ready to create new, revolutionary paradigms of production, within artificial intelligence, advanced biotechnology, green energy technology, material technology or other promising and sophisticated fields.
This working paper presents original data on innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3) in European union (EU) regions and Member States
obtained from the Eye@RIS3 open data tool for sharing information on the areas identified as priority areas by 198 innovation strategies.
Finally, we compare the main areas of planned investment with sectoral data on firms employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and innovation structures is weak.
smart specialisation, prioritisation, innovation policy, open data, structural funds Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude to a number of colleagues for their kind comments, cooperation and contributions.
and the database. 2 1. Introduction This working paper presents the first comprehensive mapping of innovation priorities and specialisation patterns in Europe.
an open data tool for gathering and diffusing information on the envisaged regional and national areas of smart specialisation (1). RIS3 are central to the European commission's effort to foster smart and sustainable growth (European commission, 2010a).
We use these data to give an overview of the most common priority areas and to explore the extent to which policy makers develop unique niches and combine priorities in their RIS3.
One of the main challenges when collecting data on these domains or prioritised areas is their multidimensional nature.
as of 2012, identifying priorities for their RIS3 investments. 3. Developing an open data tool for mapping innovation priorities Eye@RIS3 is an interactive open data tool that gives an overview
Eye@RIS3 has been developed as an open data tool to help strategy development and to facilitate interregional and trans-national cooperation, rather than as a source of statistical data.
The majority of data have been added by S3 Platform staff and a minority by policy makers themselves.
To have listed priorities in the Eye@RIS3 database does not mean that the particular strategy
or priorities have been approved by the Commission as meeting the RIS3 ex ante conditionality criteria. Furthermore, the listed priorities have not been verified as being areas of strength.
Currently, the data consist of 1 307 priorities from 20 EU countries, 174 EU regions, 6 non-EU countries and 18 non-EU regions.
In countries without regional RIS3, national data have been added. In total, the sample covers almost all of the EU-28 territory, with the exception of three Italian regions.
The database contains data at NUTS1, 2 and 3 levels, since there are large variations in our sample in terms of regional powers and administrative responsibilities for innovation and development policies.
5) The data used in this paper were retrieved on 5 december 2014, at which time there was almost full coverage across EU Member States.
Since then, additional data have been added. 6 Regional and national innovation priorities are at the heart of the database.
For each priority, we have information on four main categories, as follows:(1) a free-text description of the priority,(2) the R&i capability,(3) the business area and target market and (4) the connection to EU priorities.
The database also contains information on the source of each entry. With regard to data quality, there are a number of caveats.
First of all, the data are not yet suitable for econometric analyses since all entries must be confirmed and double-checked against the final versions of strategies.
However, the database is continuously being updated with the aim of having up-to-date information. When the negotiations of Operational Programmes and the implementation of Action Plans are finalised,
the data can be validated fully. It must be kept in mind that, originally, the main rationale for developing the tool was to increase transparency
and to stimulate contacts between regions and Member States in the field of R&i. 4. Mapping of priority areas In this final section,
since these use the same category names in the Eye@RIS3 database; we have merged these in a umbrella terms.
This figure is based on data from 218 regions and countries from the Eye@RIS3 database.
The y-axis is the share of all regions and countries in the database (n=198.
%0%-33%34%-66%67%-100%Share of regions & countries in sample Degree of correspondence with most common sub-categories 12 data entry among the sub-categories.
This figure is based on data from 218 regions and countries from the Eye@RIS3 database.
Looking at sub-category data, we found that, grosso modo, regions and countries have not chosen the same sets of priorities,
we carried out the same type of analysis for main category data. In total, there were 231 combinations of 1 307 encoded priorities.
This figure is based data from 218 regions and countries from the Eye@RIS3 database. The y-axis is the share of all regions and countries in the database (n=198.
The x-axis depicts the degree of correspondence of regional and national priorities with the most common top categories.
be an outcome of our coding and interpretation of data. However, in general, we do find a correlation between EU objectives and the chosen priorities.
we will now examine data on their actual economic structure. This helps us to better understand the extent to which regional and national priorities focus on areas where strong
we have used Eurostat data on the number of organisations, employment data and patent applications in absolute terms,
We have compared these data with the most common RIS3 priorities to determine how the priorities relate to the economic structure.
