and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market,
‘‘To inspire, to challenge, to do''and‘‘Long-term thinking, short-term action''.''3 After having been carried out within various departments in RWS itself,
new ideas are generated and a legal framework for the free flow of information is created. Specifically, the partners are supported at several stages of the Table 3 Networked foresight activities in Rijkswaterstaat.
The integration of new partners with additional competences, ideas and insights broaden the innovation potential of the network. 4. 2. 5. Networked foresight activities Futures research activities are conducted in particular within the innovation management unit of EICT.
The idea to create an institute that combines excellent research, education and business activities emerged in 2005 51.
and ideas in guided workshops Singular activity 2. 5 Business modeling Generates, plans and evaluates new business modeling concepts Singular activity 2. 6 Business case analysis Provide revenue,
and analyzing thoughts about the future and (3) analyzing the possible impact of future developments. Second, pressure from the top management level of RWS to present short-term results
This would promise to identify new ideas across various thematic fields through crossfertillizatio of ideas and knowledge.
to identify new ideas and to initiate new solutions for water management enhanced through external support and knowledge.
consolidate and evaluate new ideas, technologies, etc. as well. Furthermore, when considering the secondary goals of the various activities it becomes apparent that the opponent role is of great importance within the EIT ICT Labs as well.
ideas and stimuli. The smaller networks of RWS and EICT concentrate on foresight with a focus on strategic implications, ideation or initiation of new business activities thus the strategist and initiator roles of foresight. 9 In contrast,
opportunities and likely future developments, including those at the margins of current thinking and planning. Horizzo scanning may explore novel and unexpected issuues as well as persistent problems, trends and weak signals.
to broaden their thinking, and to envisage the future in a more systematic way. Identify new challenging issues for policy
and future thinking to inform the policies of (all) departments. It operatte under the government's chief scientific adviser.
a clarificattion ideas in progress, paper 29, Manchester, UK: PREST, University of Manchester. Available from<http://www. personal. mbs. ac. uk/dloveridge/documents/steepv wp29. PDF>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
The Journal of Future Studies, Strategic thinking and Policy, 9 (2), 27 35. Gordon, T J and A Pease 2006.
technology and innovation priorities Creating a language and body of practice for thinking about the future A source of inspiration for policy system actors More comprehensive,
and their changes to system actors Development of significant new ways of thinking about challenges and opportunities Promote collective learning through open exchanges of information
but participants consistenntl stated that one needs a local sounding board that can be aligned with the policy needs/capacities, through providing training, intelligence and policy ideas relevant to future challenges;(
and they proviid a steady source of new ideas, intelligence and international foresight connections. Applying the critical success factors to Canada's foresight program Our studies have identified eight critical success factoors The strength of any model is its ability to assist
and Dr Richard Silberglitt (Rand Corporation) who have given ideas and made suggestions throughout the project.
The idea of‘technological determinism''which consideer technology as the prime mover in transformation, and which propagates the industry's‘push'perspectiive has dominated the theoretical debate for several decades.
users do not have a clear-cut idea of what they require, want or need. Limonnar and de Koning, 2005:
users can for example generate unique and valuable ideas for future products (Kristensson et al. 2004). ) User-driven innovation should
Instead, users should be involved from the idea stage right up to the postlauunc evaluation stage. Furthermore, as userdriive innovation deals with those user insights (needs, expectations etc.
Secondly, in order to generate some new (and even wild) ideas for future mobile city services, users were involved in two focus groups.
and technological limitations. 47‘wild ideas'were generated in these sessions, all original and very useful for subsequent stages of the research project.
By combining the wild user ideas with the results from the desk research, a list of 80 mobile applications was created.
and/or ideas and tried to group the long list into some clearly distinguishable application clusters.
A possible explannatio for this may be found in the somewhat abstrrac description of the application ideas
The criteria identified as being important for foresight specialists to achieve effective policy engagement were deep knowledge in the relevant field, a‘roadmap'style of thinking
which served to translate possible futures into a schema that is both comprehensible and actionable, a high level of imagination and openness to new ideas,
a practical understanding that not every idea will achieve immediate impact, but may be used at a later date,
and learning by providing safe spaces for new ideas to emerge and existing knowledge to be combined in novel ways.
