| Computation (111) |  |
| Computation (111) | |
Having start and complete events allows for the computation of activity durations. It is recommended to store activity references to be able to relate events belonging to the same activity instance.
In comparison to the linear time computation of an RPST (Vanhatalo et al. 2009), the calculation of subgraph isomorphism is said to be NP complete (Garey & Johnson, 1979.
2. Accuracy refers to the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values;
but the computation may be cumbersome. Various values have been suggested, ranging from 25 (Efron & Tibshirani, 1991) to as high as 1000 (Efron,
the derivation of a Condorcet ranking may sometimes be a long and complex computation process.
which enters into the computation of the overall importance of country a, in a manner consistent with the definition of weights as importance measures. 114 HANDBOOK ON CONSTRUCTING COMPOSITE INDICATORS:
METHODOLOGY AND USER GUIDE ISBN 978-92-64-04345-9-OECD 2008 Golub G. H. and van der Vorst, H. A. 2000), Eigenvalue computation
but careful computation is needed. 14 For NMAR mechanisms one needs to make assumptions on the missing-data mechanism
Eigenvalue computation in the 20th century, Journal of Computational and Applied mathematics, Vol. 123, Iss. 1-2. and Gentle, James E.;
computations by Zoltán Bajmócy and research team. In: Borsi andbajmócy (2009: Quantitative lagging behind, qualitative catching up?
tangible computing includes embedding computation to the physical via intelligent objects, the internet of things and connectivity with a profound impact on learning mechanisms.
In Digital Ecosystems research autopoiesis is used as the ultimate model of interactive computation, but it is used also as a metaphor for a generalised form of organisation.
It is a web platform for gaming and social computation. It helps researchers to devise web games/experiments,
and contribute to the scientific research. 101 The web platform is built to engage social computation, letting the different organisers of projects collaborate
It is a web platform for gaming and social computation. It helps researchers to devise web games/experiments,
and contribute to the scientific research. 101 The web platform is built to engage social computation, letting the different organisers of projects collaborate
Brynjolfsson, Erik and Lorin Hitt, 2000, Beyond Computation: Information technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, p. 23-48.
but the computation may be cumbersome. Various values have been suggested, ranging from 25 (Efron and Tibshirani, 1991) to as high as 1000 (Efron, 1987;
but careful computation is needed. 8 For NMAR mechanisms one needs to make assumption on the missing-data mechanism
which enters into the computation of the overall importance of country a, in a way which is consistent with the definition of weights as importance measures.
The SWP was founded in 1987, initiated by a department of the University of Linz (Research Institute for Symbolic Computation.
Brynjolfsson, E. and Hitt, L. 2000) Beyond Computation: Information technology, Organisational Transformation and Business Performance, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 23-48.
While there is an insatiable need for more computation and storage power, the energy consumption in data centres poses an energy wall that must be addressed to be able to advance to more powerful data centres.
It enhances existing deployment strategies by moving computation and services around a federation of data centres sites.
The computation of the method consists of four main steps: Step 1: Compute midpoint growth rates For a country i exporting a value x to a country c of product k at time t,
Computation of the indices from the estimated coefficients From the estimated coefficients, growth is decomposed for each exporter (i e.,
Baseline indicator computations and their results are available for all countries and regions listed in Table 1
App 1 and j N i ij App App 1 All computations for this case are shown in the middle part of Table 14.
7) i ij N j Inv Invapp 1 (7')j ij N i App Invapp 1 The bottom part of Table 14 indicates all computations
Computation of measures of internationalisation of three fictitious patents P p ij ijp Invinv Inv 1 j=US j=DE j=FR i N
and is given therefore less weight in the computation of the IDI compared with the other two sub-indices. 2 The choice of indicators included in the subindices reflects the corresponding stage of transformation to the information society.
For computation of the final index, the ICT access and ICT use sub-indices were given 40 per cent weight each,
Index (IDI) methodology 228 Potential sources of variation or uncertainty can be attributed to different processes employed in the computation of the index,
and the countries in this group ranked low in all index computations using different methodologies. This confirms the results conveyed by the IDI. 229 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 1 Principal component analysis was used to examine the underlying nature of the data.
connectivity and computation? How should all that influence our choices when we seek the impact?
which held a meeting at the Computation Center of the University of Pennsylvania in 1959.
but a law of business), granted order of magnitude increases in computing power over time, relaxing year after year the constraints on computation.