It seems as though the choices of RIS3 priorities are reflected not strongly in the data on local units in absolute numbers.
SBS data by NUTS 2 regions and NACE Rev. 2 (from 2008 onwards), number of local units However, the number of local units and their growth can be affected by sectoral structure.
Eurostat employment data for 2010, SBS data by NACE Rev. 2 for the EU-28 (and Norway) with missing data for Croatia, Greece, France, Italy, The netherlands and Slovakia.
No data were available for the wholesale and retail sectors. Finally, we examine Eurostat patent data covering patent applications to the European Patent office (EPO), in terms of both absolute numbers and growth in absolute and relative numbers.
There were relatively few connections between regional priorities and the growth of the number of patent applications.
or due to lacking patent data categories and lack of easily assignable NACE codes for sustainable innovation. 0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%16
This working paper has presented data from the Eye@RIS3 database, an open data tool which gathers information on the innovation priorities of regions and states in the EU and in neighbouring countries.
we explored combinations of both main category and sub-category priority data. We found that very few regions
Finally, we compared Eye@RIS3 data with Eurostat data on numbers of local units in different sectors, employment and patent applications.
or a lack of relevant data or it might simply indicate that priorities are geared towards future potential rather than existing areas of activity.
and performance indicated by regional data on labour, organisations, publications and patents. 21 References Aho, E.,Cornu, J.,Georghiou, L,
coverage in rural areas Cleaner environment and efficient energy networks (e g. smart grids) E-commerce and SMES online e-Government (e g. e-Procurement, e-Participation) e-Health
(e g. heritage) Open data and sharing of public sector information KETS Advanced manufacturing systems Advanced materials Industrial biotechnology Micro-/nano-electronics Nanotechnology Photonics 27
This working paper presents original data on innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3) in European union (EU) regions
and Member States, obtained from the Eye@RIS3 open data tool for sharing information on the areas identified as priority areas by 198 innovation strategies.
Finally, we compare the main areas of planned investment with sectoral data on firms employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and innovation structures is weak
At the same time, the Manual makes note of the frequent non-availability of sufficiently detailed data, and for that very reason it suggests that certain simplifications ought to be made
However, a classification system based on the above unfortunately does not always work as such detailed data are unavailable for most types of statistical data sets.
TEÁOR'08), we categorised available data as follows: ICT Industry: Section C (Manufacturing: C. 26: Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products C. 26.1:
Occasionally, less data is available on the ICT manufacturing as some statistical databases fail to subdivide this section of the national economy into further sectors and subsectors,
and so our analysis was encumbered by the non-availability of sufficiently detailed data. We nevertheless endeavored to present the fullest possible picture of both the ICT industry and ICT services
and online payment systems, making available more radio spectrums (in particular for the mobile data market), investing into high-speed broadband connections,
Company-level R&d data clearly demonstrate that fewer new and innovative large ICT corporations are created in the EU than in the US.
Based on 2000-2009 data, the OECD also evaluated the contribution of ICT investments to economic growth.
There is no data available for Poland 1995) 1. The ICT sector's stakeholders, inputs and significance for the national economy 0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%16%Poland Austria Germany Portugal Slovakia France OECD
The ICT service sector's contribution to international trade is represented relatively well by statistical data published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office on communication services as well as IT and information services4.
whereas computer services, news agency services, database services and online publishing are classed as IT and information services.
