Pathways to a resource-efficient Europe, www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php? option=com content&view=article&id=200&itemid=258 Eco-innovate!
625 m3 per year. www. environmental-savings. com/megtakaritas. php Genan: turning tyres into new products The Danish company Genan is recycling 80%of all Danish tyres.
Eco-Innovation Observatory Annual Report 2011, Closing the eco-innovation gap, an economic opportunity for business, p. 17, www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php?
and energy consumption and leads to cost savings and longer life performances of solar panels. www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagenspeziell-fuer-Duennglas www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php?
and fire. www. ecococon. lt www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php? option=com content&view=article&id=344%3astraw-panels& catid=65%3alithuania&itemid=65 Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
Foster the use of IT and information systems in supply chain management. Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
ecodesign. lboro. ac. uk/index. php? section=1¤tsection=1& sectionname=Home Learning Resources Figure 7:
www. environmental-savings. com/megtakaritas. php; Newlife Paints Source: www. newlifepaints. com p. 27: Source:
SMES fare poorly compared with large firms in access to capital, the fruits of research and development (R&d), high quality networks and information technology (IT) systems,
Schools and universities produce a steady flow of graduates trained in software programming, network design and other technical aptitudes,
Or, Does Information technology Explain Why Productivity Accelerated in the US but not the UK? NBER Working Paper, No. 10010.
Brynjolfsson, Erik and Lorin Hitt, 2000, Beyond Computation: Information technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, p. 23-48.
Colecchia, Alessandra and Paul Schreyer, 2002, The Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies to Economic growth in Nine OECD Countries, OECD Economic Studies, No. 34.
Daveri, Francesco, 2001, Is Growth an Information technology Story in Europe Too? IGIER Working Paper No. 168.
The Role of Information technology and Regulatory Practices, International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 727, Board of Governors of the Federal reserve system.
Developing information, computing and telecommunication systems that enable businesses to utilise innovative service arrangements to improve their efficiency
Delivering the benefits The projects resulting from the Smartgrids vision will stimulate innovation in new network and associated information technologies.
computing and telecommunication systems that enable businesses to utilise innovative service arrangements to improve their efficiency
controlled power flows supported by advanced information technology. 23 VISION AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE 24 E u R O P E A n T E
The system is enabled by modern information technology, advanced power electronic components and efficient storage. 28 E u R O P E A n T E C H N O L O
Multidisciplinary curricula should include not only power engineering and information technologies, but also economics & market, regulatory & legal and environmental aspects.
and communication technology ISP internet service provider MOOC Massive open online courses (MOOCS) NBIC nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science SCENIHR Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks 4
14 2. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than...
The convergence of the so-called NBIC disciplines (nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science) has led to promising innovations in fields including intelligent and new materials,
human enhancement and personalised healthcare, accompanied by advances in the visualisation and modelling of super-complex interactions through computing and emerging technologies such as 3-D printing.
new applications (e g. related to consumer uses of ubiquitous computing) will see the emergence of new inequalities and policy challenges.
1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than The presumption of sustained technological progress
Unimccann 2013 2. 2. Limited global connectedness Although there appears to be a quasi-univocal consensus on the sustained pace of the growth in connectivity at a global scale through social computing,
implying that increased global access to information technologies will lead to a diffusion of‘Western'secular (as opposed to traditional) values.
and Gianluca Misuraca,"The impact of social computing on the EU information society and economy,"JRC Scientific and Technical Report EUR, Vol. 24063,2009.
In advances in Social Computing (pp. 169-169. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Corneo, G, Income Inequality, Value systems,
tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tesov190&l anguage=en,"Share of women among tertiary students Total-science, mathematics and computing-engineering, manufacture and construction(%)code tps00063,"Eurostat
Information technology and Political Islam: Information technology and Political Islam: Oxford university Press, USA, 2010. Huang, Chun-Yao,"Rethinking leapfrogging in the end-user telecom market,"Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2011, pp. 703-712. http://www. sciencedirect
. com/science/article/pii/S0040162510002489 Huang, G. C.,Unger, J. B.,Soto, D.,Fujimoto, K.,Pentz, M. A.,Jordan-Marsh, M,
journals. sfu. ca/int assess/index. php/iaj/article/download/178/134 51 Miani, C. and S. Hoorens (forthcoming) Parents at work:
The Effects of Technology Use in Education,"The Global Information technology Report 2012,2012. Peichl, A.,Pestel, N,
and accessibility factors on information technology,"Information technology for Development, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2008, pp. 91-115.
