The future of doing business in the digital age will mainly depend on the pace of digital development and adoption as well as the outlook for the European business climate.
This outlook will be influenced highly by the choices individuals and businesses make about using digital technologies
cooperation between innovative enterprises7 and suppliers of equipment, materials, components or software ranged between 10 and 50,
%whilst the remaining enterprises relied solely on internal resources (see Figure 9). Figure 9 Enterprises cooperating with suppliers of equipment, materials, components or software(%of total innovative enterprises) Source:
As a result, entrepreneurship became‘hot'in Sweden with digital icons such as Niklas Zennström (Skype)
The future of doing business in the digital age will mainly depend on the outlook of both digital progress and the European business climate.
This outlook will be influenced highly both by the choices individuals and businesses make on using digital technologies
%0. 4%0. 4%0. 6%0. 4%1. 0%Software 1. 6%1. 5%0. 8%1. 5%0
Swedish Companieson Design. 23www. svid. se/en/The-benefit-of-design/Analysis-Companies-that-invest-indesign-are-more-profitable/Quote byteknikföretagen's chiefeconomist Anders Rune,
Software, Medical, Natural resources, Engineering; Exporting; and Illustrate a Clear use of Design in Company SMES. 37anord CONTROL SYSTEMS LTDPOWER Infrastructurecirdan IMAGING LTDMEDICAL Devices/Informaticsforest PRODUCE LTDFORESTRY Design is seen as the‘critical factor'that has got us to where we are.
without the toxic fumes users of other 3d printers were exposed To further innovation challenges including enhancing the working system including software, mechanical, electrical, electronics and industrial design.
in novel medical devices and medical informatics software. The company started in 2010 and now employs 20 people,
electrical, electronic and software design work to meet demanding customer performance and usability criteria. Through outsourcing industrial design and manufacturing work Cirdan plays an important role in growing employment and high value industrial skills in Ireland.
the programme involved five SMES across a range of sectors software, manufacturing and services based in the northwest of Ireland.
and software applications to communicate, to exchange data accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been exchanged (39).
In the area of implementation, standards can act as the middle ground where coordination between different software systems is needed.
One of the key challenges in the implementation of technical standards for health is the fragmentation of the health software market.
whose impact continues to growï. 2. 3 Stakeholders A wide range of stakeholders will benefit from having ehealth interoperability standards in place including healthcare professionals, service planners, healthcare organisations, healthcare software suppliers, implementers
often by a single vendor with a large market share (for example, the Windows Operating system). Open standards, on the other hand,
and ensure that there can be mutual understanding between software systems. 3. 2. 1 Messaging Standards One of the limitations of certain messaging standards is that they conflate process (services) and content (documents),
which are already available in software products are selected for use. It is also important for Ireland to participate in leading SDOS,
CEN TR 13694 Safety and Security Related Software Quality Standards for Healthcare Terminology and Ontology Standards Standards for health sector specific vocabulary to describe concepts and their interrelationships.
By contributing content, making information available or developing software, individuals play an active part in the digital world.
in the area of electronic trading platforms and modern payment systems, for example, while maintaining consumer and data protection. 4. Reconfiguring the workplace in the digital world The progressive digital transformation is creating new areas of activity and job opportunities.
we are eliminating practical obstacles to Open source Software (OSS) to promote equality of opportunity. 3. Ensuring secure government communication We will maintain
Increasingly, these same citizens are not just users but also creators of media content and data or developers of software.
unless they can be sure that the hardware and software used guarantees the confidentiality of their trade secrets and the integrity and availability of their IT systems.
and software products and services that users can deploy to increase their online security. zzwe are providing secure infrastructures
and to gain technical mastery of hardware and software components. VI. SICHERHEIT, SCHUTZ UND VERTRAUEN FÜR GESELLSCHAFT UND WIRTSCHAFT 33 zzto do this,
including geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas is one of the main challenges for the sector.
and is centred on the production and use of software. BPO is a diverse category that contains activities related to the management of enterprise resources (ERM), human resources (HRM),
Many young computer programmers are finding jobs working directly for software development firms. In addition there are opportunities for developers with entrepreneurial ambitions to start their own appsbased businesses.