Foreign market entry opportunities The bulk of primary data shown in the text boxes of this report were taken from an RDI survey carried out by the National Innovation Office RDI Observatory in the spring of 2012 with the participation of 1
Based on 2010 data and the standard national economic sector classification, the highest number of active businesses are engaged in the wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles (139,546 out of a total
OECD Key ICT Indicators, 2012 8based on OECD data for 2009.0%2%4%6%8%10%Portugal Greece Spain Switzerland Austria Germany
According to survey data, this conclusion holds also for companies of the ICT sector. 90%of respondents replied that the necessary resources come from their own company group,
and interpreting innovation data, 3rd edition, 2005, pp 146.0%10%20%30%40%50%60%Czech R. Spain Germany Poland Austria Norway
Government and Innovation 2012/$file/Growing%20beyond%20summit report final spread. pdf Eurostat Statistical Database http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/statistics
Innováció, VI. évf. 59. szám), 2012. http://www. ksh. hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/innovacio/innovacio10. pdf HCSO Dissemination Database
and interpreting innovation data, 3rd edition, 2005, pp 146. World bank Database http://data. worldbank. org/35 National Innovation Office RDI MIRROR-1. Review on the ICT Sector All figures together with underlying tables are accessible
through the National Innovation Office Kaleidoszkóp internet portal www. kaleidoszkop. nih. gov. hu. Figure 1: The EU's ICT sector in international comparison (2007.
There is no data available for Poland 1995)..12 Figure 4: Gross value added of the Hungarian ICT sector as a percentage of value added of the total economy, 1995-2011.
Kaleidoszkóp's objective is to create an integrated RDI database of the relevant institutions and companies of the sector
as well as data and analyses supporting RDI policy related decision-making. With the help of this database, RDI stakeholders can be involved in diagnosing problems as may exist within the sector
and work out possible solutions. All Kaleidoszkóp system data and service functionalities are meant to assist public sector institutions
and other organisations in their networking, strategy development and market analysis efforts. Kaleidoszkóp is operated by the National Innovation Office RDI Observatory Department.
u generic and specific sectoral RDI analyses and statistics u quality data sources informing analysis u information on public funded RDI projects u
The report, together with any data and indicators published therein, can be downloaded from the Kaleidoszkóp website:
132.8 billion HUF 0 50 100 150 200 250 billion HUF Business enterprises Government Higher education Data is for 2012.
The National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory's own calculations based on HCSO, 2013 data. 225.4 billion HUF81 12.5 39.2 157.6 40 27.8 6
102.6 Cyprus Data is for 2011. Source: The National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory's own calculations based on Eurostat, 2013 data. €/fo 1000 600 999 100 599 0 99
510.5 European union average €/capita w w w. k a l e i d o s z k o p. n i h. g o v
15.2 18.4 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 billion HUF Data is for 2012.
The National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory's own calculations based on HCSO, 2013 data. Business Government Abroad enterprises 8 w w w. n i h. g o v. h u/e n g l i s h How much is R&d
electronic and optical products Information and communication NATIONAL ECONOMY'S Average Data is for 2012.
The National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory's own calculations based on HCSO, 2013 data. 41.7 25.9 22.2 20.4 18.2 16.2 16.2 16.0 12.0
Data is for 2012. Source: The National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory's own calculations based on HCSO, 2013 data. average Number of researchers capita/research unit 5. 4 Hungarian
owned corporate research units 34.1 foreign owned corporate research units 10 w w w. n i h. g o v. h u/e
Full-time equivalent Data is for 2011. Source: The National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory's own calculations based on HCSO, 2012 data. w w w. k a l e i d o s z k o
p. n i h. g o v. h u/e n 11 Where are the corporate R&d units?
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Békés Csongrád Bács-Kiskun Baranya Tolna Fejér Komárom-Esztergom Gyor-Moson-Sopron Veszprém Vas Zala Somogy Data
The National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory's own calculations based on HCSO, 2013 data. Budapest 0 30 31 60 61 90 91 29 685 Numbers of research units (pc) apart from Budapest898 12 w w w. n i h
. €/capita 250 200 150 100 50 0 Data is for 2010. Source: Eurostat, 2012.
enterprises Large enterprises Data is for 2010. Source: Eurostat, CIS, 2012 74%51%35%21%54%26%30%49%65%79%46%70%14 w w w. n i h. g
Estonia Sweden Italy Malta Austria Cyprus Data is for 2010. Source: Eurostat, 2012. Total number of patent applications by billion EUR of total R&d expenditure (GERD) € w w w. k a l e i d o s z k o p
generic and speciic sectorial RDI analyses and statistics information analysis based on qualitative data sources information on public funded RDI projects maintaining register of Hungarian research
Kaleidoszkóp's objective is to create an integrated RDI database of the relevant institutions and companies of the sector,
as well as data and analyses supporting RDI policy related decision-making. Kaleidoszkóp is operated by the National Innovation Oice RDI Observatory Department.