"Retrieved As of July 2013, from http://www. census. gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal. php.
Vodanovich, Shahper, Sundaram, David, Myers, Michael,"Research Commentary Digital Natives and Ubiquitous Information systems,"Information systems Research, Vol. 21, No. 4, 2010, pp. 711-723.
Wright, D.,"A framework for the ethical impact assessment of information technology,"Ethics and information technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2011, pp. 199-226.
Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.
European commission (2012), Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond, Flash Barometer 354, http://ec. europa. eu/public opinion/flash/fl 354 en. pdf. 20. http://www. mentorsme. co
European commission (2012), Flash Eurobarometer 354: Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond. 66. Foster, G. et al.
Global Information technology Report 2013, Global Innovation Index 2013, Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2013.58 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Further Reading In recent years,
PDF Foundation for Entrepreneurship Young Enterprise Denmark (2013), Impact of Entrepreneurship Education in Denmark 2013 INSEAD, World Economic Forum (2013), The Global Information technology Report
Developing countries still lag behind in advances in information technologies although they are increasingly being used in the availability of healthcare in remote areas,(Musa, Meso and Mbarika, 2005).
The different ICT requirements and information systems that need to be developed for the improvement of immunization coverage can then be generated from a clear understanding of the system.
Until 1993, Uganda had centralized a health information system (HIS) which focussed on morbidity and mortality reporting,
A health management information system (HMIS) that emphasizes use of information at the point of collection is currently in use (Gladwin, Dixon and Wilson, 2003.
The tally sheets are forwarded to the health district level for entry into a computerized database Health Management Information system (HMIS.
A Health Management Information system linking all the health facilities at all community, district levels should be used for support
which the limited computing resources at several locations can be combined to undertake massive computing tasks as provide flexible use of resources for a variety of applications.
Clair, D. 1999),‘The implications of information technology infrastructure for business process redesign, MIS Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 2, pp159-82.
Managing information technology infrastructure: a new flexibility framework. Management Research News vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 632-651.
Information technology and telemedicine in Sub-saharan africa. British Medical Journal vol. 321, pp. 465-466. Gladwin, J.,Dixon, R. A. and Wilson, T. D. 2003.
Implementing a new health management information system. Health Policy and Planning. vol. 18, no. 2. Groves, T. 1996) Satellife:
Communications of Associations for Information systems. Vol. 15, pp. 33. Nambaziira, S. 2006. An online tool for Monitoring and tracking vaccines and vaccine logistics utilization at district level in Uganda.
Enhancing Immunization Coverage through Health Information systems: A System Dynamics Approach. Stud Health Technol Inform. vol. 130, pp. 247-56.
http://ijedict. dec. uwi. edu//viewarticle. php? id=465
NON CLASSIFIE UNCLASSIFIED Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques 2000 ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY:
11 The Information technology Strategy...12 The Niche Strategy...13 The Network and Flexible Production Strategies...
For example, Audretsch (1995) has demonstrated that SMES contribute more to innovative activity in electronic computing equipment
-The information technology strategy, which makes innovative uses of information technology in order to reduce SME costs and increase productivity.
-The niche strategy, in which SMES choose to become sophisticated global players in a narrow product line.
The Information technology Strategy 37. A second strategy SMES can use to improve their competitiveness in global markets involves the application
New web-based information technologies are enabling SMES to attain global marketing capabilities at very low costs.
Close to 80%of all new technology startups are in information technologies--software, Internet, and telecommunication software.
business advice Information technology Grant advice Direct access Access via business review%Source: Ernst & young Evaluation Report (1996),
It will provide a brief overview of the CNIPMMR study pointing out data about Romanian SMES innovation activities and use of information technology in such enterprises.
%Romanian SMES efforts on developing new technologies reached 16,45%and modernization of information systems 7, 60%(figure 1). Figure 1:
and Intranet in SMES The analysis of the purpose why SMES use Internet & Intranet point out that in more than 75%of the companies'information technology is used for a better communication with customers
anywhere Regulatory compliance Ease of team-working Better internal control Removal of redundant data insertion in more Ease of use due to romanian language interface Free and quick solution upgrade
The focus of the current programming period is on soft measures such as capacity building and institution building leading to greater competitiveness, innovation, and employment.
including agro-food, biotechnology and health sciences, information technology, aeronautics, and renewable energy. This would be a welcome step.