This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities.
The number of apps for Android has risen at roughly the same pace. Games are considered still to be the most lucrative apps.
Media and software companies that engage in app development for consumer use under their own name.
97 there is a rapidly growing need for people with the technical skills who can develop accessible software, websites,
In Egypt, for example, the Ministry of Communications and Information technology has held a contest to promote the development of accessibility mobile phone apps and other software applications, with the most recent 97 In the United states, for example,
writing software or developing and manufacturing environmentally efficient semiconductors and other products for instance. Other green jobs will be related to greening the economy,
and software components. 116 Basic computer skills include (sample): turning a computer on and off; using a mouse and keyboard;
understanding operating system, programmes, and data; managing files. Intermediate computer skills (sample: performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation;
using email and web browser; installing software and hardware. Advanced computer skills (sample: programming; using advanced features of productivity programmes;
fixing simple computer problems. Computer literacy at the intermediate level is becoming required for almost every job.
and receiving feedback Skills examples Is able to use the collaborative features of software packages and web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on a document or resource, tags, contribution to wikis, etc.)
privacy controls) Search engine basics (e g. keyword search, filtering) CSS basics (e g. fonts, positioning) Collaboration (e g. co-creation, wikis) Security basics (e g.
blogging, social media management basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management: picking the right management information system (MIS) ability to assess rapidly changing technology tools integrating technology tools into business operations software updates data security
and management 6. 2 Mentoring and networking ICT entrepreneurs identify their greatest needs as start-up capital and opportunities to network with business people and other technology entrepreneurs.
mentorship is perceived as the fundamental component needed to close the developer-entrepreneur gap. 135 Search engine Optimization (SEO) involves the implementation of techniques
and tactics used to increase the amount of visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results pages of internet search engines such as Google,
Firefox, Yahoo and other search engines. SEO helps to ensure that a site is accessible to a search engine
and improves the chances that the site will be found by the search engine. 136 Jonathan Kalan, Why Jordan Looks More Like Kenya than Silicon valley,(wamda. com, November 21, 2012), www. wamda. com/2012/11/why-jordan
-looks-more-like-kenya-than-silicon-valley. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers free online guidance to entrepreneurs
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the major software companies, many in conjunction
and Skype in the classroom, a free global community for teachers to connect their students with others around the world.
Kelvin also participated at the Meet the Young Makers panel at 2012 Maker Faire in New york,
is a global programme that has granted over 6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects.
Students are paired with a mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the opportunity for employment.
As a recent OECD report on the Outlook of Science, Technology and Industry points out,
lack of software and technical support; absence of reliable electrical supply; inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not for learning other subjects;
it should be noted that new national 177 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012 (OECD Publishing, 2012), 486,
/180 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012; infodev, Information and Communication Technology for Education in India and South Asia,"(Infodev. org, June 4, 2010), www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 876. html. 181
OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012: 486; and Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education:
OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.185 Kozma and Isaacs, Transforming Education: the Power of ICT Policies;
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017,(Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012), www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlook-singaporean-k-12-education-2012-2017.194 Openmrs
, http://openmrs. org/.195 Jembi Health Sysetms, www. jembi. org/programs/./Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017.197 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
Jobs. 198 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.199 Cisco, QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships
/203 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 Foster innovation through contests and competitions.
"Global Employment Outlook September 2012: Bleak Labour market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012.
Technology Outlook for Singaporean K-12 Education 2012-2017. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012. www. comminit. com/ict-4-development/content/technology-outlooksingaporean-k-12-education-2012-2017.
OECD. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing, 2012: 466. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/sti outlook-2012-en.
Apps Software application developed for a digital device. The term is associated often with the applications that run on mobile phones.
