| Desktop publishing (4) |  |
| Electronic trading platform (1) | |
| Erp software (1) | |
| Groupware (8) | |
| Office suites (308) | |
| Skype (96) | |
| Software application (41) | |
| Widget (4) | |
| Desktop publishing (4) | |
| Electronic trading platform (1) | |
| Erp software (1) | |
| Groupware (8) | |
| Office suites (308) | |
| Skype (96) | |
| Software application (41) | |
| Widget (4) | |
or Skype's introduction of consumer VOIP. And, of course, the Internet and the World wide web. What made many of these more compelling is that they represent services as platforms for other services (and thus additional innovation) and
Skype. Also the ability to interpret and use the technical process output metrics may facilitate the mentioned strategic alignment,
One Forum member has Saturday Skype calls of 15 minutes length between 11am and noon for anyone who wants to register for the slots via his executive assistant.
the reduction (or qualitative change) in social capital (instead of people actually meeting in person with all the personal interactions that usually shape relationships, they merely Skype and leave aside all the rest),
Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries.
Social media and social communication tools (like Skype) are used also. The ICT operates together with traditional and physical activities
All of the most innovative ideas, from Skype to Wikipedia, from online cartography to app stores, had a very quick, viral spreading.
As a result, entrepreneurship became‘hot'in Sweden with digital icons such as Niklas Zennström (Skype)
and Skype in the classroom, a free global community for teachers to connect their students with others around the world.
All of the most innovative ideas, from Skype to Wikipedia, from online cartography to app stores, had a very quick, viral spreading.
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
of filtering is determined empirically, based on access tests on two (global and local) sample lists of websites cutting across a range of topics (e g. political, social and internet tools, such as Skype).
Since Skype, the speed at which Europe is generating billion-euro companies has been dramatically increasing.
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
19 Skype key lessons...20 XING-key lessons...21 2. 2 Display technologies...21 Cambridge Display Technologies (CDT) key lessons...
62 Skype...66 XING AG...71 6 A1. 2 Display technologies...74 Cambridge Display Technology (CDT...
Skype. In the robotics sub-sector, while US firms have established a position with military robots (e g. irobot),
as the case study of Skype shows. But Skype was seeded by US VC investors and eventually acquired by leading USA web services players, first ebay and now Microsoft.
In the following sections we analyse in more detail the development of companies in the three sub-sectors,
Skype, for instance, is an example of a successful European web start-up that achieved global pre-eminence
Skype key lessons With Skype first the entrepreneurial and creative impetus came from two individuals who identified the opportunity for voice over the internet.
They combined this with the Estonian engineering talent that they had identified already in a previous venture to start Skype.
It meant that Skype got the best of all worlds tax credits in Luxembourg but operations located where the human
as our case studies of Google, Skype and XING show especially for US VCS, characterized by rapid payback with low entry costs
Skype. In most cases, beyond the discovery the company required a variety of knowledgeable and skilled people, both technical and managerial, to progress.
as our case studies of Google, Skype and XING show having relatively low entry costs and low capital intensity.
Skype Skype is a software application that allows users to make voice and video calls and chat over the internet.
Skype was founded in 2003 by two Scandinavian entrepreneurs, Niklas Zennström and 67 Janus Friis, and officially headquartered in Luxembourg.
Skype was acquired by ebay in September 2005 for $3. 1 billion, but relations between the founders and ebay soured as growth targets were missed.
In October 2011 the sale of Skype to Microsoft corp was completed for $8. 5 billion. 46 VOIP (voice-over-Internet protocol) has redefined the way telephone calls are made VOIP calls are made over the internet,
Skype users can use their computer to call other Skype users for free anywhere in the world,
The Skype software was developed originally by three Estonian programmers Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu and Jaan Tallinn, working for a small codeshop, Bluemoon Interactive, the same team behind the controversial file sharing service, Kazaa.
Unlike other Voip services, Skype is a peer-to-peer system rather than a client server system, and makes use of background processing on computers running Skype software;
the original name proposed Sky peer-to-peer reflects this. Skype became the global leader in internet voice communications, with more than 309 million registered users within five years of launch.
During 2010, Skype users made 207 billion minutes of voice and video calls. In the fourth quarter of 2010, video calls accounted for about 42%of all Skype-to-Skype minutes,
and in 2010, users sent over 176 million SMS text messages through Skype.‘‘While Skype is not a phone company,
they are by far the largest provider of cross-border voice communications, 'says Telegeography analyst Stephan Beckert.
Skype has shown steady revenue growth since its launch reaching $860 billion in 2010 and likely to be over $1 billion in 2011.
It has yet to make a profit. This undoubtedly led to ebay becoming disenchanted with Skype's performance
and the seeming failure of synergies to emerge with ebay and its other big acquisition, online payment system, Paypal.
History and development The basis for the start-up of Skype was the coming together of the entrepreneurial skills of Zennström
and Friis and the technological innovation of the Estonian programmers spotted by 46 Detailed infographics summarizing Skype from conception are available here:
http://toddcarothers. com/2011/05/skype-from-conception-to-acquisition-infographic; or http://www. smartfatblogger. in/2011/06/skype-coming-of age-story-infographic. html 68 Zennström and Friis.
The Estonians were at the forefront of innovation in peer-to-peer software development, using the Fasttrack protocol licensed by Joltid Ltd
(and owned by Zennström and Friis). In 2003, Bessemer Venture Partners led the A round financing at Skype.
