These tips come from Dutch foundation Enviu that specialises in crowdsourcing ideas and crowdfunded €100 000 for their entrepreneurs in a three month period.
crowdsourcing. org/directory Choose the category as Crowdfunding and then country. Results can be filtered by sub-category for donations, equity or lending.
It is built on crowdsourcing. Learning is a process of mutual exploration and discovery between and among students and the person formerly known as the instructor, adapting Jay Rosen's apt description of the rise of the citizen journalist in the digital age (2012).
citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;
such as collectively tackling problems via platforms based on crowdsourcing and cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation.
A potential future scenario to tackle climate change using collective intelligence could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data,
and citizen participation through crowdsourcing legislation, such as Open Ministry or Liquid Feedback, are transforming the traditional models of representative democracy.
Crowdsourcing processes also present challenges that are often related to managing the crowd, quality or limitations of ideas, public commitment from policymakers,
It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.
In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu, drawing on the capabilities within communities (for instance,
The platform crowdsources opinions on city legislation, with the most popular ideas then being debated by the city council.
set up with the aim of enabling the crowdsourcing of legislation, promoting deliberative and participatory democracy and citizens initiatives.
The Open Ministry utilises crowdsourcing and it is operated fully by volunteers independent of governmental political parties.
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
Cityofedinburghcouncil Universityofedinburgh Cityofeindhoven MADEMERGENTARTCENTER CMC2COMMUNITYINTERESTCOMPANY Coexisthance Communiaassosiation NEXA Consorziotiberina Riverwatch/Tevere Coventryuniversity Fundaciói2cat Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten
Cityofedinburghcouncil Universityofedinburgh Cityofeindhoven MADEMERGENTARTCENTER CMC2COMMUNITYINTERESTCOMPANY Coexisthance Communiaassosiation NEXA Consorziotiberina Riverwatch/Tevere Coventryuniversity Fundaciói2cat Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten
Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up,
In particular CAPS facilitates SI processes and democratic decision-making through distributed platforms that foster collective intelligence and leverage the potential for crowdsourcing, citizen science
and crowdsourcing People can use their time as asset and use mutual credit systems and alternative money in order to help projects go life.
There are different methodologies for organising such processes, e g. surveys, seminars with participatory leadership methods, crowdsourcing, etc.
Commercial offers like‘linked in'or various crowdsourcing platforms offer important elements while not regarding themselves as innovation platforms for SMES.
Commercial offers by crowdsourcing platforms remain effectively unaffordable for SMES or face difficulties to scale up their offers
Commercial offers like‘linked in'or various crowdsourcing platforms offer important elements while not regarding themselves as innovation platforms for SMES.
Commercial offers by crowdsourcing platforms remain effectively unaffordable for SMES or face difficulties to scale up their offers
such as peer-to-peer lending services or crowdsourcing (fund-raising for specific projects from individuals, normally using web platforms to reach scale).
Hence, complementary to the ongoing review of existent good practices, it is recommended to also put focus on the design of new policies (through‘think tanks',‘crowdsourcing methods'or similar.
which favours in a limited scope the innovative SMES by public tenders) 26.5) The provision of incentives for spreading new, web-based social innovation solutions (crowdfunding and crowdsourcing).
By crowdsourcing innovation, both internally and externally, GE is improving customer value and driving advancements across industries.
What is the link between big data and open data (crowdsourcing, cloud computing, etc.)?is there need a to regulate data management and service providers?
Regulators and others are now using the Internet to crowdsource quality of service (Qos) data on broadband quality.
citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;
such as collectively tackling problems via platforms based on crowdsourcing and cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation.
A potential future scenario to tackle climate change using collective intelligence could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data,
and citizen participation through crowdsourcing legislation, such as Open Ministry or Liquid Feedback, are transforming the traditional models of representative democracy.
Crowdsourcing processes also present challenges that are often related to managing the crowd, quality or limitations of ideas, public commitment from policymakers,
It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.
In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu, drawing on the capabilities within communities (for instance,
The platform crowdsources opinions on city legislation, with the most popular ideas then being debated by the city council.
set up with the aim of enabling the crowdsourcing of legislation, promoting deliberative and participatory democracy and citizens initiatives.
The Open Ministry utilises crowdsourcing and it is operated fully by volunteers independent of governmental political parties.