technologies to meet realistic consumer demand 2 Broadband coverage in Europe today 3 Technical characteristics of a cable broadband network 4 Costs of meeting DAE goals 5
Broadband coverage 28 4. 1 Technologies for fast broadband 29 4. 2 The coverage footprint today 34 4. 3 Challenges of achieving full coverage 40
Predicted 100 Mbps FTTC/VDSL European household coverage in 2020 31 Figure 7: Percentage of households passed by cable (2010) 36 Figure 8:
Estimated coverage of cable and of DOCSIS 3. 0 in Europe, 4q2011 38 Figure 11:
Predicted LTE coverage in 2020 39 Figure 12: Broadband adoption (lines) by technology and Member State 40 Figure 13:
Wireless also functions in a useful complementary role (1) to provide coverage in low density and/or high cost areas,(2) as a competitive alternative to fixed network solutions,
Per projections based on Cisco VNI data, average global bandwidth demand per household in 2020 (the target data for achieving the DAE's objectives for ultra-fast broadband) is less than 2 Mbps
Cisco VNI 2011 data, 1 WIK calculations. Ultra-fast broadband access is useful, but in light of realistic consumer demand it is not necessary to assume that every broadband user will consume maximum capacity all the time.
Broadband coverage in Europe today There are many different technologies that could be used to meet DAE objectives
it is important to distinguish between the coverage or deployment of each technology, versus adoption (i e. the degree to which consumers choose to subscribe to the service).
Those costs depend to a significant degree on the coverage footprint of the technology. For the fixed telecommunications network, there are significant uncertainties as to the quality of currently available data.
A study that has been conducted on behalf of the European commission will hopefully provide clarity. For cable, large portions of Europe have already been upgraded to Eurodocsis 3. 0. Within the 2020 DAE planning horizon,
Achievement of full broadband coverage (and especially of ultra-fast broadband) in Europe is complicated by (1) variations in population density from region to region;(
and (3) possibly by gaps in coverage of the fixed network in parts of Eastern europe. 4 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) Achievement of the DAE objectives for deployment
however, the effects will vary among the Member States, in part as a function of the degree of coverage of the cable television network.
because there has been little customer demand for upstream data bandwidth. The biggest single impediment is that such a shift would conflict with analogue FM radio
A recent WIK study found a strong link between DOCSIS 3. 0 coverage and FTTN/VDSL roll out (typically by the incumbent),
but no statistically significant relationship between DOCSIS 3. 0 coverage and FTTH/FTTB roll out. This suggests that incumbents find FTTN/VDSL to be an adequate response to cable.
Wireless also functions in a useful complementary role (1) to provide coverage in low density and/or high cost areas,(2) as a competitive alternative to fixed network solutions,
see Section 5. 1 DAE Digital Agenda for Europe DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DOCSIS 2. 0/Eurodocsis 3. 0 Data Over Cable
see Section 4. 1. 1 GB Gigabyte GDP Gross domestic product GHZ Gigahertz GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network;
the newest standards for wireless communication of high-speed data Mbps Mega bit per second (one million bits per second) MDF Main distribution frame MDU Multiple Dwelling Unit
that is to say a position of economic strength affording it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of competitors, customers and ultimately consumers (Framework Directive) SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol TB Terabyte (1 Terabyte
=1000 Gigabytes) VDSL/VDSL2 Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (version 2); see Section 4. 1. 1 VNI Virtual Networking Index (published by Cisco) Vod Video-on-Demand;
Wireless also functions in a useful complementary role (1) to provide coverage in low density and/or high cost areas,(2) as a competitive alternative to fixed network solutions,
To what extent is cable coverage available in Europe today? What does it cost to upgrade existing cable infrastructure to Eurodocsis 3. 0?