An important and effective regional programme to upgrade local talent is Talentia, by which the regional government offers young college graduates financial support for their graduate work at top international universities,
such as information technology, that will increase their innovativeness. 6. The two biggest unions in Andalusia (UGT
provided training in information technologies to SMES that were part of a relevant cluster in Andalusia. The strategy was based on a CITIC study of the IT needs of SMES in seven productive sectors linked to Andalusian technology centers (stone, ceramic, wood/furniture, textile, plastic, metal-mechanic,
/Austin Community college, http://www. austincc. edu/techcert/localization. php; California State university-Chico, http://rce. csuchico. edu/localize References Aoyama, Y. and M. Castells. 2002.
Available at http://www. centrodeestudiosandaluces. es/index. php? mod=publicaciones&cat=18&id=2526&id a=0&idm=Chapple, K. 2005.
Workforce Development and Upward Mobility in Information technology. Monograph 2005-01. Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Chapple, K. & Hutson, M. 2010.
Available at http://www. juntadeandalucia. es/compromisos20082012/principal noticia. php? id noticia=327 Katz, L. and K. Murphy. 2002.
Prime examples of industrial sectors that rely upon this type of knowledge base are found in information technology and biotechnology.
The most recent and current programming period for Cohesion Policy is 2007-2013. This period has been marked by two major
and make use of innovations in the relatively new field of computing science in the 1960s
Such funding initially prioritised infrastructure but the current programming period focuses on softer aspects such as institutions, capacities, know-how, etc.
The next EU programming period will certainly result in a transition to lower levels of structural funds;
This massive amount of support is actually a reduction compared with the preceding programming period,
especially in view of the need to transit to the next programming phase where the region is likely to benefit from a reduced level of EU Structural Funds.
a further policy concern relates to increasing more basic levels of innovation (e g. use of information technology in routine business activities) within the mass of more traditional SMES.
but many of which are involved primarily in local and national markets in sectors such as biotechnology, aeronautics, information technology and communications.
including agro-food, biotechnology and health sciences, information technology, aeronauticals, renewable energy. However, there is a sense of unrealistic expectations of providing=world class‘innovators in fashionable high-tech sectors rather than recognising existing regional strengths, some
including agro-food, biotechnology and health sciences, information technology, aeronautics, and renewable energy. However, there is a sense of unrealistic expectations of providing=world class‘innovators in fashionable sectors rather than recognising existing regional strengths, some
Key future opportunities Developing entrepreneurship skills to upgrade local industries Universities are being geared up to be conduits for knowledge and innovation in the new economy but as the OECD study reports, inappropriate
A more rewarding strategy would be to focus public funding around the most promising and strategic sectors such as agro-food, biotechnology and health sciences, information technology, aeronautics,
Toward a contingency model for selecting an information system prototyping strategy. Journal of Management Information systems, 16,113-136.143 Hart, P. E. and Oulton, N. 1996.
Growth and size of firms. The Economic Journal, 106,1242-1252. Hite, J. M. and Hesterly, W s. 2001.
but they must flip their information technology, value and people leadership practices to deliver on the digital promise.
However, existing business processes, business models, information technology and talent suffer from legacy inertia and bad complexity.
IT) is the world's leading information technology research and advisory company. We deliver the technology-related insight necessary for our clients to make the right decisions, every day.
Markov Chain Monte carlo algorithm. The advantages of imputation include the minimisation of bias and the use of‘expensive to collect'data that would
A description of practical computing methods came much later from Hotelling in 1933. The objective of the analysis is to take Q variables 1 2 Q x, x,
but the computation may be cumbersome. Various values have been suggested, ranging from 25 (Efron and Tibshirani, 1991) to as high as 1000 (Efron, 1987;
In such cases, factors generated by the factor analysis algorithm will not be comprehensible. Likewise, the inclusion of multiple definitionally-similar sub-indicators representing essentially the same data will lead to tautological results. 8. Strong intercorrelations are required not mathematically,
2004) Success of software process implementation 3. 2 Grouping information on countries 3. 2. 1 Cluster analysis Cluster analysis (CLA) is given the name to a collection of algorithms used to classify objects
the next step is to choose the clustering algorithm, i e. the rules which govern how distances are measured between clusters.
