connectivity and computation? How should all that influence our choices when we seek the impact?
/Home. aspx (28) http://www. abdn. ac. uk/study/about/sixth-centurycourses-348. php (29) Roos J.,The Renaissance We Need in Business education, HBR
ownership of university patents is regulated as well as copyrighted in relation to computer programming. Regarding the other types of rights (e g. artistic copyright, design rights), the system relies on contractual freedom.
Computer programming is an exception to this rule, as the computer programs belong to Harvard university as sponsored software inventions.
In Finland, there is an exception regarding computer programming the IP of computer programming belongs to the employer,
Different people from various fields like industrial engineering, interaction design, programming, marketing or anthropology are involved often in the innovation process at some stage.
graduates and freelancers involved in sectors such as new media, film, camera, film editing, scripts, graphic design, programming, game design and data visualisation.
Innovative SMES often have dedicated high-tech solutions for specific functions (such as the 3d sound sensors or social media analysis algorithms in the Stratumseind example.
Take for example all those programming classes at primary schools all over Europe. In fact, learning any language besides English is relevant for European harmonisation.
bold design, ace computer programming and what might be called politely‘autistic creativity'.'The arrival of the ipad and its apps allowed the Finnish industry to break out of its frozen ghetto.
http://www. inderscience. com/info/inarticle. php? artid=23374 (further references:(29)( 35)( 40)( 42)( 51)( 60)( 61))(20) Alfonse et al (2010.
Computer skills as query languages, database design, mining and interactive data analysis, scripting or programming languages, expert systems and machine learning, etc.
GM has gone a step further by opening up the applications programming interface of its automotive cloud platform that enables Onstar-based services to developers.
4 applications programming interface, Relayrides allows renters to use remote features with their smartphones, such as unlocking vehicles remotely to access the reserved car.
and an open applications programming interface that allow any service provider to participate in the Aadhaar ecosystem by developing an application that utilises Aadhaar as an authentication method.
which can be used as a platform for development environment and access point for new services. One example of the city's activities in the field of open innovation and user involvement is the development of a new district, Hiukkavaara,
Juniper Research October 15, 2013 http://www. juniperresearch. com/viewpressrelease. php? pr=405 (11) http://mobihealthnews. com/30616/global-mobile-health-market-to-grow-to-49b-by-2020/12) Electronic textiles
A two-stage clustering algorithm with robust recovery characteristics. Educational and Psychological Measurement 40,755-759.
Based on the analysis of the curriculum vitae of the top 1, 000 scientists in computer science, it shows that these conditions were met only in the US academic system.
particularly computer science, and industrial competitiveness. We will use original evidence, admittedly of preliminary type, to support this proposition.
In the fourth section we review descriptive evidence drawn from a large sample of CVS of the top 1, 010 scientists in computer science worldwide.
A few years ago we asked a small panel of scientific authorities in computer science, in both European and US universities,
while the seminal theoretical contributions to the entire field of computer science were conceived by European thinkers (Alan Turing
it nurtures the ecology of ideas and visions that feed innovation Table 1. Origins of most important ideas in computer science and technology Top ten ideas in computer science 1. Turing machine
Turing) 2. Programming languages; formal description of syntax and semantics; LISP (Mccarthy) 3. Memory hierarchy; cache memory 4. User interface;
pseudocausality 7. Relational database 8. Fourier fast transform (FFT)( Cooley and Tuckey) 9. Efficient algorithms; data structure (Knuth and Tarjan) 10.
Luckily, computer science and the computer industry have been the object of a massive historical literature, that has highlighted several key factors.
This opened the way to a large diffusion of courses in computer science across US universities. Meanwhile, US universities started to be involved in research on the component technologies underlying the computer.
The role of academic research is also evident in the field of high-level programming languages, for both the USA and Europe.
While the single most important language, FORTRAN, was invented by John Backus at IBM in 1954 (Pugh, 1995),
the ALGOL 60 was created by a committee convened by F L Bauer from the University of Munich (Germany) in 1958,
and COBOL was promoted by a group of universities and computer users which held a meeting at the Computation Center of the University of Pennsylvania in 1959.
In turn, the LISP LANGUAGE was developed by John Mccarthy at MIT in 1958 (Moreau, 1984), PASCAL was developed by Niklaus Wirth at ETH in Zurich (Switzerland) in the period 1968 1969 (Wirth,
1996) and PROLOG was born in 1972 after the work of several French researchers mostly based at the University of Marseille (Colmerauer and Roussel, 1996).