IT and long-term scientific performance 534 Science and Public Policy August 2011 theoretical discipline, based on advanced research in mathematics, logics, computation, probability,
Beyond computation: information technology, organizational transformation, and business performance. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (4), 23 48.
A recent example of an initiative to facilitate the transfer of knowledge to industry is the joint e-Austria institute formed with the participation of the Computer science departments of the West and Politehnica Universities and the Research Institute for Symbolic Computation at the Johannes Kepler
and computation applications supported the birth of the minicomputer industry. These two developments provided the key trajectories for the birth of the personal computer.
and Lorin Hitt, Beyond Computation: Information technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance, MIT Sloan School of management Working Paper, September 1998.25 Brynolfsson, Erik and S. Yang, The Intangible Costs and Benefits of Computer Investments:
as a ubiquitous and universal means for communication and computation, has been extraordinarily successful, there are still many unsolved problems and challenges some
Unification and higher degree of integration of the communication, storage, content and computation as the means of enabling change from capacity concerns towards increased and flexible capability with operation control.
The Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet chapter explores the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities,
which take advantage of flexible sharing of available connectivity, computation, and storage resources. This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities,
by fully integrating networking with cloud computing in order to create In-Network Clouds. It also presents the designs and experiments with a number of In-Network Clouds platforms
which take advantage of flexible sharing of available resources (e g. connectivity, computation, and storage resources). This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of resources and self management capabilities,
computation's and storage's networks and services has been a clear trend in the Information and Communications technology (ICT) domain.
interrelation and unification of the communication, storage, content and computation substrata. Networking-awareness 4 challenges imply the consumer-facing
trading-off the advantages achieved in terms of efficiency with the entailed additional SW/HW/computation complexity.
while executing them on shared physical storage and computation resources. The concept of Platform-as-a-service provides joint development and execution environments for software and services,
This allows for the use of classical automated first-order reasoning techniques, in particular resolution or fixed-point computations of static analysis. Thanks to the over-approximation,
trusted computing 21 or computations on outsourced data 20. Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 215 3. 3 Failures of the Cloud Management Systems Due to the highly automated nature of the cloud management systems
Cryptographers have designed schemes such as homomorphic encryption 9 that allow verifiable computation on encrypted data. However, the proposed schemes are too inefficient
outsourcing computation without outsourcing control. In: ACM Workshop on Cloud computing Security (CCSW'09), pp. 85 90.
Token-Based Cloud computing Secure Outsourcing of Data and Arbitrary Computations with Lower Latency. In: Acquisti, A.,Smith, S.,Sadeghi, A r. eds.
and computation, there are still many unsolved problems and challenges some of which have basic aspects. Many of these aspects could not have been foreseen
The path computation is performed by dedicated PCES that implements enhanced computation algorithms able to combine both network
A Path Computation Element (PCE)- Based Architecture. RFC 4655 (Informational)( Aug 2006), http://www. ietf. org/rfc/rfc4655. txt 6. Handley, M.:
but cloud computing is acknowledged generally to be the provision of IT capabilities, such as computation, data storage and software on-demand, from a shared pool, with minimal interaction or knowledge by users.
Such an issue may seem trivial to ICT people (they need a given computation to take place;
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 411 In summary, Web services were introduced essentially as a computation resource,
where computation will be performed directly by enterprise components, mainly positioned in the enterprise itself of in the Cloud (typically,
The project was successful in meeting its scientific goals (through establishing an Interuniversity Computation Centre involving all universities in the region)
The computation routine for the field-normalized citation rate indicator involved collecting citations to each publication according to a variable citation window,
and provides essential application infrastructure services such as computation, connectivity and emails access. The last layer is the Infrastructure as a service (Iaas), in
NET) Storage (DB/File) Infrastructure---Computation (VM) Storage (Block) Hardware---CPU, Memory, Disk, Bandwidth Resources Managed at Each Layer Software as a service (Saas) Platform as a service
and software Histograms and sketches for data stream computation problems (see 37 for a survey) a According to 42 Hyperscale storage is measured a storage space in terms of petabytes,
and using the estimated in Equation (1). GDP per capita in constant 2011 international dollars were used for the computation.