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
Cityofedinburghcouncil Universityofedinburgh Cityofeindhoven MADEMERGENTARTCENTER CMC2COMMUNITYINTERESTCOMPANY Coexisthance Communiaassosiation NEXA Consorziotiberina Riverwatch/Tevere Coventryuniversity Fundaciói2cat Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten
Cityofedinburghcouncil Universityofedinburgh Cityofeindhoven MADEMERGENTARTCENTER CMC2COMMUNITYINTERESTCOMPANY Coexisthance Communiaassosiation NEXA Consorziotiberina Riverwatch/Tevere Coventryuniversity Fundaciói2cat Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten
Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up,
In particular CAPS facilitates SI processes and democratic decision-making through distributed platforms that foster collective intelligence and leverage the potential for crowdsourcing, citizen science
and crowdsourcing People can use their time as asset and use mutual credit systems and alternative money in order to help projects go life.
Innovation 2. 0 Creates New Innovation Space 21 The New Era of Crowdsourcing Industrial Crowdsourcing 25 Research and Innovation Programmes Shaping Ecosystems for Open Innovation
The following article by Karkkainen, Jussila and Erkinheimo looks at industrial crowdsourcing from a very practical, evidence-based angle.
and extends that to crowdsourcing, and even crowdworking. Engagement platforms and processes seem to be very important
Work builds on the very deep experience of the authors on crowdsourcing in various environments.
Is crowdsourcing in its different forms the right way to progress? In this article, it is suggested that the power of crowds together with experimentation
One of the new trends is crowdsourcing (beyond crowdfunding. Crowd processes can bring good, disruptive ideas or reinforce some solutions when used properly.
E A r C H 25 The New Era of Crowdsourcing Industrial Crowdsourcing Introduction The open innovation paradigm emphasises the importance of the efficient use of all available
Crowdsourcing is a phenomenon which is not a fully new one, but quite clearly, its significance for different industries has increased strongly during the last few years.
Howe 1 defines crowdsourcing as an‘act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designated agent (usually an employee) and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call'.
'Generally, crowdsourcing has been used mainly by consumer-sector companies, and the main applications have been the outsourcing of relatively simple tasks, such as marketing videos, photographs and simple design tasks,
The idea of crowdsourcing by business-to-business companies and companies developing complex industrial products for other companies has been considered irrelevant and even absurd.
or existing crowdsourcing approaches and competences that would allow the crowdsourcing to be extended to their proper use,
So, while previous crowdsourcing activities and crowdsourcing research has focused strongly on crowdsourcing related to the consumer sector companies using it,
and the use of consumertypes of crowds in the crowdsourcing of simple and relatively little in depth or specialised expertise requiring tasks, such as t-shirt design,
quite recently during recent years crowdsourcing has been discovered see e g. 2 to have significant potential also in the sourcing of highly professional tasks, the development of quite complex products,
and thus increasingly, also industrial manufacturing companies and business-to-business companies have found crowdsourcing useful. Therefore
it is well-grounded to state that crowdsourcing has entered recently a new phase which could be called the new era or new wave of crowdsourcing the era of Industrial Crowdsourcing.
Many pioneering companies have shown quite recently that even innovation-related tasks that require very in depth
In the present report, we focus strongly on this new era of Industrial Crowdsourcing by focusing on crowdsourcing activities of the above type in companies that manufacture industrial products and services.
we focus on crowdsourcing in the business-to-business sector companies, which were thought earlier commonly to be a very challenging or even impossible target for crowdsourcing activities.
We argue that the use of crowdsourcing in the development of complex products requires novel types of skills and competences from the crowdsourcing company and the potential crowdsourcing intermediary,
as well as dedicated crowdsourcing platforms and crowds themselves. New era of industrial crowdsourcing The crowdsourcing of industrial companies and companies manufacturing industrial products for other companies,
Industrial Crowdsourcing, can be described as the new era for crowdsourcing for several reasons. During the last few years
many things have taken place simultaneously to make crowdsourcing possible, on a large scale, for industrial companies.
First, many crowdsourcing platforms have been founded that are dedicated to the crowdsourcing of industrial companies: for instance, Grabcad, Atizo, Top-Coder, utest and Solved are all platforms that did not exist a few years ago,
and have been designed and dedicated to specific, even very complex and expertise-intensive tasks related to industrial crowdsourcing.