As with C++ ,it was developed in 1979 at Bell laboratories by Bjarne Stroustrup, on the basis of the work he did for his Phd at Cambridge university (UK)( Stroustrup, 1996).
Here Maurice Wilkes developed ideas that prepared for high-level programming languages, such as symbolic labels, macros, and subroutine libraries (Books LLC, 2010a).
In France the theoretical roots of computer science were laid down as early as the 1930s. The french mathematician Louis Couffignal demonstrated how a programmable binary calculator could be constructed using electromechanical technology as early as 1938,
Semelson studied the structure of programming languages and developed the notion of bracketed structures, a fundamental breakthrough in computer science,
while Bauer was the first to propose the stack method of expression evaluation. Jointly, they developed fundamental works on compilers (Books LLC, 2010b.
Indeed, Zuse's work is considered by historians of computing technology to be the earliest pioneering work in the modern era.
It is clear that the institutionalization of computer science as an academic discipline took place earlier in the USA, approximately in the 1950s,
characterizing the search regime of computer science In a stream of recent papers (Bonaccorsi, 2007; 2008;
It is therefore useful to try to characterize the history of computer science from the point of view of the underlying abstract dynamics of knowledge.
The National Research Council (NRC) of the US National Academies has edited a number of essays from leading scientists on the state of the art of computer science, with a collective introduction (NRC, 2004.
Computer science embraces questions ranging from the properties of electronic devices to the character of human understanding, from individual designer components to globally distributed systems,
Computer science encompasses basic research that seeks fundamental understanding of computational phenomena, as well as applied research. The two are coupled often;
in computer science there is a significant overlap. Great theorists also engage in developing (or have their students develop) software code
computer science research (NRC, 2004: 15: involves symbols and their manipulation and the creation and manipulation of abstractions. creates
and studies algorithms and artificial constructs, notably unlimited by physical laws. exploits and addresses exponential growth. seeks the fundamental limits on
From the Moore School and the University of Iowa, from Aiken and Wilkes to Algol, the vast majority of the essential steps were achieved on academic grounds.
One certainly is that the computer has an essential abstract side, most visible in programming,
On the basis of an extensive historical reconstruction and of informed reports from scientists, we can conclude that the search regime of computer science has been characterized by turbulent We conclude that the search regime of computer science has been characterized by a turbulent rate of growth, proliferation dynamics,
but a law of business), granted order of magnitude increases in computing power over time, relaxing year after year the constraints on computation.
Programming languages added further diversity to the search regime by allowing computing results to be obtained in many different programming ways.
The abstract nature of computer objects (e g. data, procedures) allowed a process of progressive transformation of many fields of reality,
has attracted a large number of other disciplines into computer science, creating powerful forms of cognitive complementarity. Not only mathematics, logics,
and electric and electronic engineering have been involved into computer science since the beginning, but also biology and chemistry (bioinformatics), earth sciences (geographic information systems), psychology (artificial intelligence), visual art (computer graphics), operations management (enterprise resource planning),
All have been transformed deeply from the relationship with computer science. In all cases, there was not just‘application,
In computer science, this complementarity comes from the constitutive interplay between theoretical work and pragmatic goals (Bonaccorsi, 2010.
New evidence on scientific excellence in computer science An analysis of the CVS of top computer scientists An interesting perspective is to look at the large community of computer scientists and at their own self-validation processes.
Citations to papers in computer science are recorded automatically by Citeseer, 2 a highly structured indexing system established in 1997 and endorsed by most scientific societies and departments in computer science worldwide.
The Citeseer service ranks scientists by the total number of citations without checking for homonyms and controlling for the age of scientists.
These scientists have the largest cumulative number of citations in papers from a list of journals and conferences in computer science, irrespective of their age.
it is almost impossible to rank high in the computer science field without a Phd from either the USA or Europe,
In the period 1980 1989, a period of explosion of computer science and information technology, US Table 2. Distribution of degrees of top computer scientists by geographical area Area Phd degree Master degree
457 100.0 641 100.0 It is almost impossible to rank high in the computer science field without a Phd from either the USA or Europe, with the USA leading by a large margin European competitiveness:
and place of Phd degree of top scientists in computer science Year USA Europe Asia Other Not available Total<1950 4 4 0 0 0 8
Master and Bachelor degrees to top scientists in computer science Phd degree Master degree Bachelor degree Number%Number%Number%MIT 82 9. 6 47
when we move to the Bachelor degree, the entry point for students considering a career in computer science.