In fact, FTA can provide safe spaces for new ideas to emerge and be experimented with. But this certainly also requires greater emphasis on an FTA
as well as the importance of promoting out-of-the-box thinking during the exercise. Lessons learnt are presented
It aims to support strategic thinking and decision-making by developing a range of possible ways in
The methodologgica approach must induce out-of-the-box thinking, by the cumulative introduction of different visions on the subject, open discussions and the use of creative methods.
Brummer's thoughts about mind-sets in management are interesting and capture the essence of this concept:..
156) The idea is thought a-oriented process aiming to make decisions or share perceptions, free from prejudice, cultural influence,
The strategies and attitudes adopted to promote out-of-the-box thinking during the course of the exercise..
The main ideas and designed strategy on how to implement out-of-the-box thinking at FINEP are shown in Fig. 3. A vision of a possible, successful future for FINEP,
The reasoning behind the central idea is described in Fig. 3. Figure 3. Strategies aiming to promote out-of-the-box thinking.
The idea was to explore existing knowledge and the different possibilities, which emerged regarding the future,
Strategic thinking: focused on prospective vision and on the definition of strategic guidelines covering time horizons of 5, 10 and 15 years..
Private sector executives may have trouble thinking beyond their business. Foresight exercises and innovaatio strategies are interconnected and it is imporrtan to stress the possible influence and impacts from other business segments.
The MOST propagated the idea that China should pursue the idea of‘indigenous innovation 'or‘homegrown innovation'and strive to reduce China's dependence on foreign Technology research priority setting in China. 267 (Mei and Luo 2005).
The Impact of Economic Ideas on RTD Policies, 4s/EASST Conference 2000, held 27 30 september 2000, Vienna.
The advantages of thinking in terms of innovation systems is that they provide a more complete picture of the topography of innovation-relevant actors and the relations between them
As such, guidance can be considered to be an interactive and cumulative process of exchanging ideas between technology producers, users and many other actors..
and practice for thinking about the future something that is often termed a‘foresight culture'Enhance the standing
as well as in contributing to the coordination of national and local research and innovation policies towards joint goals (IDEA Consult 2010).
since providing experimental spaces for new ideas to emerge and develop will be crucial in trying to find novel solutiion to grand challenges.
and learning FTA can provide‘safe spaces'for new ideas to emerge and for existing knowledge to be combined in novel ways.
exchange ideas and explore and create solutions to situations or challenges at hand Knowledge development FTA,
More than creating spaces for sharing ideas alone, FTA can foster experimentation and learning, and allow decisions to be shaped within wider settings through new inclusive and participatory governance approaches.
The ideas and frameworks set out in this 150. C. Cagnin et al. paper should inform such analyses
and improved each others'ideas. The results were refined in an workshop with researrcher and policy-makers representing all discipliine and from different parts of the world.
IDEA Consult. 2010)‘ The impact of European policy on the development of the ERA in the areas relevant to environmennt'Draft Final Report.
IDEA Consult. Jacobsson, S. and Bergek, A. 2006)‘ A framework for guiding policy-makers intervening in emerging innovation systems in‘catching-up'countries',European Journal of Development Research, 18: 687 707.
They suggest changing this anticipatory thinking by transforming the foresight process into a horizontal organisational function that permeaate all levels of the parallel innovation process.
This can address bottlenecks in the framework conditiion hampering the whole process from ideas to innovatiion6 Smart specialisation
that it will be useful to ICSU members and partners in developing their own longer-term vision and strategic thinking.
The exchange of scientific information and sharing of ideas across borders have been essential to the progress of science.
The outcome of the web consultation was 174 separate ideas for key drivers from 82 individuals from more than 30 countries.
Instead, the four scenarios offer subjective storylines intended to stimulate creative thinking and to expand the‘possibility space'on future courses of action.
The four exploratory scenarios articulated in Phase 2 provided stimulus for more creative thinking on a desirable success scenario
e g. teaching critical thinking and better appreciation of risk and uncertainty. A wide variety of electronic and visual medium are used now routinely to ensure the work of scientists is communicated effectively to public audiences.
in Section 2 we discuss the idea of systemicity and its connections to foresiigh and forward-looking policy design.
