Much of this economy is formed around distributed systems, rather than centralised structures. It handles complexity not by standardisation
Another example is the NHS commissioning the health information specialists Dr Foster Intelligence to develop its information systems. 171) Outcomes based commissioning is where a commissioning body agrees to fund a provider on the basis that they will achieve particular
as pioneered by the US Information technology Management Reform Act of 1996. The Act included provisions for two pilot programmes (including one on share in savings) to test alternative contracting approaches.
Share in savings is based on an agreement where the contractor pays the initial cost of implementing a new information technology system
to the nature of technology and the design of distributed systems which provide spaces for people to contribute to projects directly,
and on trust in institutions as well as their formal processes. 267) Information systems that reinforce systemic change.
The move towards customer-driven management information systems that has transformed industrial and service processes in the market sector,
What begins as a group of people looking for a place to work becomes a community through conscious and careful curating and programming.
82-106 Distributed systems 5; 38; 71; 87; 98; 110; 114; 139; 195 Accountability 152-155 Organisation 69;
97 Incubators 133 Information systems 20-22; 89; 119-120 Infrastructure 114-115 Innocentive 134 Innovation Innovation Challenge Prize 54 Innovation Exchange 38;
and much of the most important innovation of the next few decades is set to follow patterns of social innovation rather than innovation patterns developed in sectors such as information technology or insurance.
and childcare and eldercare, each of which will be a far larger share of GDP than information technology
/>The top 500 ideas that will change the world are at http://www. globalideasbank. org/site/store/detail. php?
Furthermore, by re-centralising computing, data storage and service provision according to the cloud paradigm there is a risk of closing the innovation ecosystem in favour of incumbents or dominant players,
Today information technology is opening up new opportunities to transform governance and redefine government-citizen interactions, particularly within cities (Chan, 2013;
or modify as its source code is made available. The open source software community is formed by programmers who support the open source philosophy
and exchanging programming code for software development. There are several examples of software that have been developed under an open source philosophy.
Some of them are Mozilla, Apache, Openoffice. org, or PHP. The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible artefacts:
or modify as its source code is made available (open source software activists) or they support the open source philosophy
and exchanging programming code for software development (the open source hardware activists). Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers within the open source community.
For instance, R is an open source environment and programming language for statistical computing that is also free of cost. While R offers no cost access to its software and source code
Revolution R Enterprise92, a proprietary spin-off, markets a faster version of R. The company can process very large data sets and offers, for a fee, training, consulting,
application development or other unique treatments of the science datasets provided by the Department of Science, Information technology, Innovation and the Arts of the Queensland Government.
and 3) information technology advisory and consultancy services in the areas of linked open data technologies, data and metadata licensing,
Community detection algorithms can be used to find dense substructures (often called communities) within a larger and often sparse network.
/ph overview/documents/stakeholders en. pdf 8. http://eacea. ec. europa. eu/citizenship/programme/action1 measure1 en. php 9. Competitiveness is defined as the capability of an economy to maintain increasing standards
when developers take a copy of source code from one software package and start independent development on it, creating a distinct piece of software (Wikipedia) 47. http://www. barcelonastartupfestival. com/48. http://startupfestival. com/home/)67 49. http
-computing. com/revolution-r-enterprise 94. http://floksociety. org/95. http://publiclab. org/96. http://www. whitehouse. gov/economy/business
14 Formal languages that Evolve and Proliferate Social Constructivism Multiple and Subjective Descriptions Open source in Digital Ecosystems 17 Open Knowledge, Open Governance and Community 18 References 20 Table of contents 6introductionthis introductory paper summarises the needs and the processes that have led to the concept of digital
knowledge Open governance Natural and formal languages Economic outputs: Economic empowerment Production capacity Open source tools and processes for the collective representation and formalisation of knowledge Economic developmentict s Systems theory 2nd-order cybernetics Structural determinism
Also, in the case of Digital Business Ecosystem, an isomorphic model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
‘Software engineering is a social process'.'Systems theory, Second-order Cybernetics, and Radical Constructivismepistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.
In Digital Ecosystems research autopoiesis is used as the ultimate model of interactive computation, but it is used also as a metaphor for a generalised form of organisation.
and formal languages and protocols. the architectural infrastructure that enables the desired autopoietic mechanisms and manages the distributed and pervasive storage of such knowledge,
Computer science is concerned with the construction of new languages and algorithms in order to produce novel desired computer behaviours.
Formal languages that Evolve and Proliferatethe issue of how distributed knowledge should be represented -and created-is one of the main research topics related to semantics of today. 2) The business ecosystem includes the socioeconomic players, the material transactions,
The focus of many scientists in recent years has in fact been to develop formal languages that have the expressive power to define more abstracts aspects of reality,
and of the layers of the semantic web stack of W3c. 23 In the ecosystem metaphor this research activity can be described as the phylogenetic tree24 of formal languages:
and we apply these insights to the digital world and to formal languages, we gain powerful instruments for development.