Computation and structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2014 2015 This appendix presents the structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2014 2015 (GCI.
The computation of the GCI is based on successive aggregations of scores from the indicator level (i e.,
STRUCTURE OF THE SUSTAINABILITY PILLARS The computation of the sustainability components is based on an arithmetic mean aggregation of scores from the indicator level. b Variables that are derived not from the Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey) are identified by an asterisk(*)in the following pages.
Survey edition (s) used for the computation of economy scores: 2012 and 2014; 2013; 2014.
DATA TREATMENT AND SCORE COMPUTATION This section details the process whereby individual responses are edited and aggregated in order to produce the scores of each economy on each individual question of the Survey.
Aggregation and computation of country averages Through 2013, the computation of country averages used a weighting by economic sector:
and Ni, c is the number of respondents to question i in country c. Moving average and computation of country scores As a final step,
the country averages for 2014 are combined with the 2013 averages to produce the country scores that are used for the computation of the GCI 2014 2015
Table2 reports the exact weights used in the computation of the scores of each country,
In the case of Rwanda, we use only the 2013 Survey data in the computation of the Survey scores (see the Exceptions section in Box4.
as an intermediate step toward the re-establishment of the standard computation method, we used a weighted average of the Survey data of 2012 and 2014 for these countries,
Example of score computation For this example we compute the score of Tanzania for indicator 5. 08 Extent of staff training,
This is the final score used in the computation of the GCI and reported in Table 5. 08 (see page 463).
Tables by providing additional information for all indicators used in the computation of the Global Competitiveness Index,
For the computation of the two averages, only economies with a two-year average number of at least 100 USPTO applications
The estimates are used in the computation of the respective Innovation pillar scores of the two economies.
His responsibilities include the computation and management of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies.
He works on the development and computation of a range of indexes and on the analysis of data for the elaboration of various reports.
As head of quantitative research, he supervises the development and computation of a wide range of composite indicators.
and information on the definitions and sources of specific quantitative non-Survey data variables included in the NRI computation this year.
Appendix A includes detailed information on the composition and computation of the NRI 2014 while we briefly describe the different subindexes below.
COMPUTATION METHODOLOGY AND DATA In order to capture as comprehensively as possible all relevant dimensions of societies'networked readiness
More details on variables included in the Index and their computation can be found in Appendix A
The 54 individual indicators used in the computation of the NRI are distributed among the 10 pillars.
The computation of the NRI is based on successive aggregations of scores, from the indicator level (i e.,
However, exact figures are used always at every step of the computation of the NRI. Variables that are derived from the World Economic Forum's Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey) are identified here by an asterisk(*.
Structure and computation of the Networked Readiness Index 2014 2014 World Economic Forum 1. 1:
the average of the respective scores is used in the computation of the NRI. d For indicators 1. 08 and 1. 09,
the average of the respective normalized scores is used in the computation of the NRI. e For indicators 2. 04 and 2. 05,
the average of the respective normalized scores is used in the computation of the NRI. f The affordability pillar is computed as follows:
the average of the respective scores is used in the computation of the NRI. categoryi K k=1indicatork K 2014 World Economic Forum CHAPTER 1. 2 The Internet of Everything:
The ENIAC Computations of 1950: Gateway to Numerical Weather Prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 60 (4): 302 12.
as in most relational databases, providing fast aggregation and computation of large numbers of similar data items.
A library of Hadoop implementations of common analytical computations. Oozie: A workflow scheduler system developed to manage Hadoop jobs.
including its definition, method of computation, and sources. Note that for the sake of readability
For more information on the framework and computation of the NRI, refer to Chapter 1. 1. ONLINE DATA PORTAL In complement to the analysis presented in this Report,
His responsibilities include the computation of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies.
The Global Information technology Report 2014 features the latest computation and rankings of the NRI and, referring to this year's theme,
In addition, the Report includes detailed profiles for the 148 economies covered this year together with data tables for each of the 54 indicators used in the computation of the NRI.
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