRY Design is seen as the‘critical factor'that has got us to where we are.
without the toxic fumes users of other 3d printers were exposed To further innovation challenges including enhancing the working system including software, mechanical, electrical, electronics and industrial design.
in novel medical devices and medical informatics software. The company started in 2010 and now employs 20 people,
electrical, electronic and software design work to meet demanding customer performance and usability criteria. Through outsourcing industrial design and manufacturing work Cirdan plays an important role in growing employment and high value industrial skills in Ireland.
the programme involved five SMES across a range of sectors software, manufacturing and services based in the northwest of Ireland.
and software applications to communicate, to exchange data accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been exchanged (39).
In the area of implementation, standards can act as the middle ground where coordination between different software systems is needed.
One of the key challenges in the implementation of technical standards for health is the fragmentation of the health software market.
whose impact continues to growï. 2. 3 Stakeholders A wide range of stakeholders will benefit from having ehealth interoperability standards in place including healthcare professionals, service planners, healthcare organisations, healthcare software suppliers, implementers
often by a single vendor with a large market share (for example, the Windows Operating system). Open standards, on the other hand,
. org) Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, DICOM (http://medical. nema. org/),the de facto standard for electronic medical imaging Openehr, an open source activity supporting the development of standards
and ensure that there can be mutual understanding between software systems. 3. 2. 1 Messaging Standards One of the limitations of certain messaging standards is that they conflate process (services) and content (documents),
which are already available in software products are selected for use. It is also important for Ireland to participate in leading SDOS,
CEN TR 13694 Safety and Security Related Software Quality Standards for Healthcare Terminology and Ontology Standards Standards for health sector specific vocabulary to describe concepts and their interrelationships.
By contributing content, making information available or developing software, individuals play an active part in the digital world.
in the area of electronic trading platforms and modern payment systems, for example, while maintaining consumer and data protection. 4. Reconfiguring the workplace in the digital world The progressive digital transformation is creating new areas of activity and job opportunities.
we are eliminating practical obstacles to Open source Software (OSS) to promote equality of opportunity. 3. Ensuring secure government communication We will maintain
Increasingly, these same citizens are not just users but also creators of media content and data or developers of software.
unless they can be sure that the hardware and software used guarantees the confidentiality of their trade secrets and the integrity and availability of their IT systems.
and software products and services that users can deploy to increase their online security. zzwe are providing secure infrastructures
and to gain technical mastery of hardware and software components. VI. SICHERHEIT, SCHUTZ UND VERTRAUEN FÜR GESELLSCHAFT UND WIRTSCHAFT 33 zzto do this,
including geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas is one of the main challenges for the sector.
and is centred on the production and use of software. BPO is a diverse category that contains activities related to the management of enterprise resources (ERM), human resources (HRM),
Many young computer programmers are finding jobs working directly for software development firms. In addition there are opportunities for developers with entrepreneurial ambitions to start their own appsbased businesses.
This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities.
The number of apps for Android has risen at roughly the same pace. Games are considered still to be the most lucrative apps.
Media and software companies that engage in app development for consumer use under their own name.
97 there is a rapidly growing need for people with the technical skills who can develop accessible software, websites,
In Egypt, for example, the Ministry of Communications and Information technology has held a contest to promote the development of accessibility mobile phone apps and other software applications, with the most recent 97 In the United states, for example,
writing software or developing and manufacturing environmentally efficient semiconductors and other products for instance. Other green jobs will be related to greening the economy,
and software components. 116 Basic computer skills include (sample): turning a computer on and off; using a mouse and keyboard;
understanding operating system, programmes, and data; managing files. Intermediate computer skills (sample: performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation;
using email and web browser; installing software and hardware. Advanced computer skills (sample: programming; using advanced features of productivity programmes;
fixing simple computer problems. Computer literacy at the intermediate level is becoming required for almost every job.
and receiving feedback Skills examples Is able to use the collaborative features of software packages and web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on a document or resource, tags, contribution to wikis, etc.)