Such platforms have matured also only recently to the point, regarding their operational processes, technologies and competences that large scale crowdsourcing can be carried out feasibly
and in a competitive way also from the viewpoint of industrial manufacturing companies e g. 3. The crowds of the above crowdsourcing platforms consist of very professionally operating industry experts from various industries
and representing various areas of expertise, with world-class in depth and specialised expertise on various topics that enable industrial crowdsourcing,
including design and CAD expertise and manufacturing expertise, etc 4. In addition, good 26 O P E N I N N O V A t
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 5 and well-reported examples of pioneering industrial companies from many industries having successfully used crowdsourcing to their benefit
in the sourcing of the development of even very complex products, services and systems have been reported in the last couple of years.
the value creation approaches, models and success factors of industrial crowdsourcing have recently been studied academically
Accordingly, some of the leading consultancies such as Gartner and Accenture that have investigated crowdsourcing have recently come to the conclusion that crowdsourcing is now a phenomenon
5. General electric is an example of a large multinational industrial company that has noticed clearly the business potential for crowdsourcing,
and claims even that‘A Third Industrial revolution'will be essentially based on crowdsourcing and digitalisation 6. Several new crowdsourcing platforms feasible for industrial crowdsourcing have emerged that have gained rather recently a critical amount of crowds with in depth expertise for the benefit of industrial crowdsourcing.
Innocentive is the most widely-known general-purpose crowdsourcing platform, but unlike the other presented crowdsourcing platforms below, it is designed not specifically for the needs of industrial companies.
Other crowdsourcing platforms more focused for the purpose have been targeted e g. to match the specific needs of industrial companies in software development (e g.
Topcoder mechanical engineering (e g. Grab-CAD), cleantech expertise (e g. Solved), testing of software and hardware products (e g. utest), ideation and concepting (e g.
Atizo) or pre-purchase crowdfunding (e g. Kickstarter), see Table 1. From some platforms, industrial companies can reach a vast number of experts in specific field (e g. more than 1. 5 million mechanical engineers in Grabcad),
Table 1. Examples of industrial crowdsourcing platforms, crowds and industrial case companies 7, 8, 4, 9 Crowdsourcing platform Crowd Industrial case companies
Formlabs, Autonomous Marine Systems Atizo (https://www. atizo. com/)Thousands of concept builders Pago AG The Ferris wheel of crowdsourcing Next, we present the Ferris wheel of crowdsourcing
and give examples of current interesting pioneering outlier companies 10 and applications of industrial crowdsourcing.
In Figure 1, crowdsourcing is presented as a Ferris wheel. The Ferris wheel describes the major approaches where crowds can be used to create value (innermost sphere 2) for the various business development needs of industrial companies.
and manufacturing companies consists of three main crowdsourcing-related concepts:(1) crowdsourcing,(2) crowdfunding 11 and (3) crowdworking.
These concepts are referred to by numbers 1-3. These concepts are interrelated partly and intersecting. We will describe in more detail the major crowdsourcing-based functions related to the above concepts,
using examples from various industrial companies. R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
to clarify the current potential of crowd-based value creation for industrial crowdsourcing. We shall also dismantle the crowd-based major functions of the Ferris wheel shown in Figure 1. Market research
and are nowadays using crowdsourcing as a way to produce findings while simultaneously protecting their old-school offerings.
As an example of new type of highly complex crowdworking in the construction industry, the company YIT, the largest residential construction company in Finland, used Solved (https://solved. fi/),a crowdsourcing intermediary
The Ferris wheel of crowdsourcing 28 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0
The focal point of the act is crowdsourcing and start-up community-related new rules and regulations;
Ideation and concepting the typical concepts in engaging the crowd Ideation is one of the most common application areas for crowdsourcing;
If idea crowdsourcing is part of company's true innovation and renewal endeavours, the company needs to know what to do with the ideas how to embed them into the core of its business development and innovation practices.
Atizo (http://www. atizo. com) is an example in EU for idea crowdsourcing where multiple consumer brands
Using crowdsourcing for concepting can be organised for example as engineering competitions or be a continuation of engaging the crowd
Estonian-founded crowdsourcing start-up Grabcad (http://grabcad. com//which was acquired by Stratasys, is a an example of a crowdsourcing platform
and community that has been used by several manufacturing companies (e g. Konecranes, Sovella, Lürssen Werft) in Europe to crowdsource conceptualisation of even quite complex industrial products.