Bessemer, the oldest venture capital practice in the United states invested $1 to $2 million in August 2003.
even though Skype was located in Europe and the entrepreneurial impetus and the engineering innovation were found there,
Looking back on the start up of Skype Zennström said he started his new venture capital business Atomico
Meanwhile ebay was preparing to float Skype via an IPO but Zennström and Friis were done not.
They had retained the software patents for the technology Skype used through a company called Joltid Ltd
and threatened to cease licensing the technology to Skype. Eventually the dispute was settled with Skype acquiring the patents in exchange for Zennström
and Friis joining the Skype investor group with 14%ownership. ebay then sold 70%of Skype to the investor Group led by Silver lake. 47 http://www. prnewswire. co. uk/cgi/news/release?
id=119130 48 European High-tech Startups Thrive, Says Skype Founder, Stanford Business Magazine Online, March 2011, http://www. gsb. stanford. edu/news/headlines/zennstrom europe 2011. html 69 In May 2011,
Microsoft Corporation agreed to acquire Skype Communications for $8. 5 billion. The deal was completed officially in October 2011 with Skype incorporated as a division of Microsoft,
and Microsoft acquiring all of the company's technologies, including Skype, with the purchase. As a result of this deal, Zennström and Friis received $1. 19 billion, other investors led by Silver lake received $4. 76 billion,
and ebay got most of its money back in recouping $2. 55 billion. In essence Microsoft paid about $1000 per subscriber
which some have questioned as being excessive. 49 It is being seen as a defensive move by Microsoft to avoid Skype falling into the hands of Google,
a development that would also have troubled Facebook. Both Google and Facebook were reported to have been in talks to buy Skype. 50 The battle over the coming years for the VOIP market will be between Skype in the hands of Microsoft and Google talk, Apple Facetime and Facebook Chat.
Skype had a network of locations from the outset, with offices in Luxembourg, London, Stockholm, Tallinn, Tartu,
Prague and Palo alto. Although Skype was headquartered in Luxembourg, the founders probably spent as much time in their London and Palo alto offices.
Skype's largest office has always been in Estonia. This was because of the original location of the key engineering personnel Jaan Tallinn, Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, Toivo Annus.
On the one hand, the importance of Estonia to Skype seems accidental but it has a reputation of being small, efficient and open to innovative ideas.
There is no doubt that Skype has become a kind of role model in Estonia and for other newly industrializing European states. 51 Skype has affected directly the innovative capacity of Estonia
which is now host to experienced, networked and funded talent. Former Skype personnel have founded tens of companies, primarily related to Internet services, some
of which been successful. For instance, Mikael Suvi made millions developing games for the iphone. He felt that working for Skype had become too routine.
Martin Goro ko, head of marketing for the Tallin Tehnopol technology park, says that Skype has had a bigger influence on young entrepreneurs than the Tallinn University of Technology
and the University of Tartu put together. Eighty percent of the business ideas that reach our incubator
or the general community of start-up companies are from Skype, he says. As already highlighted, there were two key relevant human capital aspects.
First the entrepreneurial creativity and risk was provided by Scandinavians, Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis. The key technical personnel were software engineers from Estonia,
/microsoft-skype-deal-facebook n 860227. html 51 Toivo Tänavsuu, ANALYSIS: Skype has turned tiny Estonia into a hub of new Mark Zuckerbergs and Bill gates's, test market, 7 january 2011,
http://www. testmarket. eu/2011/01/analysis-skype-has turned-tiny-estonia-into-a-hub-of-new-mark-zuckerbergs
-and-bill-gatess/70 location being sited in Tallinn. Tallinn was also a centre for other computer programmers and software engineers
which provided a source of skilled staff for Skype. Luxembourg was an attractive location for the official headquarters,
"Could Skype have started in the USA rather than Europe? It is conceivable and one should recognize that most of the funding came from the USA.
Estonian IT analyst, Toivo Tänavsuu, summarizes the success of Skype in this way: The company founders, Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis, bid adieu to salaried work and dove headlong into enterprise.
Niklas Zennström, the Man Who Sold Skype Twice, Wall street journal: Tech Europe, 10 may 2011, http://blogs. wsj. com/tech-europe/2011/05/10/niklas-zennstrom-the-man-who-sold-skypetwice/52 Pricewaterhousecoopers, Luxembourg:
page=full http://www. crunchbase. com/person/niklas-zennstrom http://www. crunchbase. com/company/skype XING AG XING AG is a German
CD. 4 Voice over internet services, such as Skype or Voipbuster, are excluded from the analysis in this section because they require an Internet connection
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
Skype) right before the event takes place. In terms of recommendation, this study also highlights the fact that networks (e g.
Today fashionable young people worship successful tech entrepreneurs such as Niklas Zennström, the cofounder of Skype,
are prepared increasingly to experiment with social network technologies-from simple systems like Skype to other more sophisticated tele-presence systems
PFIZER INC.'S INFANT NUTRITION PFIZER INC. 30/11/2012 Acq. 100%MICROSOFT 6164 2 SKYPE GLOBAL SARL SILVER LAKE PARTNERS 13/10
Yammer will accompany Skype software, which is a communication product that Microsoft acquired last year for $8. 5bn
and explain some of the most adopted collaborative tools in the market such as Skype, Dropbox, and others.
Skype This application is a free voice over internet Protocol (VOIP) service and instant messaging that is developed by the recently acquired company by the software giant, Microsoft.
Skype can be used to meet the following goals: calling and video conferencing over the internet;
Since Skype, the speed at which Europe is generating billion-euro companies has been dramatically increasing.
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