privacy controls) Search engine basics (e g. keyword search, filtering) CSS basics (e g. fonts, positioning) Collaboration (e g. co-creation, wikis) Security basics (e g.
hackable games) Infrastructure (e g. hosting, domains) Open practices (e g. open standards, open source) Legalese on the web (e g. privacy policies, terms of service agreements) Source:
blogging, social media management basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management: picking the right management information system (MIS) ability to assess rapidly changing technology tools integrating technology tools into business operations software updates data security
and management 6. 2 Mentoring and networking ICT entrepreneurs identify their greatest needs as start-up capital and opportunities to network with business people and other technology entrepreneurs.
mentorship is perceived as the fundamental component needed to close the developer-entrepreneur gap. 135 Search engine Optimization (SEO) involves the implementation of techniques
and tactics used to increase the amount of visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results pages of internet search engines such as Google,
Firefox, Yahoo and other search engines. SEO helps to ensure that a site is accessible to a search engine
and improves the chances that the site will be found by the search engine. 136 Jonathan Kalan, Why Jordan Looks More Like Kenya than Silicon valley,(wamda. com, November 21, 2012), www. wamda. com/2012/11/why-jordan
-looks-more-like-kenya-than-silicon-valley. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers free online guidance to entrepreneurs
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the major software companies, many in conjunction
and Skype in the classroom, a free global community for teachers to connect their students with others around the world.
Kelvin also participated at the Meet the Young Makers panel at 2012 Maker Faire in New york,
As a model, collaborative learning undergirds many significant ICT initiatives such as the open source model. In the education sector, students enrolled in MOOCS are found to collaborate through social media and Meetups161 from their own locales across the world.
is a global programme that has granted over 6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects.
Students are paired with a mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the opportunity for employment.
As a recent OECD report on the Outlook of Science, Technology and Industry points out,
lack of software and technical support; absence of reliable electrical supply; inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not for learning other subjects;
it should be noted that new national 177 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012 (OECD Publishing, 2012), 486,
/180 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012; infodev, Information and Communication Technology for Education in India and South Asia,"(Infodev. org, June 4, 2010), www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 876. html. 181
OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012: 486; and Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education:
OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.185 Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education: the Power of ICT Policies;
young people from the open source movement, university researchers, the private sector, international donor agencies and national governments.
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017,(Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012), www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlook-singaporean-k-12-education-2012-2017.194 Openmrs
, http://openmrs. org/.195 Jembi Health Sysetms, www. jembi. org/programs/./Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017.197 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
Jobs. 198 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.199 Cisco, QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships
/203 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 Foster innovation through contests and competitions.
"Global Employment Outlook September 2012: Bleak Labour market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012.
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012. www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlooksingaporean-k-12-education-2012-2017.
OECD. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, 2012: 466. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/sti outlook-2012-en.
Apps Software application developed for a digital device. The term is associated often with the applications that run on mobile phones.
Coding Writing instructions for a computer program. Connectivism A network-based pedagogy that informs the work of MOOCS, OCW and other open access initiatives.
and produce software projects, apps, and other solutions. Hacker/maker space Community-operated workspace where people with common interests meet
These resources are for internet platforms that are digital open source and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering
CAPS uses collective intelligence and contributes to develop an open source and decentralized infrastructure for connecting citizens and the internet in a decentralized open architecture.
a centralized social network, take Google docs, a centralized group and document management system, take Youtube, a centralized media hosting facility.
and soon their results will be assessed by individual panels of individual experts (annual reviews). There will also be an impact assessment in January 2014,
All of the most innovative ideas, from Skype to Wikipedia, from online cartography to app stores, had a very quick, viral spreading.
323988. http://booksprints-for-ict-research. eufloss Manuals Foundationfloss Manuals creates free documentation about free software.