As an example, Konecranes, a globally leading overhead crane manufacturer and provider of lifting solutions and service networks,
used Grab-CAD to crowdsource concepts for an indicator for detecting chain wear in their chain hoist.
While pre-purchase crowdsourcing has been popular in consumer markets already for years, manufacturing companies in different industrial sectors have begun also making use of pre-purchasing in both early phases of product development as well as ramping up their production.
Recently, also industrial companies have started making use of communities and services for crowdsourcing testing of their products.
/a professional network of 150 000+testers and QA professionals in a crowdsourcing complex testing of both software and also hardware of their product for tracking vehicles and assets.
Completing volunteer-based crowdsourcing, a paying crowdwork industry is now quickly growing in scope and ambition:‘
and argued here that crowdsourcing has entered a new era quite recently the era of Industrial Crowdsourcing.
and crowdsourcing platforms that have come up within the very last few years. The examples and many others have demonstrated that even tasks related to the development of very demanding business-to-business products
however, successful crowdsourcing usually requires several new types of competences, which can be achieved partly via intermediaries,
The examples also show that crowdsourcing can help to achieve significant results and benefits in the case of industrial manufacturing companies,
Quite often, the crowdsourcing approaches have resulted in very innovative and out-of-the-box types of solutions that very probably would not have been reached by traditional approaches.
which crowdsourcing platforms enable with much more ease than the traditional methods. The various outlined crowdsourcing approaches and industrial company examples described in this paper have several significant implications for the renewal and competitiveness of manufacturing companies in Europe and elsewhere.
As we are dealing with a new and potentially a disruptive change phenomenon, industrial manufacturing companies should certainly no less than follow carefully the developments in the area of industrial crowdsourcing,
and try to be aware of how the new trends in crowdsourcing impact their industry and
what the competitors are doing with crowdsourcing. But they should also be aware that the bold companies that start early to experiment with
and adopt crowdsourcing practices themselves in their business may be the ones that gain an edge,
which could be tough to catch up with by the latecomers. References (1) Howe J.,Crowdsourcing: How the power of the crowd is driving the future of business, New york, Crown Publishing Group, 2008.2) Jussila J, Laine T, Rautiainen M, Kärkkäinen H, Ruohisto J, Erkinheimo
P, et al, Future of crowdsourcing and value creation in different media environments, Academicmindtrek‘13 Proceedings of International Conference on Making Sense of Converging Media, Tampere, 2013, p
. 339. doi: 10.1145/2523429.2532331.3) Daugherty P, Biltz MJ, Banerjee P.,Accenture Technology Vision 2014, Every Business Is a Digital Business, 2014.4) Helander N, Jussila
J, Kärkkäinen H.,Value Creation in Business-to-business Crowdsourcing, International Journal of Knowledge Society Research (IJKSR) 2013;
Multasuo J.,Can crowdsourcing really be used in B2b innovation?,Proceedings of the 16th International Academic Mindtrek Conference, ACM;
10.1145/2393132.2393159.8) Jussila J, Kärkkäinen H, Multasuo J.,Social media Roles in Crowdsourcing Innovation Tasks in B2b-Relationships, Proceedings of The XXIV ISPIM Conference, Helsinki, Finland:
P.,Crowdsourcing and Open Innovation for Enterprises, 2013. R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
2013, pp. 1301-18.23) Trifu A, Croitoru I, A SWOT Analysis of Today's Crowdsourcing Process, International Journal of Management Sciences, 2014;
the need to review their curriculum to respond to new skills and market demands, the rise of open education platforms and social media, community engagement and crowdsourcing.
community engagement and crowdsourcing. We will now consider these trends in further details. Knowledge co-creation and use-inspired research In its Global Information technology Report 2010-11,8 the World Economic Forum provides ranking of university-industry R & D collaboration based on
Universities are gradually exploring crowdsourcing and crowdfunding opportunities. While there is a need to pay some scrutiny to funding sources there are new crowdfunding platforms
and crowdsourcing will continue to rise while universities build experience and confidence in using new tools and solutions.
The pivot of discussion has extended from crowdsourcing to also include crowd funding. Kickstarter, the most well-known crowd funding site, raises on average more than a $1 million a day for entrepreneurs.