Thus, this algorithm can be applied with continuous variables (yet it can be modified also to accommodate for other types of variables.
The algorithm starts with k random clusters and moves the objects in and out the clusters with the aim of (i) minimizing the variance of elements within the clusters,
frequently carrying out a PCA and then applying a clustering algorithm on the object scores on the first few components.
factorial k-means analysis has a fast alternating least-squares algorithm that extends its application to large data sets.
Markov Chain Monte carlo algorithm. The advantages of imputation include the minimisation of bias 36 and the use of‘expensive to collect'data that would
the focus is on an algorithm, with implicit underlying assumptions that should be assessed. Besides the need to carefully verify
an important limitation of the single imputation methods is that they systematically underestimate the variance of the estimates (with some exceptions for the EM method where the bias depends on the algorithm used to estimate the variance).
The EM algorithm is one of these iterative methods. 7 The issue is that X contains both observable and missing values, i e.
Each step is completed once within each algorithm cycle. Cycles are repeated until a suitable convergence criterion is satisfied.
In the following maximization step the 7 Other iterative methods include the Newton-Raphson algorithm
As a result these algorithms often require algebraic manipulations and complex programming. Numerical estimation of this matrix is also possible
but careful computation is needed. 8 For NMAR mechanisms one needs to make assumption on the missing-data mechanism
its simplicity (EM algorithm are often easy to construct conceptually and practically), and each step has a statistical interpretation
the following imputation algorithm can be used: Draw*from the posterior distribution of, f (Y, Xobs) where Y denotes exogenous variables that may influence.
where the variable distributions outside the 2. 5 and 97.5 percentile scores are trimmed to partially correct for outliers as well as to avoid having extreme values overly dominate the aggregation algorithm.
and solved using optimizations algorithms k 1,..M; q 1,,...Q w 0 I w 1 s. t. CI arg max I w qkq q 1 qk qk Q q 1 qc
as calculated by the above algorithm, that does not sum up to one, making the comparison with other methods (like FA
the weights as originally produced by the algorithm can always be normalized afterwards so as to sum up to one,
which enters into the computation of the overall importance of country a, in a way which is consistent with the definition of weights as importance measures.
each with pros and cons. One possible algorithm is the Condorcet-Kemeny-Young-Levenglick (CKYL) ranking procedure (Munda and Nardo 2003).
or an algorithm to describe a real-world issue formal coherence is a necessary property. Yet, formal coherence is not sufficient.
the exclusion of an indicator leads to a total rerun of the optimisation algorithm. When using BAL
1 and applying the so called Russian roulette algorithm, e g. for 1 X we select 1 if 0, 0. 5) and 2 if 0. 5,
When BOD is selected the exclusion of a sub-indicator leads to a re-execution of the optimisation algorithm.
they will be generated all the same by the random sample generation algorithm. 91 The constructive dimension of this Monte carlo experiment,
%This underlines the necessity for computing higher order sensitivity indices that capture the interaction effects among the input factors.
The main disadvantage of imputation is that the results are affected by the imputation algorithm used.
International software engineering research network, Technical Report ISERN-98-15.29. Environmental protection agency (EPA), Council for Regulatory Environmental Modeling (CREM), Draft Guidance on the Development, Evaluation,
Hartigan, J. A. 1975), Clustering Algorithms, New york: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 53. Harvey A.,(1989), Forecasting, structural time series models and the Kalman filter.
USSR Computational mathematics and Physics 7, 86 112.131. Spath, H. 1980), Cluster analysis Algorithms, Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood. 132.
SPRG (2001) Report of the Scientific Peer review Group on Health Systems Performance Assessment, Scientific Peer review Group (SPRG), WHO:
With regard to information technology, Informatica helps wherever possible by delivering the right data in the right way to the right users.
3. 60%Information technology; 21.80%Consumer Electronics; 16.0%Major Domestic Appliances; 18.3%Personal Diagnostics; 0. 1%Small Domestic Appliances;
3. 9%Information technology; 33.0%Traditional Sales January 2013-December 2013 Internet Sales January 2013-December 2013 Same top categories When looking at the two diagrams, it is interesting to see that in both Traditional Sales
In both ways, people purchased the most in Information technology (such as IT hardware and software), Consumer Electronics (such as TVS, audio home systems and Blu-ray players) and Major Domestic Appliances (such as
When purchasing through the web, consumers purchase most in the Information technology category (33.0), %followed by Major Domestic Appliances (18.3%)and Consumer Electronics (16.0%).
