however, the automotive industry shows a very attractive outlook 3 Sources: Reuters, FT, IHS Global Insight Growth driven mainly by developing regions
and maintained including having the latest driving software Help car owners earn extra money by renting their unused cars out to strangers Capture new
by leveraging an evolutionary and open knowledge approach we have been able to engage diverse communities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software development,
and its frequent forays into very theoretical research as well as very applied and action-oriented research (Lewin, 946) through direct engagement with the software industry and socioeconomic stakeholders,
the technical infrastructure, based on a P2p distributed software technology that transports, finds, and connects services
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies, folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual frameworks, laws.
Also, in the case of Digital Business Ecosystem, an isomorphic model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
business models, training modules, skill descriptions, digital contracts, software services, ontologies, dynamic semantic networks and taxonomies, folksonomies, tag clouds...
and ideas in order to understand how we could succeed in developing practical software technologies that reflect the social and economic relationships between people and economic actors,
It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter's (942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.
combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models
An open source ecosystem-oriented architecture provides, indeed, a distributed middleware that acts as a new ICT commons,
and processed (by computer software and/or humans); potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the relationships between them (EC 2005a.
and the software services where there is a greater probability of their use. From the organisational perspective these principles imply the need for balanced
In other words, having embraced a holistic approach that highlights the dependence of the business models and interactions and of their formalisation into software services on their socioeconomic and cultural context,
Technology here is meant in a wider sense that encompasses the distributed infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies,
and all the software development, requirements capture, and business modelling tools up to the boundary with natural language.
automating the generation of the software to interface to the underlying mediating technology through appropriate transformations.
'programmers will want to work on software projects that will attract a large number of other programmers. Lerner, 2006) 26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production,
which is certainly important for social scientists but less relevant to this discussion. 27) The acronym FLOSS stands For free/Libre/Open-source Software 28) An‘epistemic community'is a network of knowledge-based experts or groups with an authoritative claim to policy
-relevant knowledge within the domain of their expertise. Members hold a common set of causal beliefs and share notions of validity based on internally defined criteria for evaluation, common policy projects
and process view of a Digital Ecosystem that is compatible with the latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes,
and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software, one uncoupled to any complementary commercial activity,
the apparent willingness of profit-seeking producers of complementary goods and services to source software (Dalle 2005). 22 also express a process.
or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm, Yale Law Journal, Vol 2, pp 369-446.30) REDEN:
Regional Digital Ecosystem Network, http://reden. opaals. org Process Digital Ecosystems Structure Function Evolution Self-organisation Design Software Technology Model Community
Open source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goods, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer. ist. psu. edu/bessen02open. html, last accessed/7/07.
Advancing Economic Research on the Free and Open-source Software Mode of Production, in How Open is the Future?
Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networks, Cornell University. http://www. shaydavid. info/indexpapers. html, last accessed/7/07.
Epistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Development, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark.
Extremadura and the Revolution of Free Software, in How Open is the Future? M Wynants and J Cornelis Eds.
and Tor that are using bottom up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software,
and open source software. Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Europe,
contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens.
Low-cost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open source designs are now giving innovators
DIY culture, open source software and open data. Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit,
and Tor are using bottom-up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software,
and the organisation behind Github, the collaborative service for open software writers. Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
semi-open spaces with clusters of tables and Internet connections for groups and individuals to collaborate and socialise in projects, workshops, hands-on talks, panels.
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device.
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes. This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres with little privacy and security.
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
and in fact, private institutions have near-monopolies over social networks and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data
which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.
The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the micro controller.
The arrival of Arduino is said to mark the move from open-source software to open-source hardware.
Various educational and innovative projects and products have been built on the back of Arduino's hard and software.
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g. Flash, Processing, Maxmsp. 59 The boards can be built by hand
and the software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL
'Arduino has in many senses heralded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware.
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and manufactured by anyone;
Open source Software Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL
and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are under the LGPL. 61 Avaaz At a glance:
where the city uses the platform to source ideas from citizens to be debated in the city council on a monthly basis. Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source
Open Active Democracy is the software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github
As a nonprofit organisation, donated funds ensure continual development and maintenance of the Your Priority software.
The user interface has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily.
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on IP and closed development silos Open Data,
as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in standardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free applications that scale Open API's,
that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to publish (real-time) datasets use those in applications Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these,
standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification) and Open 311, and languages like JSON and RDF API's written in Ruby and Sinatra.
video conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications. Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
While collaborative coding tools such as Github have challenged somewhat the often asocial aspect of software coding,
such as Linux (Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three devices:
The project has also set up http://opendata. confine-project. eu/using the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software.