In light of the existing coverage, technical capabilities and costs of cable, what are the likely contributions of cable vis-à-vis the DAE objectives and the costs of reaching them?
the technologies available for fast and ultra-fast broadband, the geographic and population coverage of existing networks,
and the implications of existing coverage for achieving DAE objectives. Section 5 discusses the technological capabilities of a cable network.
Per projections based on Cisco VNI data, average global bandwidth demand per household in the busy hour in 2020 is less than 2 Mbps. Ultra-fast broadband access is useful,
8 Cisco analysts compile data from multiple sources in order to estimate current and future Internet traffic by region, by application,
(which is 1 Terabyte, or 1 TB) per month. 9 Cisco VNI (2012), op cit. 10 Cisco VNI (2012), op cit. 0 45,000 90,000 2011 2012 2013 2014
2015 2016 Voip Online Gaming File sharing Web/Data Internet Video 29%CAGR 2011-2016 Petabytes per Month 22%23%54%18
Cisco VNI (2011). 11 Translating the above Cisco data into Mbps demand, during the average hour and during the busy hour,
we have depicted the results in Table 2. Data networks are designed generally to carry near-peak traffic;
because there is no upper bound to the offered load in an IP data network. See J. S. Marcus (1999:
Cisco VNI 2011 data, 14 WIK calculations. Estimation of the mean aggregate bandwidth demand during the busy hour from the data is straightforward,
and is shown in Figure 3. The 2010-2015 figures are based directly on Cisco data, while the 2016-2020 figures are an extrapolation reflecting an exponential regression of the 2010-2015 data.
The fit of the regression is very good. 14 Ibid. 20 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) Figure 3:
The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour Source: Cisco VNI 2011 data, 15 WIK calculations.
What is particularly striking is that the mean global bandwidth demand per household is far less than most have assumed,
In a sophisticated study drawing on data from more than 6, 000 New zealand businesses, Grimes et al.
a crosssectional analysis of U s. data; in: Issues in Economic policy no. 6, The Brookings Institute, July 27 Greenstein, S. and R. Mcdevitt (2012), Measuring the Broadband Bonus in Thirty OECD Countries, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 197
, OECD Publishing. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k9bcwkg3hwf-en. 25. To the extent that the price of broadband subsequently declines, 28 or that the quality (e g. available bandwidth) provided at the same price increases,
BROADBAND COVERAGE Key Findings There are many different technologies that could be used to meet DAE objectives,
it is important to distinguish between the coverage or deployment of each technology, versus adoption (i e. the degree to which consumers choose to subscribe to the service).
The relative cost of achieving each of the DAE objectives with each of these technologies can vary greatly (see Chapter 6). Those costs depend to a significant degree on the coverage footprint of the technology.
For the fixed telecommunications network, there are significant uncertainties as to the quality of currently available data.
Achievement of full broadband coverage (and especially of ultra-fast broadband) in Europe is complicated by (1) variations in population density from region to region;(
and (3) possibly by gaps in coverage of the fixed network in parts of Eastern europe.
however, the effects will vary among the Member States, in part as a function of the degree of coverage of the cable television network.
In doing so, it is important to distinguish between the coverage or deployment of each technology,
thus, require an infrastructure based on twisted pair copper lines. 36 In a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON),
Predicted 100 Mbps FTTC/VDSL European household coverage in 2020 Source: Yardley et al. 2012b). ) 37 See RTR, Consultation input from RTR Gmbh (Austrian Regulatory authority for broadcasting and telecommunications),
coverage 32 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) 4. 1. 2 Cable solutions Unlike the traditional cable infrastructure optimised for handling broadcast television programmes,
modern Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC) cable solutions are capable of simultaneously carrying voice, data and video services.