%)As a result, Information technology and Consumer Electronics account for more than half of the total online sales.
Information technology ranked second with 21.8%%closely followed by Consumer Electronics (21.5%).%)Source: Gfk, 2014 Source:
and technical progress in the past tremendously, including technologies such as the steam engine, electricity, synthetic materials or computing,
-OLED-2d photonic crystals-EUV lithography optics-quantum-dot lasers-3d photonic crystals-all-optical computing-optical metamaterials-data transmission through surface plasmons
EN Furthermore, electronic and optic equipment, healthcare and life science, energy and environment, communication and computing, scientific tools and industrial manufacturing will be affected largely by this emerging technology (Miyazaki and Islam, 2007.
/nanotech-centers-clusters. shtml 7 http://www. nano-map. de 8 http://www. japan-cluster. net/index. php?
One cluster is located in Aachen and focuses on the combination of nanotechnology and information technology. The second cluster in Muenster concentrates on the interface between nanotechnology and biotechnology.
://www. nanobio-nrw. de/index. php? Script=1&lang=de&sw=1024 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 78error!
EN Short history of the cluster The NRW nanotechnology cluster started in 2003 by implementing the first research cluster in Aachen for‘nanotechnology for information technology'.
Therefore, research is highly dependent on public funding. 13 http://www. bmbf. de/en/nanotechnologie. php 14 http://www. gtai. com/homepage/info-service/publications
/index. php? Script=1&lang=en&sw=1024 22 http://www. nmw. nrw. de/index. php? lang=en&catalog=/cluster 23 http://www. innovations-report. de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-32232. html Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 81error!
Unknown document property name. EN Source: http://www. mondiac. nl/presentations/Weltring. ppt Capabilities: The NRW nanotechnology cluster network excels in their basic research activities.
EN and nano biochemicals. 25 The cluster established partnerships with local nanotechnology firms to create new businesses, also in other industries such as electronic devices, medical and biotechnology, textiles, mechatronics, and information technologies.
http://www. japan-cluster. net/index. php? id=480 Short history of the cluster The development of the Kyoto nanotechnology cluster was driven policy.
/files/Nano-economics. pdf 41 http://eco-pro. biz/ecopro2009/events/E1000. php? tp=1&id=10760 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 88error!
nanotechnology for information technology Duisburg/Essen: nanotechnology for power engineering Strong market orientation Strong focus on application areas water,
Semiconductors in general (H01l 21, H01l 23, H01l 27, H01j) Computing (all microelectronics patents with co-assignment to IPC classes G06, G11, G12
East asia Row Total Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Source: EPO: Patstat. ZEW calculations.
'94-'96'97-'99'00-'02'03-'05 Computing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60'91-'93'94-'96
100 90/93 94/97 99/01 02/05 90/93 94/97 99/01 02/05 90/93 94/97 99/01 02/05 East asia North america Europe Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray
90/93-94/97 94/97-98/01 98/01-02/05 Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Total Europe-505 10 15 20 25
UK IT NL SE CH BE Roe Europe total Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Eight European countries with the largest number of microelectronics patents
while patenting by Frech inventors is specialised on semiconductors, bonds/crystals and computing applications, whereas UK inventors are specialised on x-ray.
EN-8-4 0 4 8 12 16 DE FR UK IT NL SE CH BE Roe Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds
34 16 20 8 Computing 33 2 10 12 22 10 1 4 22 23 43 23 19 11 18
Technological sector affiliation of microelectronics patent applications (EPO/PCT), by subfield (average of 1981-2007 applications, percent) Sector Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals
while overlaps to other KETS are lower for bonds/crystals, computing and semiconductors. Chapter 4 Micro-and nanoelectronics EN 121error!
80 90 100 Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Microelectronics total Source: EPO: Patstat.
The subfield of computing is linked strongly to nanotechnology while measurement has strong ties to advanced manufacturing technologies.
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Microelectronics total Nanotechnology Industrial Biotechnology
Wireless consumer electronics and computing together with a focus on green technology are identified as the most rapidly growing market segments.