Multiple and Subjective Descriptionsthe software engineering approach and the Semantic web approach are based on the description of some aspect of reality through formal ontologies
The formal languages used have a high expressive power but due to their complexity the codification requires mediation by experts.
The descriptions made by the users through collaborative tagging are less expressive and detailed than the descriptions made with formal languages;
Nature-inspired computing technology and applications, BT Technol J, Vol 8 No 4 october. Maturana, H and F Varela (998.
The Economic and Social Implications of Information technology, Edited by William H. Dutton, Boston: MIT Press.
credit information systems and borrowers and lenders in collateral and bankruptcy laws. Credit information systems enable lenders'rights to view a potential borrower's financial history (positive
or negative) valuable information to consider when assessing risk. And they permit borrowers to establish a good credit history that will allow easier access to credit.
How well do the credit information system and collateral and bankruptcy laws in Spain facilitate access to credit?
and frequency of filing and payment Time required to comply with 3 major taxes (hours per year) Collecting information and computing the tax payable Completing tax return forms,
By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) and largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
Innovations, such as those which draw on the expertise of data scientists around the world to develop algorithms to solve large-scale problems,
Primo aims to teach the high level abstraction of programming as a sequence of instructions to young children in schools,
and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes. This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres with little privacy and security.
, a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social computing, and that promotes Internet as a fundamental channel for allowing an increasingly active role of users (individuals, groups, communities) as providers of data, content,
In this case, the likelihood ratio is given under two distributions fitted by the Kolmogorov-smirnov test algorithm, and it is simply the likelihood of the first ratio over the second ratio
we can run the above algorithms on it to determine if the data is sufficient. The MATLAB code developed by Aaron Clauset at the Santa fe Institute was used (http://tuvalu. santafe. edu/aaronc/powerlaws/.
Community detection algorithms can be used to find dense substructures (often called communities) within a larger sparse network.
If the data-set is of reasonable size (less than 10,000 organisations) we will use the Newman algorithm to identify communities.
Figure 13 45 We can also reverse the algorithm and find communities that need a bridge to other communities (see Figure 13).
and algorithms needed for innovative digital research. Yet, perhaps surprising, even as these digitally native companies are reaching the state of
The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the micro controller.
The micro controller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing.
The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are licensed under the LGPL.
What technological methods and tools is it using, and what did these enable that was not previously possible?
The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are under the LGPL. 61 Avaaz At a glance:
Type of Organisation: Not for profit Aim: Participation and Democracy Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities:
Social Computing applications also empower Civil Society Organisations (NGOS, voluntary groups, associations, etc.),which play a significant role in fighting social exclusion.
According to this same report, another potential area of impact of Social Computing sites such as Avaaz, is the potential for adoption by a large number of organisations belonging to the so-called third-sector
Organisations such as Avaaz have offered an alternative conception about how these organisations might increasingly adopt Social Computing applications to manage,
In fact, Social Computing is seen even to challenge the established mode of operation of the third sector,
Certainly more metrics are needed to measure the impact of e-petitioning and Social Computing. This is critical in the context of informed policy implications.
These would enable better assessment of the long-term importance of Social Computing trends in terms of their socioeconomic impact,
Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a massive persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government
Avaaz were advised to further upgrade their IT SECURITY in the event of similar future attacks. Avaaz consequently launched a campaign (the first of its kind in over 5 years) asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade.
Avaaz's site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this campaign. According to Ricken Patel (Founder of Avaaz), the specifics of how the generated funds will be used are still being planned
Therefore, the Source code of Tag. Check. Score. available on Github, while the code is licensed under AGPL.
and city authorities that recognise that this is an opportunity to do more than simply upgrade technological products and service offerings,
Through the project Everyaware intends to integrate theoretical and practical techniques from the disciplines of environmental sensing, computer science,
It is a web platform for gaming and social computation. It helps researchers to devise web games/experiments,
and contribute to the scientific research. 101 The web platform is built to engage social computation, letting the different organisers of projects collaborate
Source code management was historically a particularly asocial (and sometimes antisocial) practice. By shifting this once solitary activity to one centred instead around digital collaboration or indeed‘social coding,
and improve the Homebrew source code. While Homebrew is just one sample project hosted on Github,
A study based on a series of in depth interviews with central and peripheral Github users (carried out by the School of Computer science and the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon University;
Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) a fundamental tool for programmers, that stores,
versions and branches source code being developed by teams of programmers. While traditionally SCMS have been a highly complex,
Because modern programming tends to be about assembling code in the form of libraries, open source work,
In essence this people-centred approach to programming has meant Github has become a social networking site for programmers.