Coding Writing instructions for a computer program. Connectivism A network-based pedagogy that informs the work of MOOCS, OCW and other open access initiatives.
and produce software projects, apps, and other solutions. Hacker/maker space Community-operated workspace where people with common interests meet
a centralized social network, take Google docs, a centralized group and document management system, take Youtube, a centralized media hosting facility.
and soon their results will be assessed by individual panels of individual experts (annual reviews). There will also be an impact assessment in January 2014,
All of the most innovative ideas, from Skype to Wikipedia, from online cartography to app stores, had a very quick, viral spreading.
323988. http://booksprints-for-ict-research. eufloss Manuals Foundationfloss Manuals creates free documentation about free software.
The first example of such reflections has been Free and Open source Software which has been investigated from many theoretical viewpoints,
e g. software development capabilities, social innovation concepts, etc. The ability to reach out to highly skilled people who can contribute freely,
It is available under the MIT license in 32-bit and 64-bit versions for Windows, GNU/Linux-based OSES,
and MAC OS X. 4. Book Sprint http://booksprints-for-ict-research. eu Book Sprint is a collaborative process that brings together a small group of people to develop
Crabgrass https://we. riseup. net Crabgrass is a software libre web application designed for group
Liquid Feedback http://liquidfeedback. org Liquidfeedback is an open-source software, powering internet platforms for proposition development and decision making. 27.
/locale=en Loomio is free and open-source software for anyone, anywhere, to participate in decisions. 28.
and runs, the Slashdot-Like Automated Storytelling Homepage software. 43. Status. Net http://status. net Free and open-source social software. 44.
Succeed Together http://www. succeedtogether. eu/en A company that is creating a semantic engine which allows groups of 500 to 3000 people to answer questions qualitatively,
Twister http://twister. net. co Twister is decentralised a fully P2p microblogging platform leveraging from the free software implementations of Bitcoin and Bittorrent protocols. 47.
Ushahidi http://ushahidi. com Nonprofit tech company that specialises in developing free and open-source software for information collection, visualisation and interactive mapping. 48.
wiki=Accueil Yeswiki is made a software application for creating and managing your website, in a collaborative way.
Yeswiki is written Free Software in PHP language under the GPL licence, used for creating and managing an internet or intranet website. 54.
This important achievement was made possible by engaging European citizens in a sign-in campaign centralised on the initiative web. 69 Outlook for the Futurethe CAPS projects introduced in this book are the first projects to be funded under the CAPS programme
Currie, M.,Kelty, C. & Murillo, L. F. R (2013)' Free Software trajectories: From Organized Publics to Formal Social Enterprises?'.
The Cultural Significance of Free Software. Duke university Press. Kirk, D.,Douglas, A.,Brennan, C. & Ingram, A. 2002)' Combining Cognitive Maps and Soft Systems Methodology to Analyse Qualitative Data'.
On the level of platforms for client operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over different underlying platforms,
Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps
developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
Lowcost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC computer numeric control machines), free CAD/CAM software, like Blender, 123d or Sketchup,
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
free CAD/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products,
create visualisations using the Openspending software and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending project has a strong focus on government finance,
a nonprofit tech company that specialises in developing free and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information.
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
which can be programmed with open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.
TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...
CITIZENS ENGAGEMENT AND FEEDBACK 6. Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and defending Network Neutrality will keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable.
Software packages that are patented can be expensive, and less accessible to potential individual innovators. Also the Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish. 7. Gender Equality in DSI Promote gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT in DSI by tackling things such as criteria for funding
and software with experiments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions.
(i e. free and open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers,
In effect, open source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels. Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched
and all public-funded software should use open standards. For a definition of open standards, see Openstand Principles48 Public sector information should be made available under an open knowledge license
as is done today by Fablabs with the Fabacademy, by Hacklabs and Makerspaces with free software and open hardware training,
using analytics software to test demand. Financial Value: There has to be a market for the venture to be sustainable
cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/publicprocurement/modernising rules/reform proposals/index en. htm 34 http://www. nycedc. com/service programs-entrepreneurs 35 http://www
-sector-to-support-socialentrepreneurship/38 http://www. oecd. org/sti/outlook/e-outlook/stipolicyprofiles/competencestoinnovate/taxincentivesforrdandinnovation htm) 39 http://
In the Social Innovation Camp, an inter disciplinary group brings together software designers and experts in social issues.