Cable networks can offer Gigabit bitrates for IP traffic. The customers within a given cable cluster,
with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020.39 See Chapter 5 for more details. 40 Apart from the very different physical infrastructure,
with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020.42 Steady technological improvements are noteworthy.
and then to LTE Advanced, represents a substantial increase in the nominal speed of wireless data transmission,
wireless coverage is widespread in Europe today, and by 2020 (the target date for the second and third DAE objectives) it can confidently be expected that substantially all wireless infrastructure in Europe will have been upgraded to either LTE or LTE Advanced. 42 RSPG, RSPG Report on Improving Broadband Coverage
, RSPG11-393 Final, 16 november 2011.43 Nooren, P. J.,Marcus, J. S. and I. Philbeck (2012):
it is helpful to first understand the coverage of fixed and cable networks today, and the population distribution of Europe. 4. 2 The coverage footpri nt today In considering the cost of meeting all three of the DAE objectives,
it is important to understand the coverage footprint of fixed networks and cable networks in the European union today. 4. 2. 1 Uncertainties in cur rent coverage statistics The European commission has sponsored studies of broadband coverage, primarily ADSL coverage,
for many years. 46 These data have been reflected in a range of Commission studies, and have been picked up without question in other studies such as those of the EIB.
Past Commission estimates of DSL coverage have assumed that the fraction of Main Distribution Frames MDFS) that contain a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) 47 is a suitable measure of coverage.
This tacitly assumes (1) that existing lines from the MDFS extend to reach all households, and (2) that all existing lines are potentially suitable for DSL. 48 We suspect that these estimates did not place sufficient weight on limitations in fixed network deployment in newer Member States.
If these estimates are overly optimistic, then most estimates of the cost of achieving DAE objectives could be in error, even for the first DAE objective (basic broadband for all Europeans by 2013).
which in turn depends on the coverage footprint. 44 Hätönen, J. 2011): The economic impact of fixed and mobile high-speed networks, European Investment Bank (EIB.
The Case of Spain, op cit. 46 See IDATE (2011), Broadband Coverage in Europe, Final Report, 2011 Survey Data as of 31 december 2010,2011,
It connects multiple customer digital subscriber lines to the network. 48 Corrections for fixed network coverage were made in Poland and the Czech republic,
The firm Point Topic is conducting an ongoing survey of broadband coverage on behalf of the Commission.
We would not be surprised if it results in revisions to Commission estimates of coverage, and thus of the cost of achieving the DAE. 4. 2. 2 Coverage of telecoms networks In the Western European EU-15 Member States,
we believe that the coverage of the fixed telephony network is more or less complete. In some of the newer Member States in the east, coverage of the fixed telephony network might well be less than 100%of households passed.
As noted in Section 4. 2. 1 the firm Point Topic is conducting a detailed survey for the Commission that will hopefully shed light on the issue;
however, the results have not yet been published. We look forward to seeing these new coverage statistics once they become available.
There are also differences from one Member State to the next in the distance of the household from the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) and from the street cabinet, differences in the quality of copper loops,
we will not dwell on them here. 4. 2. 3 Coverage of cable ne tworks Some 55%of all households in the EU are reachable by cable television,
while coverage is in excess of 85%in The netherlands, Romania, Malta, Lithuania, Belgium, Hungary, and also in non-EU member Switzerland. 36 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) Figure 7:
Meanwhile, the gap between cable coverage and cable broadband penetration represents a significant opportunity for Europe and for the industry.
Global coverage footprint. It is clear that Liberty Global's cable coverage in Europe is substantial
and that 94%of Liberty Global's cable has already been upgraded to modern Eurodocsis 3. 0;
however, the degree of coverage and the degree to which cable has been upgraded varies somewhat by Member State and by cable network operator.
Estimated coverage of cable and of DOCSIS 3. 0 in Europe, 4q2011 Source: Yardley et al.
The coverage of LTE or LTE Advanced wireless in Europe can be expected to be at least as great as that of 2g
Predicted LTE coverage in 2020 Source: Yardley et al. 2012b). ) 49 Nomadicity is the ability to use the service at different locations at different times,
%94%94%93%93%93%92%91%0%20%40%60%80%100%Population coverage 40 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
Note that Figure 12 reflects adoption rather than coverage. Figure 12: Broadband adoption (lines) by technology and Member State Source:
situation at 1 july 2011.4.3 Challenges of achiev ing full coverage Attempting to meet even the first of DAE objectives (coverage of 100%of Europeans with conventional broadband by 2013) may be more challenging than many have assumed, for a range