'Pia Erkinheimo-Mennander, Head of Innovation Crowdsourcing at Nokia, explains (3: innovation failure rates have reached as much as 86 percent,(4) primarily because of the lack of end-user adoption;
‘The Usage and the Benefits of Internal and External Crowdsourcing',Open Innovation Yearbook 2011 (4) Barbier, J. et al.
However, to benefit from these, policymakers should ensure mechanisms such as crowdsourcing and crowdfunding capabilities in instruments,
Social network or crowdsourcing businesses reflect these new business models and a new philosophy where Internet is the natural environment in
one obvious opportunity is crowdsourcing. If Henry Chesbrough coined the term‘open innovation, 'Jeff Howe coined crowdsourcing
and there is a strong philosophical connection between the two concepts. According to Jeff Howe,‘crowdsourcing represents the act of a company
or institution taking a function once performed by employees and outsourcing it to an undefined (and generally large) network of people in the form of an open call.
While large cap organisations like Proctor & Gamble or GE utilise open innovation and crowdsourcing to breakthrough new products,
A subset of crowdsourcing contains the concept of crowdfunding, a practice we have referred already to as a manifestation of the disruptive possibilities of the crowd asset economy.
This might include crowdsourcing highly specific innovation and R & D, design skills, or crowd sourced recruitment and is very much the heartland of open innovation.
and crowdsourcing simultaneously, organisations can create value chains that let more people into the process of innovation and value creation,
crowdsourcing highly-specific innovation, R & D, and design through Quirky's community of engineers and members is not only efficient,
which organisations can use distributed infrastructures for production, crowdsourcing highly-specific R & D challenges,
Crowdsourcing: A Definition. Crowdsourcing Blog. Retrieved January 2, 2013.6) Chesbrough, Henry William (1 march 2003. Open Innovation:
The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston: Harvard Business school Press. 7) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Co-creation (8) Venkat Ramaswamy, Francis Gouillart, The Power of Co-Creation:
Furthermore, these previous studies on open innovation in SMES have neglected the potential of Web 2. 0 technologies and platforms and related concepts such as crowdsourcing (Howe, 2008), cocreation (Winsor, 2005),
Crowdsourcing How the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business, Crown Business. 35.
Crowdsourcing: How the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business, New york, The Crown Publishing Group. 36.
Networks of learning in biotechnology, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41,116-145.32 In 2006, Netflix, a major movie rental company, organized a crowdsourcing contest on the Internet.
Crowdsourcing contests are also possible for smaller companies although most likely in smaller, more focused communities.
Networks of learning in biotechnology, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41,116-145.32 In 2006, Netflix, a major movie rental company, organized a crowdsourcing contest on the Internet.
Crowdsourcing contests are also possible for smaller companies although most likely in smaller, more focused communities.
There are different methodologies for organising such processes, e g. surveys, seminars with participatory leadership methods, crowdsourcing, etc.
En otras regiones de Europa el fenómeno del crowdsourcing supone una oportunidad para los emprendedores innovadores o lograr su financiación
o su comercialización. 3 El crowdsourcing es un tipo de actividad en línea lucro o empresa, propone a un grupo de
la innovación crowdsourcing supone una oportunidad para los emprendedores de actividades dirigidas a una sociedad más consolidados y 43 emergentes. cooperación
WP2 Embracing Social Innovation Page 15 Notions such as‘co-creation',‘crowdsourcing',‘prosumers'(Toffler, 1980) 10 and‘mass collaboration'(Tapscott and Williams, 2008;‘
crowdsourcing, utilising big data; but much of this is still in experimental mode13 and European cities tend to lag those in the US14.
and gather information, through open data gathering techniques, crowdsourcing and so on. The potential importance of digital dialogue, including for Smart Specialisation for Regional Innovation:
, crowdsourcing), problem solving (e g.,, codesign), and taking and influencing decisions (e g.,participatory budgeting. Our research further identified four important dimensions of citizen engagement with reference to social innovation. 22 SOCIAL INNOVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH Bringing specific knowledge First,
Intelligent cities, from the new intelligence of cities, collective intelligence of citizens, distributed intelligence, crowdsourcing, online collaboration, broadband for innovation, social capital of cities, collaborative learning
Advanced location based services, social networking and collaborative crowdsourcing collecting citizens'generated data. By analyzing these different Smart Cities application scenarios, together with the need of a broadband communication infrastructure that is becoming,
INSPIRATIONS AND DIAGNOSES 15 competitions for the crowdsourcing of innovations say that it is the stage of framing a good question
, crowdsourcing and people services. Moreover, this part of the volume will explore the identity challenges for businesses both as security and privacy issues;
126 6. 4. 7 Crowdsourcing...127 6. 5 Case studies...128 6. 6 Summary...130 References...