and for selection panels that are independent of the political process and allow selection to be transparent.
plenary panels, short flash sessions, and a new format called‘Vox pops'in which citizens contribute their ideas on culture
of which three were awarded a prize of EUR 20 000 at an award ceremony held in Brussels on 29 may 2013183.182 Diogo Vasconcelos chaired a Business Panel on Future EU innovation policy in January 2009
when typing‘social innovation'into search engines. It hosts a community of practitioners with about 5000 registered members
yy proposing new promising models of participatory innovation based on open software and open hardware; yy achieving a better understanding of the techno-social issues related to key aspects of the networked society,
The CAPS participants share data and collaborate to reach collective sustainability goals on open source platforms (open in terms of software but also hardware,
the‘European Citizens'Panel‘New democratic toolbox for new Institutions'197 tested the participatory methods of organising panels on a large scale, with randomly chosen citizens,
Four national citizens'panels were held in Germany Bulgaria, Hungary and Latvia, as well as a European event bringing citizens, experts and decision-makers into dialogue with each other.
The national panels enabled citizens to discuss the use of participatory democracy methods on a European scale.
I C i e S 123 Following the national citizens'panels and the civil society fora, a set of European recommendations was drawn up
and then submitted for approval by the citizens who took part in the national panels before being discussed by an international expert panel at an international conference.
They use participatory leadership practices as their operating system and have succeeded in formulating solid recommendations for the improvement of one of the institution's core processes,
For example, bringing together diagnostic computer programmes, call centres and nurses to provide new kinds of healthcare; bringing together the very old idea of‘circles of support'brought within the criminal justice system;
including software, gaming and music. Other landmark projects that gave people a licence to be creative in other fields include:
and the ideas being developed by Mydex that adapt vendor relationship-management software tools to put citizens in control of the personal data held by big firms and public agencies.
and Industry (now DBIS) and the Food Standards Agency. 68) Citizen's panels are similar to citizen juries
but is used increasingly to refer to services as well. 82) Fast prototyping emerged first in the software field,
and trains suppliers in the use of the software of the bidding process. The auction takes from two hours to a few days
Image courtesy of The Climate Project. 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 97 Prize in conjunction with the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for‘their efforts to build up
and open-source software such as the Linux operating system, the Mozilla Firefox browser, and the Apache web server.
maintain, and improve the software. Peer-to-peer platforms can be characterised by decentralisation, self-selected participation,
volunteering and, in some cases, social uses of marginal business assets, such as Salesforce's provision of software to nonprofit organisations,
of alternative models for running schools in India. 455) Social uses of commercial technology such as IBM's use of translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs,
One is new forms of mutual action between individuals whether in the form of open-source software,
Paris. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 197 providing others, selling information on users and so on. 1 In the field of opensource software,
99 Group Health 21 Hackney's Online Citizen Panel 43 Hammarby Sjöstad 112 Harvard university Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation 162 Hattie
200 Liftshare 198 Limited liability Partnerships (LLPS) 65 Linux 139 Live Work 31 London Climate Change Agency 158 Mapping 17-19
(which combined the telephone, nurses, and diagnostic software); magazines sold by homeless people; the linkage of gay rights to marriage;
software, cars, and retailing. Yet in most social fields, monopolistic governments sit alongside small units that are usually too small to innovate radically (schools, doctors surgeries, police stations),
1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs, including Fab labs, Living Labs, Hackerspaces and Makerspaces (4) the open
1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs,(4) the open data and open knowledge community,(5) smart citizens,
The DSI team took part in panel session and presented project ambitions with the aim to engage the ICT community in the research.
The open hardware and free software communities The open source community is a broad-reaching community of individuals who share an open source philosophy/culture,
Although in the beginning of the movement, a difference between hardware and software did not exist, nowadays,
we distinguish between the open source software community and the open source hardware community. The individuals who participate in the former support the use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use
or modify as its source code is made available. The open source software community is formed by programmers who support the open source philosophy
and that contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development.