The talent pool for a career in computer science is worldwide. Entry points are good universities offering strong basic scientific knowledge
With few exceptions, European postgraduate education in computer science is not globally competitive. If it were competitive we would see more students migrating from Asia and the rest of the world into Europe, instead of the USA,
not computer science (see Table 5). The entry point of a scientific career is not in the specialised field,
Also interesting is the group of graduate students in physics who are recognized as key leaders in computer science.
computer science is number one at the level of Master degrees, a stage in which some focusing is required.
Finally, at the Phd stage the disciplinary affiliation of computer science dominates with 38.2%of cases.
because it is considered obvious that their Phd is in computer science?).At the same time an interesting tentative interpretation can be offered.
Computer science is a relatively young discipline. It has not the long scientific history of physics, mathematics, or chemistry.
a Table 5. Distribution of Phd, Master and Bachelor degrees by discipline Phd degree Master degree Bachelor degree Number%Number%Number%Computer science 327 38.2
IT and long-term scientific performance 534 Science and Public Policy August 2011 theoretical discipline, based on advanced research in mathematics, logics, computation, probability,
Our data seem to suggest that computer science has been a gateway for cross-discipline mobility and cognitive recombination.
students with a background in human sciences (literature, linguistics, psychology) and social sciences (economics) may combine their domain expertise with advanced computer science.
This is roughly confirmed for computer science (79.4%on the diagonal cell) but not for mathematics and engineering.
We therefore conclude that computer science is characterized a field by a high degree of disciplinary mobility attracting competences from related fields.
which is Table 6. Transition matrix between disciplinary distribution of Bachelor and Phd degrees Bachelor degree Phd degree Mathematics Engineering Computer science Other disciplines No Phd Total
100.0 Engineering 4 41.8 69 34.5 57 17.6 29 17.6 6 3. 6 165 100.0 Computer science-2. 0 2 79.4
. 8 432 100.0 The search regime of computer science has been characterized by a turbulent rate of growth, proliferation dynamics,
Our data seem to suggest that in the computer sciences the pattern of geographic mobility has been an ingredient of long-term success. Scientific productivity We offer a very rough descriptive analysis of the scientific production of top scientists.
These cover only a subset of journals considered important in the computer science community, and do not include many top conferences,
This confirms the notion that institutional complementarity is an integral part of the search regime in computer science.
combine different disciplines around computer science, enjoy a rapid career, have extensive industry involvement, as witnessed by research collaborations,
Computer science has been based on a fierce competition for students and researchers worldwide. Knowing how severe these demands are,
However, there is also very recent evidence that the type of brain race that we have discovered in the computer science is becoming widespread (Wildavsky
The search regime in computer science is based on a massive and fast effort of exploration of many competing directions,
Beyond computation: information technology, organizational transformation, and business performance. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (4), 23 48.
In History of Programming languages-II, T J Bergin and R G Gibson (eds..New york: Addison-Wesley.
Computer science. Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field. WASHINGTON DC: National Academies Press. Nicoletti, G and S Scarpetta 2003.
an experiment that escaped from the lab. In Computer science. Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field, National Research Council (ed.),pp 129 133.
In Computer science. Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field, National Research Council (ed.),pp 151 158.
A history of C++ :++1979 1991. In History of Programming languages-II, T J Bergin and R G Gibson (eds..
New york: Addison-Wesley. Swedin, E g and D L Ferro 2005. Computers. The Life story of a Technology.
A Century of Electrical engineering and Computer science at MIT, 1882 1982. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Williams, M R 2000 A preview of things to come:
In History of Programming languages-II, T J Bergin and R G Gibson (eds..New york, Addison-Wesley.
In Foundations of Computer science. Potential-Theory-Cognition, C Freksa, M Jantzen and R Valk (eds..
it is used also here. 7 See Moore (1998). 8 See the results of a Flash Eurobarometer survey in Gallup Organisation (2009), p. 5. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
/69 See Symbion homepage, English version, at http://symbion. dk/index. php? id=815. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 33 management team,
p. 10.75 See https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php. 76 See http://www. tem. fi/?
see http://ventureconnection. sfu. ca/index. php?//grow/nrc irap industry technology advisors ita/./88 Directly translated: High tech Start-up Funds;
An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at http://www. nap. edu/catalog. php?
http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 72 high tech firms is leading to increased numbers of foreign takeovers and strategic alliances,
If Europe plans to put programming into place for which SMES will be expected to apply, the regulations regarding eligibility based upon ownership will need to be clarified from the outset.