51 Second, European topography is not particularly helpful to coverage. Many regions in Europe are mountainous.
Third, many regions of Europe historically lacked full coverage of the fixed telephony network. This problem has been ameliorated since the fall of the Iron curtain,
Population Densitiy of Europe at http://farm6. staticflickr. com/5018/5457012599 e0bd90dd73 b. jpg. 42 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) Getting broadband coverage to the most remote areas
the total cost of coverage in low density areas was modest because so few households were involved (see Figure 16). 52 In analysing the cost of coverage of ten geotypes designated
I through X (representing population density from geotype I, with population in excess of 10,000 per Km2, to geotype X, with population less than 5 inhabitants per Km2),
Note that the calculations assume coverage for the location of premises, that is, coverage of the population, not for the coverage of the total surface of each geotype.
A recent WIK study53 attempted to comprehensively quantify the gap between the deployment of fibre-based ultra-fast broadband to 100%of the population of Germany reflecting detailed geographic data on the locations of streets, buildings,
Financial requirements for nationwide fibre access coverage, 22nd European Regional ITS Conference, Budapest, 18-21 september 2011;
If a market player sought to maximise coverage without losing money, rather to maximise profits,
The remaining low density geotypes would still remain without fibre-based ultra-fast broadband coverage in the absence of the application of additional public policy measures (for example, subsidies of one form or another.
The apparent conclusions are that a full 100%fibre-based ultra-fast broadband coverage cannot be profitable in Germany under today‘s circumstances.
Cross-subsidy from areas of higher density to those of lesser density would expand coverage,
but not enough to achieve 100%coverage. Either ARPU would have to increase some € 6 per month (from € 38 to € 44 per month),
in part as a function of the degree of coverage of the cable television network. 58 The WIK study considers many other potential interventions as well,
because there has been little customer demand for upstream data bandwidth. The biggest single impediment is that such a shift would conflict with analogue FM radio
These headends are data centres requiring a power supply, and security arrangements. They are connected typically via a fibre transport ring (regional backbone.
cable represents the current state of the art for Europe as regards delivery of data, voice, and video over a cable television system. 63 It is the cable technology platform that competes most directly with fibre-based NGA,
whatever data capacity is available is shared by all connected customers. With proper management, however, the data capacity can meet realistic customer requirements under quite a wide range of assumptions.
First, one must bear in mind that the capacity required to support linear video is separate from the capacity used to support data (as is also the case with GPON.
Second, the cable network operator can progressively upgrade the network infrastructure, as needed and on an incremental basis,
It is important to bear in mind that all modern data networks are shared in some degree. Networks differ in where the sharing takes place.
With digital transmission, cable television can now carry hundreds of channels, in comparison with analogue-only cable systems that carried only a bit over thirty channels.
It is worth noting once again that Cisco VNI data strongly suggest that average data consumption per household during the busy hour will be less than 2 Mbps, even in 2020.
In all scenarios except the first minimum scenario, coverage to the household is assumed to be required.
the Cisco VNI 2011 analysis finds that Internet data traffic is become less symmetric over time, not more,
when the data are plotted together. 16.2 10.3 11.7 10.0 8. 8 6. 9 26.8 20.2 16.2 18.2 18.4 10.6 05 10 15 20
There are many indications that cable (DOCSIS 3. 0) coverage stimulates fixed network operators to deploy fibre-based ultra-fast broadband more quickly.
I want every European to have 30 Megabit coverage by 2020: and that's where next generation wireless networks will play a very important role.
I also want at least half of Europeans to have ultra-fast access at over 100 Megabits by 2020:
a cross-sectional analysis of U s. data, in: Issues in Economic policy no. 6, The Brookings Institute, July.
Measuring the Broadband Bonus in Thirty OECD Countries, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 197, OECD Publishing. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k9bcwkg3hwf-en. 75.
http://www. iscr. co. nz/f563, 16240/16240 feeding a need for speed v4. pdf. IDATE, Broadband Coverage in Europe, Final Report, 2011 Survey Data as of 31 december 2010,2011
Financial requirements for nationwide fi bre access coverage, 22nd European regional ITS conference, Budapest, 18-21 september 2011.
RSPG Report on Improving Broadband Coverage, RSPG11-393 Final, 16.november 76 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) RTR Gmbh (2011:
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