The overarching aim of the Everyaware platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform
and Android app that helps people to understand the soundscape around and to help live a healthier life.
and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value of these,
This open approach extends to plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this. 114 How is funded the organisation?
https://github. com/Organisation Name Github Short description Github, a San francisco-based company, was started in 2008 as a way for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new
to build better software together. Source code management was historically a particularly asocial (and sometimes antisocial) practice.
the creator of Linux. Over time, Github's mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to something more.
in the majority of cases the projects people use Github to collaborate around are code for websites and software solutions.
Homebrew a platform used by developers to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS was the most heavily trafficked project on Github in 2012.
programmers or companies can use the collaborative platform for free as a place to build open-source software,
Github uses Git, a multi-platform version control application created for use by developers of the Linux kernel,
Though developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository,
and Lilypond music notation software files) can take advantage of Git's version tracking and merging features.
As the system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management,
and will result in better quality software. Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) a fundamental tool for programmers, that stores,
and merge software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By making its coding repository far more transparent,
or register for barely usable software before they too can get involved, etc. What were the main barriers to innovate?
(i e. a series of tests designed to test a software program has specified a set of behavior),
and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how campaigns launched on the platform should use
and open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo Móvil project campaign is built,
http://liquidfeedback. org/Organisation Name Liquid Feedback Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects of representative and direct democracy enabling participants in the platform to both vote directly on issues
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany.
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany's Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
However the developers are fully independent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organisation to download and use. 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that addresses the gap between representative democracies where people elect representatives to represent
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback software freely available to organisations interested in using the platform to create a more deliberative process around shaping
it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new feature.
Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital natives.
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisations around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety builds.
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below. Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to help people run websites for reporting common street problems
like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries around the world, from Norway to New zealand to Georgia to Italy-where versions based on the original UK Fixmystreet website have been built.
& Freedom of Information software',designed for easy reuse in any country or jurisdiction. Citizens can use Alaveteli to request information from governments,
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It's free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
One of the benefits of mysociety being a digital NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession.
As part of this they began to solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting. In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law,
while developing‘a reputation as a software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can't.'mysociety Ltd.,
Web scraping (web harvesting or web data extraction) is a computer software technique of extracting information from websites.
It would not be possible without a huge number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux.
Opencorporates is built on the Rubyonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux.
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open data community.
One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world's leading free open source data portal platforms.
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills and capacity of governments and civil society organisations,
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to open data sets.
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for example, open data.
A variety of technologies are being used in Open Knowledge Foundation, mostly web and software development related.
in contrast to the centralized client server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.
in contrast to the centralized client server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.
This model of network arrangement differs from the client server model where communication is usually to and from a central server.
When switched on, users are greeted first by a command line code (which in recent years has tended to remain in the background of closed software programmes),
From the circuit schematics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can examine and contribute online.
The Foundation provides a version of Debian Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI 188 by default
with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card. How has technology enable that was not possible before?
and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011.
While the Safecast team along with a wider open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast,
and developing open hardware and software. Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear but pro data.
Safecast relies heavily on working on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger counter, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter have been used to raise funding for developing different versions of the Geiger counter
the Internet and relies on a range of open hard and software tools. Open Hardware:
It has developed software tools designed to stop people including government agencies and corporations learning web users location or tracking their browsing habits.
The software the Tor browser bundle can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technology,
with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, development,
The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use. Enhancing collaboration and engagement:
*Open Knowledge Organisation Name Ushahidi Short description Ushahidi is a nonprofit tech company that specializes in developing free and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information.
The current team (of 22 full-time staff) is comprised of individuals with a wide span of experience ranging from human rights 208 work to software development.
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowdsourcing of information from citizen observers by mobile phones or the Internet.
a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text messages.
(because behind the scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had approached them often talking them through the thought process that led them to design our software in a particular way) the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
and Tor that are using bottom up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software,
and open source software. Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Europe,
contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens.
Low-cost home 3d manufacturing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open source designs are now giving innovators
DIY culture, open source software and open data. Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit,
and Tor are using bottom-up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software,
and the organisation behind Github, the collaborative service for open software writers. Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,
semi-open spaces with clusters of tables and Internet connections for groups and individuals to collaborate and socialise in projects, workshops, hands-on talks, panels.
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device.
Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes. This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres with little privacy and security.
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
and in fact, private institutions have near-monopolies over social networks and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data
which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device such as a light switch and sensor.
The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the micro controller.
The arrival of Arduino is said to mark the move from open-source software to open-source hardware.
Various educational and innovative projects and products have been built on the back of Arduino's hard and software.
or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g. Flash, Processing, Maxmsp. 59 The boards can be built by hand
and the software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under an open-source license,
Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL
'Arduino has in many senses heralded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source hardware.
and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and manufactured by anyone;
Open source Software Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL
and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are under the LGPL. 61 Avaaz At a glance:
where the city uses the platform to source ideas from citizens to be debated in the city council on a monthly basis. Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source
Open Active Democracy is the software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github
As a nonprofit organisation, donated funds ensure continual development and maintenance of the Your Priority software.