Source code Management: According to Preston-Werner (a Github founder), the main problem is the site's forbiddingly technical approach.
Github's‘Freemium business models'(a term which relates predominantly to the fact that organisations will pay a premium price to host their source code privately with Github) is underpinned by the fact that as the cost of computing, storage,
and have made the source code for the platform available for everyone to access on Github. While not directly technologies, the project relies heavily on the open hard
It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades and additions to the community whenever possible so that the next user can add other enhancements.
'Yet advances in public management of this sort would doubtlessly be impossible without the improvements in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration.
The Open Ministry website was developed using a YUI API a free, open source Javascript and CSS library for building interactive web applications.
The site's source code is also available on Github where anyone can fork the project,
or PHP. 156 How is funded the organisation? Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon started Opencorporates from their existing company Chrinon Ltd in UK.
Using a smart search algorithm the platform immediately asks the 100 closest Peerby neighbours if they have the item right after a request has been logged.
It was designed to bring about a paradigm shift in the way young people engage with computing with the hope of transforming them from passive consumers into active creators.
and skills levels of prospective undergraduates applying to study Computer science. Upton has hypothesised that this drop in skills
which would encourage programming experimentation and encourage a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship,
which would become the Rasperrypi. What does it do, and how does this activity enhance social innovation?
Raspberry Pi is a simple computing device that looks like a motherboard with the mounted chips
output, and storage devices and start computing. When switched on, users are greeted first by a command line code (which in recent years has tended to remain in the background of closed software programmes),
the Raspberry Pi supports MIT's Scratch platform meaning kids can gain a deeper knowledge of computer game programming by building their own game
As is suggested above Raspberry Pi seeks to inspire an emerging generation of young people to become more engaged with computer programming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education more generally STEM education henceforth.
Heeks and Robinson have examined also the impact of Raspberry Pi amid an emerging class of computing devices they refer to as ultra-low-cost computing (ULCC.
These are defined as devices that wrap computing peripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars.
The overall cost for the DIY programming project, using Google's recommended materials, is under $50 and, importantly,
Coder is designed also to work alongside instruction from other programming websites like Codeacademy and Khan academy.
commoditised products they felt had left an emerging generation as being unable to penetrate the system's interface to experiment with programming.)
Unlike many early Internet-based citizen science projects (such as SETI@home which used spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer computing,
The actual citizen science projects that people interact with are these days all pure Javascript applications that are hosted on Amazon S3
By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) and largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
Innovations, such as those which draw on the expertise of data scientists around the world to develop algorithms to solve large-scale problems,
Primo aims to teach the high level abstraction of programming as a sequence of instructions to young children in schools,
and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes. This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres with little privacy and security.
, a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social computing, and that promotes Internet as a fundamental channel for allowing an increasingly active role of users (individuals, groups, communities) as providers of data, content,
In this case, the likelihood ratio is given under two distributions fitted by the Kolmogorov-smirnov test algorithm, and it is simply the likelihood of the first ratio over the second ratio
we can run the above algorithms on it to determine if the data is sufficient. The MATLAB code developed by Aaron Clauset at the Santa fe Institute was used (http://tuvalu. santafe. edu/aaronc/powerlaws/.
Community detection algorithms can be used to find dense substructures (often called communities) within a larger sparse network.
If the data-set is of reasonable size (less than 10,000 organisations) we will use the Newman algorithm to identify communities.
Figure 13 45 We can also reverse the algorithm and find communities that need a bridge to other communities (see Figure 13).
and algorithms needed for innovative digital research. Yet, perhaps surprising, even as these digitally native companies are reaching the state of
The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the micro controller.
The micro controller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing.
The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are licensed under the LGPL.
What technological methods and tools is it using, and what did these enable that was not previously possible?
The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries are under the LGPL. 61 Avaaz At a glance:
Type of Organisation: Not for profit Aim: Participation and Democracy Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities:
Social Computing applications also empower Civil Society Organisations (NGOS, voluntary groups, associations, etc.),which play a significant role in fighting social exclusion.
According to this same report, another potential area of impact of Social Computing sites such as Avaaz, is the potential for adoption by a large number of organisations belonging to the so-called third-sector
Organisations such as Avaaz have offered an alternative conception about how these organisations might increasingly adopt Social Computing applications to manage,
In fact, Social Computing is seen even to challenge the established mode of operation of the third sector,
Certainly more metrics are needed to measure the impact of e-petitioning and Social Computing. This is critical in the context of informed policy implications.
These would enable better assessment of the long-term importance of Social Computing trends in terms of their socioeconomic impact,
Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a massive persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government
Avaaz were advised to further upgrade their IT SECURITY in the event of similar future attacks. Avaaz consequently launched a campaign (the first of its kind in over 5 years) asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade.