(DRAM, NAND flash, etc. BCC (2010) 27 41 7. 2 Sputtering targets and sputtered films BCC (2007) 2. 8 5. 9 16. 1 Thin-layer deposition BCC (2007) 9. 6 16.7 9. 6 Thermal mgmt. technologies
1) the Strategic Microelectronics Council (SMC) part of the Information technology Association of Canada, and 2) the Canadian Microelectronics Corporation (CMC).
the SMC is a 51 http://www. ottawaregion. com/Business in ottawa/Industry overview/semiconductor. php Chapter 4 Micro-and nanoelectronics EN 133error!
The National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Information technology located in Ottawa and Atlantic Canada. Its mission is, in contrast to the CRC,
Nortel alone accounts for almost 20 percent of all industrial R&d expenditures in Canada and hires one third of all Masters and Ph d. graduates in electrical engineering and computer science from Canadian universities.
and were embedded in an environment of existing and established electronics and computing industries. The number of biotechnology companies grew steadily until the mid 1990s,
Next to biotechnology, there are also strong research efforts in nanotechnology/materials and information technology, with many collaborative R&d projects in an interdisciplinary environment.
/file 57 http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php? option=com docman&task=doc view&gid=25&itemid=39 58 http://www. baybio. org/wt/page/history Chapter 5 Industrial Biotechnology EN 183error!
thus clarifying IP ownership among research staff, departments, knowledge transfer offices and universities. 60 59 http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php?
Printing Lasers for IT Sensors (CCD, CMOS) Optical Computing Tetrahertz Systems in Photonics Lighting Lamps LEDS OLEDS Flat Panel Displays LCD Displays Plasma
Ultimately, photonics even promises to completely replace microelectronics as the technology that computers use to‘think'(optical computing), leading to a huge increase in performance (EC, 2008a.
EN Solar energy 4%Flat panel displays Lighting 26%8%Information technology 21%Optical communications 5%Midecal tech. & life science 8%Measurement & automated
Photonic markets today mainly refer to lighting, measurement and automated vision, production technology, medical technology and life science, optical communication, optical components and systems, solar energy, and information technology.
The European industry has a weak position in the sectors of information technology and flat panel displays (Photonics21, 2007b.
chemistry, physics, nanosciences and-increasingly-biology have to be combined with in depth knowledge of process technology and other engineering sciences, information technology and life sciences.
http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php 88 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi
-belgium/10-reasons-invest-wallonia. php 89 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/opportunites-affaires/chimie-siderurgie-verre-textile
. php 90 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php 91 http://www. sriw. be/fr/Principes-generaux-9. html 92 http://www
. sowalfin. be/info. php 93 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php 94
http://www. walloniatech. org/Venturecapital. html European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 274error!
with further upgrades in the other related sectors, including advanced materials. Following the implementation of policies from the Central Government of China, the Ministries of Commerce,
Industry and Information technology and Science and Technology jointly announced in December 2007 their ambition to make Changsha the outsourcing services centre of China (KPMG, 2009).
The constructions of several platforms (information technology, services and financing) have achieved remarkable results. The number of professional technology intermediary agents has increased as well as the number of science and technology business incubators (Liu, 2007.
forming, pressing, chipping), electronic and computing technologies, measuring technologies (including optical and chemical technologies), transportation technologies and other logistic technologies.
when general purpose manufacturing technologies emerge (e g. steam engine, electrical motor, computing). In this respect, AMT can be characterised as the oldest key enabling technology in human history.
thus a key success factor Many KETS require very specific skills, particularly cross-disciplinary knowledge from disciplines such as chemistry, physics, biology, computer sciences, mechanical engineering and material sciences.
http://www. ecrn. net/abouttheecrn/wallonia. php Edler, J.,Georghiou, L. 2007), Public procurement and innovation-Resurrecting the demand side, Research Policy 36,949 963.
http://www. fancy-china. com/en/article. php? id=55 Liu, X.,S. White (2001), Comparing innovation systems:
http://www. ottawaregion. com/Business in ottawa/Industry overview/semiconductor. php OECD (2008), Information technology Outlook, Paris: OECD. OECD (2009a), The Bioeconomy to 2030:
Scott, I. 2007)‘ Revitalizing Ontario's Microelectronics Industry'Information technology Association of Canada. Shapira, P.,J. Wang (2007), R&d Policy in the United states:
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