The user interface has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily.
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on IP and closed development silos Open Data,
as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in standardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free applications that scale Open API's,
that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to publish (real-time) datasets use those in applications Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies Next to these,
standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification) and Open 311, and languages like JSON and RDF API's written in Ruby and Sinatra.
video conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications. Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
While collaborative coding tools such as Github have challenged somewhat the often asocial aspect of software coding,
such as Linux (Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three devices:
The project has also set up http://opendata. confine-project. eu/using the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software.
The overarching aim of the Everyaware platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform
and Android app that helps people to understand the soundscape around and to help live a healthier life.
and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value of these,
This open approach extends to plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this. 114 How is funded the organisation?
https://github. com/Organisation Name Github Short description Github, a San francisco-based company, was started in 2008 as a way for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new
to build better software together. Source code management was historically a particularly asocial (and sometimes antisocial) practice.
the creator of Linux. Over time, Github's mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to something more.
in the majority of cases the projects people use Github to collaborate around are code for websites and software solutions.
Homebrew a platform used by developers to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS was the most heavily trafficked project on Github in 2012.
programmers or companies can use the collaborative platform for free as a place to build open-source software,
Github uses Git, a multi-platform version control application created for use by developers of the Linux kernel,
Though developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github repository,
and Lilypond music notation software files) can take advantage of Git's version tracking and merging features.
As the system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management,
and will result in better quality software. Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) a fundamental tool for programmers, that stores,
and merge software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,
what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By making its coding repository far more transparent,
or register for barely usable software before they too can get involved, etc. What were the main barriers to innovate?
(i e. a series of tests designed to test a software program has specified a set of behavior),
and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how campaigns launched on the platform should use
and open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo Móvil project campaign is built,
http://liquidfeedback. org/Organisation Name Liquid Feedback Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software
Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the platform combines aspects of representative and direct democracy enabling participants in the platform to both vote directly on issues
Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany.
History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.
The software was used first by Germany's Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,
However the developers are fully independent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license
and free for anyone or any organisation to download and use. 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that addresses the gap between representative democracies where people elect representatives to represent
The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback software freely available to organisations interested in using the platform to create a more deliberative process around shaping
it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new feature.
Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,
Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital natives.
Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisations around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety builds.
Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below. Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to help people run websites for reporting common street problems
like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries around the world, from Norway to New zealand to Georgia to Italy-where versions based on the original UK Fixmystreet website have been built.
& Freedom of Information software',designed for easy reuse in any country or jurisdiction. Citizens can use Alaveteli to request information from governments,
The software created for this purpose is called Pombola. It's free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world.
One of the benefits of mysociety being a digital NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession.
As part of this they began to solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting. In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law,
while developing‘a reputation as a software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can't.'mysociety Ltd.,
Web scraping (web harvesting or web data extraction) is a computer software technique of extracting information from websites.
It would not be possible without a huge number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux.
Opencorporates is built on the Rubyonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux.
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open data community.
One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world's leading free open source data portal platforms.
In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills and capacity of governments and civil society organisations,
The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to open data sets.
Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for example, open data.
A variety of technologies are being used in Open Knowledge Foundation, mostly web and software development related.
in contrast to the centralized client server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.
in contrast to the centralized client server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.
This model of network arrangement differs from the client server model where communication is usually to and from a central server.
When switched on, users are greeted first by a command line code (which in recent years has tended to remain in the background of closed software programmes),
From the circuit schematics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can examine and contribute online.
The Foundation provides a version of Debian Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI 188 by default
with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card. How has technology enable that was not possible before?
and software solutions for citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011.
While the Safecast team along with a wider open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast,
and developing open hardware and software. Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear but pro data.
Safecast relies heavily on working on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger counter, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter have been used to raise funding for developing different versions of the Geiger counter
the Internet and relies on a range of open hard and software tools. Open Hardware:
It has developed software tools designed to stop people including government agencies and corporations learning web users location or tracking their browsing habits.
The software the Tor browser bundle can be downloaded and used to take advantage of that technology,
with a separate version available for Android smartphones. Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, development,
The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use. Enhancing collaboration and engagement:
*Open Knowledge Organisation Name Ushahidi Short description Ushahidi is a nonprofit tech company that specializes in developing free and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information.
The current team (of 22 full-time staff) is comprised of individuals with a wide span of experience ranging from human rights 208 work to software development.
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowdsourcing of information from citizen observers by mobile phones or the Internet.
a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text messages.
(because behind the scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had approached them often talking them through the thought process that led them to design our software in a particular way) the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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