Avaaz's site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this campaign. According to Ricken Patel (Founder of Avaaz), the specifics of how the generated funds will be used are still being planned
Therefore, the Source code of Tag. Check. Score. available on Github, while the code is licensed under AGPL.
and city authorities that recognise that this is an opportunity to do more than simply upgrade technological products and service offerings,
Through the project Everyaware intends to integrate theoretical and practical techniques from the disciplines of environmental sensing, computer science,
It is a web platform for gaming and social computation. It helps researchers to devise web games/experiments,
and contribute to the scientific research. 101 The web platform is built to engage social computation, letting the different organisers of projects collaborate
Source code management was historically a particularly asocial (and sometimes antisocial) practice. By shifting this once solitary activity to one centred instead around digital collaboration or indeed‘social coding,
and improve the Homebrew source code. While Homebrew is just one sample project hosted on Github,
A study based on a series of in depth interviews with central and peripheral Github users (carried out by the School of Computer science and the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon University;
Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) a fundamental tool for programmers, that stores,
versions and branches source code being developed by teams of programmers. While traditionally SCMS have been a highly complex,
Because modern programming tends to be about assembling code in the form of libraries, open source work,
In essence this people-centred approach to programming has meant Github has become a social networking site for programmers.
Source code Management: According to Preston-Werner (a Github founder), the main problem is the site's forbiddingly technical approach.
Github's‘Freemium business models'(a term which relates predominantly to the fact that organisations will pay a premium price to host their source code privately with Github) is underpinned by the fact that as the cost of computing, storage,
and have made the source code for the platform available for everyone to access on Github. While not directly technologies, the project relies heavily on the open hard
It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades and additions to the community whenever possible so that the next user can add other enhancements.
'Yet advances in public management of this sort would doubtlessly be impossible without the improvements in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration.
The Open Ministry website was developed using a YUI API a free, open source Javascript and CSS library for building interactive web applications.
The site's source code is also available on Github where anyone can fork the project,
or PHP. 156 How is funded the organisation? Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon started Opencorporates from their existing company Chrinon Ltd in UK.
Using a smart search algorithm the platform immediately asks the 100 closest Peerby neighbours if they have the item right after a request has been logged.
It was designed to bring about a paradigm shift in the way young people engage with computing with the hope of transforming them from passive consumers into active creators.
and skills levels of prospective undergraduates applying to study Computer science. Upton has hypothesised that this drop in skills
which would encourage programming experimentation and encourage a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship,
which would become the Rasperrypi. What does it do, and how does this activity enhance social innovation?
Raspberry Pi is a simple computing device that looks like a motherboard with the mounted chips
output, and storage devices and start computing. When switched on, users are greeted first by a command line code (which in recent years has tended to remain in the background of closed software programmes),
the Raspberry Pi supports MIT's Scratch platform meaning kids can gain a deeper knowledge of computer game programming by building their own game
As is suggested above Raspberry Pi seeks to inspire an emerging generation of young people to become more engaged with computer programming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education more generally STEM education henceforth.
Heeks and Robinson have examined also the impact of Raspberry Pi amid an emerging class of computing devices they refer to as ultra-low-cost computing (ULCC.
These are defined as devices that wrap computing peripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars.
The overall cost for the DIY programming project, using Google's recommended materials, is under $50 and, importantly,
Coder is designed also to work alongside instruction from other programming websites like Codeacademy and Khan academy.
commoditised products they felt had left an emerging generation as being unable to penetrate the system's interface to experiment with programming.)
Unlike many early Internet-based citizen science projects (such as SETI@home which used spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer computing,
The actual citizen science projects that people interact with are these days all pure Javascript applications that are hosted on Amazon S3
meeting, Brussels, 30 and 31 may 2012 6 (2012/2030 (INI)) 3 by inter alia, improved administrative cooperation with the Member States, in particular through the extension of the Internal Market Information system (IMI),
the Consumer Protection Cooperation network (CPC) and an in depth evaluation study of the transposition and implementation of the Directive (2012) 7. Internal Market Information system:
and of the Council of 25 october 2012 on administrative cooperation through the Internal Market Information system and repealing Commission Decision 2008/49/EC http://eur-lex. europa. eu/Lexuriserv/Lexuriserv. do?
updating the Framework Decision on attacks against information systems, in order to deal with the growing number of large-scale cyber attacks against businesses but also increasingly against governments as for example, the cyber attacks against Estonia in 2007.
and sale of tools (widely known as'botnets')to carry out attacks against information systems. The Council and the European parliament reached a political agreement on a compromise text in early June 2012
Specific actions are aimed at enhancing cyber resilience of information systems, reducing cybercrime and strenghthening EU international cyber-securtiry policy
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