, crowdsourcing, lowering production costs. Furthermore, they contribute to create multi-sided markets3 where the business focus is on networking benefits for value creation, asking for new business models and pricing strategies, likewise.
what in Table 4. 5 is classified as‘‘Crowdsourcing for user centered activities''with a prevalence of the convergence of localization features and social networks through Table 4. 4 Technological enablers of social sensing.
Table 4. 5 Social sensing domains and applications Domains Applications (sample) Crowdsourcing for user centered activities Location trends Google Latitude Google Public
and thinking. 126 6 Digital Work and Collaboration 6. 4. 7 Crowdsourcing Hammon and Hippner 19 define Crowdsourcing as‘‘the act of outsourcing tasks originally performed inside an organization,
In crowdsourcing a community or‘‘crowd''that is often coordinated over the internet is invited to participate in tasks normally accomplished by companies or group of specialists.
Those using crowdsourcing techniques expect that having many participants to solve a problem increases the possibility of generating a significant innovative solution 20.
Crowdsourcing is considered as an innovative way of restructuring certain tasks in a way that the power of several participants can be combined to achieve multiple possible ends.
Examples of Crowdsourcing include the Amazon Mechanical Turk, in which the users can complete variety of tasks such as labeling images with keywords,
However, Crowdsourcing has been used innovatively for big projects as well. For example computer scientists at Carnegie mellon University have created a project called recaptcha,
Nevertheless, despite its powerful features, many research areas related to Crowdsourcing need to be covered. It is important to study the possibilities and limitations of crowdsourcing.
One important area of research is to understand the motivations and rewards that attract participants
Kittur 22 argues that more research is needed to understand the influences involved in the different stages of crowdsourcing such as tasks'reception, acceptance and completion 22.
as well as 6. 4 Digital Collaboration Systems and Ideas 127 crowdsourcing. These plans should have the ability to monitor crowds actions and
Crowdsourcing is a powerful method to solve a variety of problems in faster and less expensive ways in comparison with traditional ones;
crowdsourcing provides an effective way of humans'collaboration that can participate positively in the project success. The second case study discusses the digital collaboration in educational webinars.
Moreover, it provided a description for the crowdsourcing concept as well as the incentives and rewards in social computing.
Hammon L, Hippner H (2012) Crowdsourcing. Bus Inf Syst Eng 4: 163 166. doi: 10.1007/s12599-012-0215-7 20.
Shepherd H (2012) Crowdsourcing. Contexts 11:10 11. doi: 10.1177/1536504212446453 21. Doan A, Ramakrishnan R, Halevy AY (2011) Crowdsourcing systems on the Worldwide Web.
Commun ACM 54:86. doi: 10.1145/1924421.1924442 22. Kittur A (2010) Crowdsourcing, collaboration and creativity. XRDS Crossroads ACM Mag Students 17:22 26. doi:
10.1145/1869086.1869096 23. Scekic O, Truong H-L, Dustdar S (2013) Incentives and rewarding in social computing.
The concept that the IAM is based upon is to bring a group of participants together via 1 See also the discussion about Crowdsourcing in Chap. 6. 146 8 Digital Governance invitations over the internet
distribution and marketing can now be performed (at least partly) by actors external to the company. 2 1 As shown also in Chap. 4 on Social Listening. 2 As shown by the Crowdsourcing practice discussed in Chap. 6. 9. 3 Business model and Strategic Innovation
instore experience, Mobile Payments, and crowdsourcing. Adding digital features to the point of sale enables a better multichannel experience for customers.
The last point of the digital strategy is the development of an on-line community for crowdsourcing called‘‘My Starbucks Idea,
), 116 Crowdsourcing, 49,127, 128 204 Customer experience management (CEM), 67 Customer relationship management (CRM), 67 Customer support, 34 Cybercrime, 134 136,143 DDATA, 4 Data deluge, 4
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