There are several examples of software that have been developed under an open source philosophy. Some of them are Mozilla, Apache, Openoffice. org, or PHP.
The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible artefacts: machines, devices,
or other physical things) and make it publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make,
This is the case for Arduino, an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software,
Communities Focal actors Enablers Governance Failures Open source hardware and software Open source activists Firms supporting open source activists Communities Open source platforms Peer governance
analysis of the innovation ecosystem The open source hardware and software communities Within this wider community,
the open source software community and the open source hardware community. In both cases, the focal actors are the activists:
either they support the use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use
or modify as its source code is made available (open source software activists) or they support the open source philosophy
and exchanging programming code for software development (the open source hardware activists). Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers within the open source community.
Among some of its guiding ideas, the P2p Foundation supports the principles developed by the free software movement, in particular the General Public License,
The best example of them is Github44 a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use Git, an open source version control.
although the author particularly refers to open source software communities. The shared ownership of open source projects allows anyone to fork a project at any time.
Often, this authority is a natural consequence of the leader being the founder of the project, such as Linus Torvalds for Linux or Jimmy wales for Wikipedia.
or an open source software community but in order to be engaged actively, good technological skills are needed. That is why many texts and documents refer to individual open source activists as programmers committed to the open source philosophy.
like Linux, invest one developer (or a subgroup of developers) with the authority to accept
tech (software/Internet), biotech, clean tech, natural foods, and lifestyles of health and sustainability. Feld (2012) states that these clusters can be considered as networks for their members do not lend themselves to a command and control system.
with 80%of paid Android apps being downloaded fewer than 100 times. In addition, they noted that even successful apps, such as Mycityway81
Communities Instruments Motivations Incentives Open source hardware and software Government contracts and procurement Creating fast growing platforms (companies) Reducing costs (companies) Capturing value (companies) Reputation
Micro level analysis of the innovation ecosystem The open source hardware and software communities In terms of instruments, usually, open source products are free.
For example, open source software and its supporting code are generally free of cost to download, use and modify.
While R offers no cost access to its software and source code Revolution R Enterprise92, a proprietary spin-off, markets a faster version of R. The company can process very large data sets and offers, for a fee, training, consulting,
turning to open source. This has clearly been the case regarding open source software. In January 2011
the Australian Government released an open source software policy and guidance documentation for Australian government agencies to inform their use, modification and development of open source software.
In April 2012, the United kingdom released the second version of the document Open source software options for government.
In December 2013, the Italian government issued final rules implementing a change to procurement law that now requires all public administrations in the country to first consider reused
or free software before committing to proprietary licenses. Open source hardware is not that popular among governments although there a few interesting examples.
open hardware and software packages for citizen-led environmental data collection supported by a small data platform for analysis and advocacy.
Intrinsic motivations include open source politics (working on open source to limit the power of large companies, particularly software companies,
and because individuals think software and hardware should not be proprietary goods), community identification (for open source development communities are not communities only in a technical sense of the word but also in terms of identity:
Avenali et al (2010), in their study on open software and hardware innovation platforms, point to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit),
In the field of software, public services, organisations and territorial administrations collectively represent a major software user with great impact on the software market:
when an agency adopts open software, it also forces its contractors to adopt the government's platform of choice
The speakers, all leading DSI practitioners highlighted how digital social innovation is enabled often by open data, free software,
and banning software patents Banning software patents and continue to campaign for the internet to remain a neutral space.
Software packages that are patented can be expensive making them less accessible and not affordable to potential individual innovators.
European SMES, developers and social innovators are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, open data and analytics faster,
or Android) as a kind of regulated monopoly able to ensure some basic services at European level,
cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
when developers take a copy of source code from one software package and start independent development on it, creating a distinct piece of software (Wikipedia) 47. http://www. barcelonastartupfestival. com/48. http://startupfestival. com/home/)67 49. http
://inspiration. entrepreneur. com/50. http://www. startupnation. com/51. http://steveblank. com/52. http://joel. is/),53. http://ryancarson. com/)54
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011