Available at http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Websites: Ontario programs: http://www. ovcf. com/Quebec programs:
https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php, last accessed May 2011. Exponential. Training & Assessment, EU Projects:
it is used also here. 7 See Moore (1998). 8 See the results of a Flash Eurobarometer survey in Gallup Organisation (2009), p. 5. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
/69 See Symbion homepage, English version, at http://symbion. dk/index. php? id=815. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 33 management team,
p. 10.75 See https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php. 76 See http://www. tem. fi/?
see http://ventureconnection. sfu. ca/index. php?//grow/nrc irap industry technology advisors ita/./88 Directly translated: High tech Start-up Funds;
An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at http://www. nap. edu/catalog. php?
http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 72 high tech firms is leading to increased numbers of foreign takeovers and strategic alliances,
If Europe plans to put programming into place for which SMES will be expected to apply, the regulations regarding eligibility based upon ownership will need to be clarified from the outset.
Available at http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Websites: Ontario programs: http://www. ovcf. com/Quebec programs:
https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php, last accessed May 2011. Exponential. Training & Assessment, EU Projects:
including computer sciences. 3. 6. The role of foreign/international research infrastructures Not even the largest countries can afford to establish research infrastructures alone in certain research areas.
At the expense of the 2007 2013 Programming Period, HUF 36.998 billion can be allocated to the implementation of Phase 1 of the large project.
which will be funded from the budget of the 2014-2020 Programming Period. 15%of the investment amount is financed from the national budget,
This included alignment with the Seventh EU Framework Programme (FP7)/ Horizon 2020 and with European initiatives in respect of joint programming as well as taking into account future plans in respect of research
The Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group http://www. forfas. ie/publications/2012/title, 9545, en. php recommended that the Government should set a new overriding national objective to accelerate the delivery
This included alignment with the Seventh EU Framework Programme (FP7)/ Horizon 2020 and with European initiatives in respect of joint programming as well as taking into account future plans in respect of research
The Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group http://www. forfas. ie/publications/2012/title, 9545, en. php recommended that the Government should set a new overriding national objective to accelerate the delivery
how the next programming period will still support them and where to obtain more detailed information about each one.
59 For the 2014-2020 programming period, the European commission has proposed establishing a Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (COSME.
For the next programming period, the investment's priorities proposed under the Cohesion Policy cover these aspects with an emphasis on connecting universities to regional growth and developing stronger partnerships within the knowledge triangle.
The Union Programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport for the programming period 2014-2020.76 72 http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/activities/research-and-innovation
For the 2014-2020 programming period, the European commission has proposed establishing a Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized enterprises (COSME.
instruments will remain essential for the ongoing implementation in the present programming period. But in addition, given the increased role of financial instruments as stated in the cohesion policy post-2013
Structural Funds In the present programming period (2007-2013), under the principle of shared management, Structural Fund resources can be used for establishing financial engineering instruments,
which is aimed at supporting sustainable urban development and regeneration through financial engineering mechanisms. 122 European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) In the current programming period (2007-2013
For the 2014-2020 programming period, the European commission has proposed the establishment of a Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized enterprises (COSME.
/templates/scinetwork/files/Resource centre/Reports/Innovation in construction procurement -Preliminary report. pdf 136 http://www. smart-spp. eu/index. php?
In the current programming period, ensuring innovation for sustainable growth requires improved coordination between different operational and rural development programmes in the areas of innovation, competitiveness, environment and energy.
For the next programming period, the contribution of key areas of sustainable growth is ensured. Environment, climate change and energy are included specifically in the draft new regulatory package,
/index en. htm 160 http://www. e2b-ei. eu/e2bjti about. php? sse=3 107 Challenges in specific areas Sustainable energy For the period 2014-2020, the Commission has proposed a significant concentration of cohesion policy efforts on renewable energy and energy efficiency.
For the next programming period social innovation is treated in a horizontal way in the ESF regulation.
telecommunications and software, computer programming, mecatronics, security, e-health, ITC for transport, new media, irrespectively networks of the future, internet services, software and visualization, media network and 3d
They are familiarized not with programming languages requestedand do not have the primary competences necessary to join an IT peoject team.