In the field of foresight, the idea of systemicity, and especially the anticipation of potential system failures, has become a key rationale.
The idea of IPRM is to integrate the analysis of technological change and the analysis of the wider societal setting and to enable systematic analysis of future-oriented ideas that could spring either from technological development, policy practices or more generic societal development.
IPRM builds on two cultures of roadmapping (on roadmapping, see Barker and Smith 1995; Kostoff and Schaller 2001;
It is based on an idea that roadmaps are like visual narratives that describe the most critical paths of future developments (Phaal and Muller 2009.
This idea links the strategy roadmapping to organization and strategy studies, especially to strategy crafting (Whittington and Cailluet 2008;
First, TM is based on long-term thinking. In this case, the long-term stands for a period of over 25 years.
Secondly, in IPRM the long-term thinking is dependent on the subject under study. With IPRM, one can handle long-term systemic issues,
The key idea of a transformation roadmap is to connect the development of technologies and innovations to a wider societal sphere.
by the ideas it has created that could be potentially important for multiple stakeholders or by the amount of new linkages among the stakeholders formed during the process.
and evaluation of project performance Financial administration systems are designed not to cope with non-national contracts No shared points of contact/project ideas Differences in speed of implementation National differences in training for graduate students
horizon scanning and generation of innovation ideas among a wide and diverse set of stakeholders) can alleviate the risk of co-optation,
2002)‘ Thinking, debating and shaping the future: Foresight for Europe'.'Final Report of the High level Expert Group for the European commission, 24 april 2002.
the systematic examination of potential future) problems, threats, opportunities and likely future developments, including those at the margins of current thinking and planning.
Respondents may be inclined to contribute their personal interests rather than results from open thinking (even with ideas which compete with their own interests.
As conferences are focused often more on new ideas the assessment of discussions can be an interesttin way in which to collect signals.
the results gave a clearer idea of the relative importance of the issues and the way in
On the other hand, the signals and issues presented were used also to evoke creative ideas by recombining (parts of the) identified issues,
While secondary scanning usually gives ideas on elaboration of proposed policies or of critics As reported in survey responses and in literature.
the systematic examination of potential threats, opportunities and likely future developments which are at the margins of current thinking and planning'and, continuing,
before something, an idea or object, can be sensed, it has to be constructed. This construction is essentially a collective activity of knowledge creation.
for instance may allow new meanings (Nonaka 1994) to be synthesized through the shared development of crosscutting challennges From a methodological perspective, internet-based tools for continuous idea generation (Graefe et al. 2010), idea management
and explore their ideas freely and interactively. They also said that they received useful feedback from participants represenntin different policy areas
Insights from the fostering of innovation ideas',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 74: 608 26.230. T. Ko nno la et al.
The idea The Lund Declaration (Lund Declaration 2009) formulated a request that European research should focus on the grand challenges of our time, moving beyond current rigid thematic approaches.
The idea fits well with the Fraunhofer mission, Science and Public policy 39 (2012) pp. 232 244 doi:
-and technology-driven approaches that make use of longteer thinking, but that the opposite (needs-driven) approaches are rare.
The idea was to define pragmatic areas in order to foster this cooperation. Global or grand challenges were regarded
and provided project ideas (see Fig. 1). Full project proposals were submitted by 20 consortia. The consortia had five months to formulate their project proposals.
protection from consequences Increasing conflicts within states Global governance will be sought Table 3. Proposals and teams Round 1 Challenge Project ideas Selected projects Teams involved
Sum 25 5 137 Table 4. Second Round Round 2 Challenge Project ideas Selected Projects Teams involved Mobility 6 tbd
problemorieente proposals require more general thinking, e g. about the impact aspect. Which result leads to a maximum impact in solving the problem?
With this top-down and bottom-up approach, a learning process was started towards needs-oriented thinking across the institutes.
The connections and shared interests of the different researchers will lead to additional new ideas and maybe projects sponsored by other parties.
So they had the idea of inviting another Fraunhofer institute (from one of the teams that applied but
But now we can already observe some new thinking in those teams who joined up to undertake such an endeavour.
Changing minds and thinking by letting people realise their own ideas and projects open in their ideas,
but guided by the challenges that are lying ahead applies not only apply to Fraunhofer but also to many other organisations.
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