The first example of such reflections has been Free and Open source Software which has been investigated from many theoretical viewpoints,
e g. software development capabilities, social innovation concepts, etc. The ability to reach out to highly skilled people who can contribute freely,
It is available under the MIT license in 32-bit and 64-bit versions for Windows, GNU/Linux-based OSES,
and MAC OS X. 4. Book Sprint http://booksprints-for-ict-research. eu Book Sprint is a collaborative process that brings together a small group of people to develop
Crabgrass https://we. riseup. net Crabgrass is a software libre web application designed for group
Liquid Feedback http://liquidfeedback. org Liquidfeedback is an open-source software, powering internet platforms for proposition development and decision making. 27.
/locale=en Loomio is free and open-source software for anyone, anywhere, to participate in decisions. 28.
Pump. io http://pump. io Social server with an Activitystreams API. 43 38. Pybossa http://pybossa. com Pybossa is a free, 100%open-source framework for crowdsourcing.
and runs, the Slashdot-Like Automated Storytelling Homepage software. 43. Status. Net http://status. net Free and open-source social software. 44.
Succeed Together http://www. succeedtogether. eu/en A company that is creating a semantic engine which allows groups of 500 to 3000 people to answer questions qualitatively,
Twister http://twister. net. co Twister is decentralised a fully P2p microblogging platform leveraging from the free software implementations of Bitcoin and Bittorrent protocols. 47.
Ushahidi http://ushahidi. com Nonprofit tech company that specialises in developing free and open-source software for information collection, visualisation and interactive mapping. 48.
wiki=Accueil Yeswiki is made a software application for creating and managing your website, in a collaborative way.
Yeswiki is written Free Software in PHP language under the GPL licence, used for creating and managing an internet or intranet website. 54.
This important achievement was made possible by engaging European citizens in a sign-in campaign centralised on the initiative web. 69 Outlook for the Futurethe CAPS projects introduced in this book are the first projects to be funded under the CAPS programme
Currie, M.,Kelty, C. & Murillo, L. F. R (2013)' Free Software trajectories: From Organized Publics to Formal Social Enterprises?'.
The Cultural Significance of Free Software. Duke university Press. Kirk, D.,Douglas, A.,Brennan, C. & Ingram, A. 2002)' Combining Cognitive Maps and Soft Systems Methodology to Analyse Qualitative Data'.
On the level of platforms for client operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over different underlying platforms,
Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps
developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
Goteo is managed by the nonprofit Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return,
such as the open source DIY shoest kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona,
Lowcost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC computer numeric control machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup,
and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collaborative making.
People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,
such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries.
A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle. The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting potential in combining innovative technology trends to generate unexpected services.
free CAD/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products,
a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises. 28 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe MAKERS MOVEMENT Maker Fairs are interesting expressions of this new form of networking events
create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending project has a strong focus on government finance,
and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen movements and governments.
contributing to the W3c Federated Social Web Working group. 32 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global
a nonprofit tech company that specialises in developing free and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information.
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos which make it easy to run your own secure cloud
open source and open access Communia PUBLIC DOMAIN The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in
and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available
which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.
largely because of its creators'decision to make the board's design‘open source, 'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social
the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...
and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.
CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT AND FEEDBACK 6. Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable.
Software packages that are patented can be expensive, and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish. 7. Gender Equality in DSI Promote gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT in DSI by tackling things such as criteria for funding
and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.
(i e. free and open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers,
In effect, open source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels. Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched
(and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special attention was paid to open source procurement.
In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled.
Participating in open procurement calls should be made easy. Public procurement of innovative solutions Commissioning tools could also be set up to see
if the deployment of the DSI strategy across Europe is meeting the needs of their target beneficiaries (entrepreneurs, business, developers, citizens and other communities).
and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48 Public sector information should be made available under an open knowledge license
It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.
as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,
using analytics software to test demand. Financial Value: There has to be a market for the venture to be sustainable
cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/publicprocurement/modernising rules/reform proposals/index en. htm 34 http://www. nycedc. com/service programs-entrepreneurs 35 http://www
-sector-to-support-socialentrepreneurship/38 http://www. oecd. org/sti/outlook/e-outlook/stipolicyprofiles/competencestoinnovate/taxincentivesforrdandinnovation htm) 39 http://
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