Despite the existence during the actual programming period of specific support measures for creating producers groups,
IT&C Telecommunication and Software/Computer programming, Mechatronics, New Media, Application Development Automotive Industry and Other Transport Equipment Materials, Components and Fabrication, Ship Building, Aerospace
electronics, embedded system design, personal health system, ICT for energy efficiency and accessible and assistive ICT, Computer science and artificial intelligence.
final fields highest ranking fields that, together, reached the cost threshold of 5 billion lei (optimistic estimate of RDI budget over programming period.
together, reached a cost threshold of 5 billion lei (an optimistic estimate of the RDI budget over the programming period) were selected with some minor clustering as the smart specialization priorities of the strategy.
10 II. 1. Smart specialization within the Europe 2020 Strategy, the European Cohesion Policy and the 2014-2020 programming period...
owing to a tertiary education system that is relatively strong in natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food science, agriculture,
The EU structural funds available for the 2014-2020 programming period can be leveraged to achieve horizontal and sector specific objectives in line with a smart specialization strategy for the West region.
and the overall guidelines for the design of the instruments to be financed in the 2014-2020 programming period from EU structural funds and other sources.
11,3 26,7-II. 1. Smart specialization within the Europe 2020 Strategy, the European Cohesion Policy and the 2014-2020 programming period 12.
and to exploit opportunities for joint programming, transnational cooperation and joint leverage of EU instruments. 13.
Two main programming documents are envisaged then: the Partnership Agreement and Operational Programmes. In this regard, each Member State needs to prepare a Partnership Agreement outlining funding priorities
This approach of harmonization of programming processes allows for better combination of funds for stronger impact and coherence of EU action. 19.
the Common Strategic Framework provides strategic orientation to the programming process and to the facilitation of the sectoral and territorial coordination of Union intervention under the ESI Funds and with other relevant Union policies and instruments
As part of the Cohesion Policy for the 2014-2020 programming period, smart specialization has been proposed as ex-ante conditionality.
but the region is particularly strong in natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food engineering, agriculture, medical and veterinary sciences.
Computer programming activities; Web portals; Computer programming activities; networks of the future, networked marketing and media and 3d internet, flexible organic and large area electronics, personal health and preventive care systems, research and innovation IT network, etc.
Agro food Collection, Marketing, Processing and Preserving of Meat, Fruit and Vegetables; Crop science and food biological science, food procession bio technologies, etc.
while drawing on the thematic objectives established by the European commission for the 2014-2020 programming period;
A significant proportion of the companies in the West Region interviewed as part of this evaluation mentioned that they had used European Structural Funds for the 2007-2013 programming period
and expressed their intention to apply for this type of financing in the upcoming programming period.
The tourism cluster can act as a platform during the 2014-2020 programming period that can implement the smart specialization objectives by using policy tools to guide the European funds towards tourism integrated and sustainable projects with major externalities.
Clear strength in tertiary education programs for natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food engineering, agriculture, as well as medical and veterinary sciences Important signs of entrepreneurial activity Existence of a relatively good network of industrial and technology parks High export performance Skills:
in order to capitalize on the local advantages in terms of skill availability, particularly mathematics and computer science which are areas of strength of the local universities,
The regions represent the framework for programming, implementing and evaluating the regional development strategies. The RDC is the decision body at regional level, organized on the partnership principle of the county representatives,
and develop relationships with international bodies for promoting the regional interest. 48 For the programming period 2007-2013,
A recent example of an initiative to facilitate the transfer of knowledge to industry is the joint e-Austria institute formed with the participation of the Computer science departments of the West and Politehnica Universities and the Research Institute for Symbolic Computation at the Johannes Kepler
All the other measures can be implemented concurrently over the 2014-2020 programming period. Table 21-Overall outline and time frame for the development of smart specialization strategy in the West region Key actions Investment priorities Time frame I. Improve the institutional framework supporting
The local universities are especially strong in natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food engineering, agriculture, as well as medical and veterinary sciences.
It follows the general guidleines for the design of the instruments to be financed in the 2014-2020 programming period from EU structural funds and other sources. 90 198.
Overall, the suggested policies and recommendations presented here aim to tackle the main challenges that prevent the West Region from catching up with its more developed peers over the next programming period (2014-2020.
for one village, are presented at the following link. http://www. upt. ro/pfe7. php. 100 implemented,
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